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Jinxiu is a yellow peach variety bred by Horticulture Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1980s. 1985 was introduced from Shanghai for trial planting, which is one of the earliest varieties of yellow peach in Fujian Province. Since 2003, the Fruit Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jianning County Economic Workstation and other units have organized professional scientific research forces to carry out field observation, detection, evaluation and technical tests on the variation strains of Jinxiu yellow peach in Jiantou Base of Luyuan Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., and screened out four varieties of Jinxiu yellow peach: Jin Shuo 1, Jin Shuo No.2, Jin Shuo No.3 and Jin Shuo No.4. Because of its high and stable yield, crisp and tough pulp, storage and transportation resistance, the quality of fresh food is obviously superior to that of the original variety, and because of its high nutritional and health care value and sweet and sour flavor, it is favored by the industry and consumers, showing good breeding prospects and development potential, and is listed as a fruit tree variety for local fruit tree structure adjustment and expansion. In this paper, the high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques of Jinxiu yellow peach were summarized and discussed in order to promote the popularization of Jinxiu yellow peach and better promote the economic development of fruit farmers.
Characteristics and popularization of 1 variety
While maintaining the excellent cultural and economic properties of Jinxiu yellow peach, such as fresh processing performance, early fruiting, high and stable yield, strong resistance to pests and diseases, storage and transportation, this excellent variety also has the advantages of fast growth of young trees, vigorous growth of adult trees, suitability for medium-long fruit branches, and no obvious aging phenomenon. And the fruit shape is oval (Jin Shuo No.2 sharp circle), the fruit is large (the weight of a single fruit is more than 50g higher than that of Jinxiu), the color is gorgeous and the aroma is rich.
Splendid yellow peach varieties have been developed on a large scale in northwestern Fujian, with a planting area of more than 300,000 hm2, mainly concentrated in Jianning, Mingxi, Ninghua, Jian 'ou and other cities and counties. By the end of 20 19, the planting area of Jianning County, the main producing area, was about 1907hm2, with an annual output of 30,000 tons and an annual output value of more than 270 million yuan (the quality of single first-class fruit was more than 200g, and the average wholesale price in producing areas was above 2.5 yuan /kg), which became a new brand fruit tree industry in this county to support agricultural efficiency and income increase.
2. Basic situation of experimental park
The experimental park is located in Jiantou Village, Xikou Town, Jianning County, with an altitude of 350 meters. The climate is mild and humid all year round, with cold winter and large temperature difference between day and night in summer. Average annual precipitation 1960mm, average annual sunshine hours 172 1h, average annual temperature17.2℃ (165438+5.3℃ in October and 28.0℃ in July), and the frost-free period is about. The soil in the experimental garden is red and yellow soil with pH value of 5.3, which is planted on a gentle slope. The planting specification of the pilot park is 4m×4m.
3 culture sites
3. 1 Garden selection
The choice of garden is the most basic step of high quality and high yield of Jinxiu yellow peach. Through long-term observation, it is found that this variety is afraid of waterlogging, fond of light and tolerant of fertilizer, so it is necessary to choose plots with good drainage, sufficient lighting conditions and fertile soil to build gardens. You can choose hilly and mountainous areas with gentle slopes to the south or loam and sandy loam flat land with low groundwater level and good air permeability, and it is not suitable to choose low-lying or backlit areas.
3.2 Colonization
The cultivation of "Jinxiu Youbian" yellow peach should be carried out in the form of high terraces and deep ditches on the flat land. Orchard with moderate fertility on sloping land, fertile and flat orchard with plant spacing of 4m and row spacing of 3 ~ 4m, plant spacing of 4 ~ 5m and row spacing of 4 ~ 5m. Wide spacing and sparse planting mainly consider the characteristics of large crown and the growth trend of mature trees, and do not affect the subsequent growth and tree management. The planting time is generally from the defoliation of yellow peach seedlings in autumn and winter to before germination.
3.3 Soil, fertilizer and water management
3.3. 1 soil management
Weeding should be combined with intertillage regularly in the growing season around the yellow peach trees on the oil side of Jinxiu, so as to ensure loose soil and reduce nutrient loss caused by weeds. Every year or every other year, the soil outside the base fertilizer ditch hole is deeply turned over by 20 ~ 30cm, the lower soil with poor structure is turned over, and the upper soil with good structure is turned over. After freezing weathering and perennial cultivation, the soil becomes loose and breathable, which balances the maturity of the upper and lower soils and creates better conditions for the root growth of fruit trees.
