Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by tuberculosis bacillus invading the human body, for a long time because there is no effective drug treatment and has a strong contagious, so people have a strong fear of tuberculosis. With the progress of science and technology, scientists since the 1950s, has developed more than ten kinds of effective anti-tuberculosis drugs, as long as the early detection, regular treatment, is completely curable A cure. The tuberculosis bacillus can invade any organ in the human body, which means that all kinds of organs in the human body can have tuberculosis.
The symptoms of tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis in the early stage or mild tuberculosis, there may be no symptoms or symptoms are mild and neglected, if the lesion is in the stage of activity and progress, the following symptoms can occur: 1. Fever: manifested as a low fever in the afternoon, mostly in the afternoon 4-8 when the temperature rises, usually between 37-38 ℃. At this time, the patient is often accompanied by generalized fatigue or emaciation, night sweats, women can lead to menstrual irregularities or menopause. 2. cough and sputum: is the most common early symptoms of tuberculosis, but it is also easy for patients or doctors to mistakenly think that it is a "cold" or "bronchitis" and lead to misdiagnosis. 3. cough in sputum: is the most common early symptom of tuberculosis. 3. blood in sputum: sputum with blood or small blood clots, most of the sputum with blood is caused by tuberculosis.
Three: What should I do if I suspect I have tuberculosis?
When you understand what tuberculosis is all about, and know what the symptoms of tuberculosis are, then if you have the aforementioned symptoms and suspect that you have tuberculosis, especially coughing up sputum, sputum with blood has been more than two weeks or more, you should go to your local tuberculosis prevention and treatment institutions immediately, early diagnosis, rules of treatment, and early recovery. In addition, the relatives (close contacts)，they should also be timely health checks.
What does a positive tuberculin test mean?
Tuberculin is a biological product made from the culture filtrate of tuberculosis bacteria, which contains only the protein of tuberculosis bacteria but not the body of tuberculosis bacteria. Currently, the commonly used tuberculin in China is the pure protein derivative of tuberculosis bacillus, abbreviated as PPD.After the human body has been infected with tuberculosis bacillus for a period of time, the tuberculin can show a positive reaction. Its results are judged as follows: within 24-72 hours after injection of PPD, measure the skin hardness of straight through. 5mm or less is negative (-), 5~9mm is weak positive (+), 10~19mm is positive (++), more than 20Mmm or less than 20mm but blisters and necrosis appear as strong positive (++++). If you are positive for tuberculin, it can only show that you have been infected with tuberculosis bacteria, whether you have tuberculosis or not, it still needs to be analyzed by the doctor by combining your clinical manifestations, sputum bacteriological test and x-ray examination, etc. to make the final judgment. If it is negative, it does not negate the tuberculosis infection, because the initial infection immune response has not yet been established, the body's immune function is suppressed, such as tumors, severe tuberculosis, severe malnutrition, and the application of immunosuppressive drugs and other conditions can be negative.
V. How many kinds of anti-tuberculosis drugs are commonly used?
1. Isoniazid (INH): it has a strong killing effect on tuberculosis bacteria, and its price is low, it is an indispensable drug for the treatment of tuberculosis.2. Streptomycin (SM): it is one of the constituent drugs of chemotherapy program of the treatment of tuberculosis in the intensive period of the primary treatment of tuberculosis (the beginning of the first two months)，which has a significant bactericidal effect on tuberculosis bacilli. The drug has damage to cranial nerves, can cause dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss and even deafness, numbness of lips and mouth and other side effects, so pregnant women, children and the elderly should be prohibited or used with caution. 3. rifampicin (RFP): has a strong killing effect on tuberculosis bacilli, after isoniazid, is the most effective anti-tuberculosis drug, but also an indispensable component of the primary treatment program of tuberculosis. 4. ethambutol (EMB): has inhibition effect on tuberculosis, especially for the first time, it has been used for the first time. Ethambutol (EMB): it has an inhibitory effect on tuberculosis bacilli, especially on tuberculosis bacilli resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin, and changes in vision should be noted during the period of using the drug.5. Pyrazinamide (PZA): it has a special killing effect on tuberculosis bacilli in intracellular or quiescent states. The above five drugs are the most commonly used or effective drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis at present, and doctors can compose a reasonable chemotherapy program for treatment according to the change of the patient's condition and the use of drugs.
6. What are the principles of treating tuberculosis?
1. Early: The diagnosed tuberculosis should be treated as early as possible, which is beneficial to the repair of the lesions, and more importantly, to reduce the infection of relatives and the surrounding healthy people. 2. Combination: Choose more than two kinds of anti-tuberculosis drugs to form a chemotherapy program, and the combination of treatments can ensure the therapeutic effect, and to slow down and prevent tuberculosis bacteria from producing drug resistance and lead to chemotherapy failure. 3. Moderate: The dose of drugs is too small to kill the bacteria and easy to produce Too small a dose of drugs cannot kill bacteria and is easy to produce drug resistance, but too large a dose is easy to produce toxic side effects and interrupt the treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the doctor's instructions to take the prescribed dose of drugs in order to complete the scheduled course of treatment to ensure the efficacy of the treatment. 4. regularity: in the prescribed course of treatment in strict accordance with the number of times and the same intervals of time of the chemotherapy program to avoid omission or interruption of the medication. 5. the whole process: according to the requirements of the completion of the prescribed course of treatment, if the course of treatment is not completed, stop the drugs. If the course of treatment is not completed, stop the drug, will make the treatment failure or cause relapse. But more than the course of treatment indefinitely, not only can not improve the efficacy of treatment, and easy to produce toxic