3.3.2 Fertilization management
Scientific and rational fertilization is the key to high quality and high yield of the improved variety "Yellow Peach". Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used in the young tree stage, and ammonium nitrogen fertilizer can be applied 4 ~ 5 times from April to August to promote the growth of branches and the rapid expansion of young tree crown. After beginning to bear fruit, it is necessary to apply germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer and postpartum fertilizer. The fertilizer in this period is mainly compound fertilizer, especially in the fruit expansion period, attention should be paid to adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer applied per adult tree per year should depend on the amount of fruit hanging. On the basis of applying sufficient organic fertilizer (autumn application), potassium sulfate compound fertilizer can be applied in three times when topdressing, that is, applying pre-flowering fertilizer in mid-February, applying strong fruit fertilizer in early June and applying post-harvest fertilizer in late August; Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time during fruit expansion period can improve fruit quality.
water resources management
The water management of Jinxiu oily yellow peach focuses on drainage in rainy season and moisturizing in dry season. Especially April-June is the local rainy season, with heavy and concentrated rainfall. Pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage, flood control and waterlogging prevention, and let the rain dry up the garden; From July to September, the local area entered hot and dry weather, and only typhoons brought periodic rainfall. At this time, the orchard should take measures such as covering the ground or planting grass to conserve moisture and effectively prevent and control the sharp change of soil water supply.
3.4 Plastic dressing
Trimming is the key technical measure of Jinxiu yellow peach. Scientific and reasonable pruning methods can form a solid skeleton structure, an open tree with good ventilation and light transmission, and balance the tree potential with clear priorities, so as to achieve the goal of early maturity, high yield and stable yield. On the other hand, it is prone to problems such as chaotic trees, closed inner rooms and premature aging of trees.
3.4. 1 young tree pruning
Before the results, we should do a good job in shaping and pruning the beautiful and fine variety of yellow peach according to the basic principles of "Gao Qian, Daguan, thinning branches and long release". After the seedlings are planted, they are fixed at 80 ~ 90 cm from the ground, and the tree shape takes the natural and gratifying shape of three main branches as the cultivation direction. In the first year, when the main branch of the first layer is about 70cm long, the core is removed to promote the second shoot, and from the end of July to the beginning of August, the angle of the main branch of the first layer spreads to 60 ~ 70; When cutting in winter, moderately cut off the extension branches of the main branches, and spin dry or lightly cut other branches. In the second year, when the main branch is extended to 50cm, the core is still taken to promote the secondary branch; When cutting in winter, the extension branch of the main branch is generally cut short at 2/3 of the branch length, while other branches are cut long and cut short as little as possible. In the third year, the focus of summer scissors is to clean up the long branches in the lumen, and plastic surgery is generally completed in three years.
3.4.2 Pruning of fruit trees
Pruning of fruit trees mainly focuses on maintaining the balance between growth and fruiting, updating fruit branches in time, keeping the tree vigorous, and achieving the goal of sustained high quality and high yield. The non-backbone branches of young and middle-aged trees can be lightly cut and lengthened to ease the tree vigor and increase the early yield; For middle-aged and old trees, we should pay attention to the regeneration and rejuvenation of fruiting branches and promote the recovery of tree potential.
3.5 Scaffolding facilities cultivation
Scaffolding cultivation is suitable for flat land or gentle slope land. The fine variety yellow peach is erected from autumn of the second year to early spring of the third year after planting. Over the years, it has been found that the cultivation of three main branches peach in Jinxiu oil sideline can achieve very ideal high quality and high yield. Scaffolding is composed of cement column main support (one circle, with a span of about 10m), galvanized pipe column auxiliary support (galvanized pipe with a diameter of 60cm and a span of about 5m), ground anchor (one circle, at the corner to balance the stress), main line (steel wire with a diameter of about 0.6cm is selected to play the role of main pulling rope) and intermediate auxiliary line. Three-main-branch shed cultivation is to tie all branches evenly on the canopy surface, and the fruits are evenly distributed below the canopy surface. The lighting conditions, nutrient supply and water transportation are relatively balanced, and the distribution and size of fruits are even, so that the quality of fruits is greatly improved. Through the cultivation of the three main branches and scaffolding, the trees and scaffolding provide support and stability, which is conducive to resisting the damage of strong winds to branches, leaves and fruits and greatly improving the wind resistance. Scaffolding cultivation also controls the crown at a certain height, which is convenient for agricultural operations such as fruit thinning, bagging, pest control and fruit harvesting.
3.6 Fruit thinning and bagging
3.6. 1 fruit thinning
The peach variety "Jinxiu Youbian" must be strictly thinned after entering the full fruit period, so as to achieve proper fruit size and good quality. The yield per plant should depend on the crown size and tree potential. Generally, the yield per plant should be controlled within 75kg to ensure the large fruit rate. Fruit thinning is divided into two times, the first time after Xie Hua 15d, and the second time in mid-May. When thinning fruit, the amount of fruit left should be determined according to different fruit branch types. Generally, bouquets leave no fruit, only 1 fruit for short branches, 2-3 fruits for long branches, and more fruits for long branches, with 3-4 fruits for each branch.
bagging
The fruit bagging of Jinxiu Youbian Yellow Peach should be carried out 50 days before the fruit ripens, and the local area should complete the fruit bagging before June 5. The harvest time of bagged fruit was delayed by about 10d compared with naked fruit cultivation. Pre-harvest bagging should be carried out about 10d before fruit harvesting, which can effectively reduce or overcome the adverse effects of conventional bagging methods on fruit yield and quality and improve fruit quality.
3.7 pest control
The main diseases of Jinxiu yellow peach are peach brown rot, peach gummosis, anthracnose and scab. The main pests are Myzus persicae, Myzus persicae and cicada.
3.7. 1 agricultural control
It is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, increase the application of organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, so as to enhance the tree vigor and improve the disease resistance of the tree. During the growing season, scientific pruning should be carried out, ventilation and light transmission conditions should be improved, weeds, leaves and fruits in Taoyuan should be cleaned up in time, and burned or buried deeply. Prune dead branches and aged branches in time, remove pests and diseases, and eliminate the source of pests and diseases. Clean up the orchard thoroughly in autumn and winter, remove dead branches, fallen leaves, fallen fruits and weeds, scrape off the thick bark of the trunk, and burn or bury it deeply. On this basis, the whole garden was sprayed with 3 ~ 5 BE sulfur mixture once to close the garden and eliminate the source of overwintering pests and diseases.
3.7.2 Drug control
According to the occurrence and regularity of local pests and diseases, pesticides should be used in time in the critical period of pest control to reduce the probability of pest occurrence, and pesticides with low toxicity, low residue and little harm to natural enemies should be selected as far as possible.
(1) Myzus persicae
The control of Myzus persicae is mainly carried out in the middle of April-May every year. First, we should strengthen observation. Once the number of tobacco aphids increases, it is necessary to start spraying. Generally spraying 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times, 5% beta-cypermethrin suspension concentrate 1000 times, 80 times.
(2) Liriomyza huidobrensis
In the control of liriomyza sativae, it is necessary to spray chemicals after the overwintering generation and 1 generation male adults reach the peak, and it is ideal to use 25% diflubenzuron suspension concentrate with 1500 ~ 2000 times. You can spray it again after the flowers fall behind to consolidate the control effect.
(3) scale insects
Before the scale insects germinate, they should be sprayed with 3 ~ 5 times of shellfish stone sulfur mixture or 20 ~ 30 times of 45% crystal stone sulfur mixture or 50 times of 95% oil emulsion. After the fruit is picked, it can be sprayed again to improve the control effect.
Physical control
In terms of physical control, solar insecticidal lamps can be installed in Taoyuan to trap and kill adults, and one lamp can be installed every 0.67hm2 or so. Color pests can be controlled by hanging color plates. For example, hanging yellow boards can kill many kinds of pests. In addition, you can also choose to capture manually, but the workload is large.
Biological control
In biological control, first, we should strengthen the management of quarantine pests, prevent their occurrence, spread and spread in orchards, and strictly quarantine yellow peach seedlings. Implement quarantine of origin, transportation and quarantine to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Male adults, such as Myzus persicae, Liriomyza sativae, and scale insects, are attracted by sex pheromone, which makes them unable to mate with female adults, and the eggs laid by female insects become unfertilized eggs, which hinders the reproduction of the next generation and reduces the population base of the orchard.
3.8 Timely harvest
Harvest mainly depends on the characteristics, fruit maturity, use and climatic conditions of Jinxiu yellow peach, which generally ripens in late July. If the harvest is too early, the fruit is immature, the yield is low and the quality is poor; If the fruit is harvested too late, it will cause inconvenience in transportation and shorten the shelf life of the fruit, so timely harvesting is very important. When the fruit ripens from 7 to 8, the content of soluble solids can reach more than 1 1.0%, and the color of the fruit turns from green to white, slightly Huang Shi, which is suitable for harvesting. It is best to harvest in stages and batches, but not completely, so as not to affect the taste and storage and transportation because of the softening of the fruit.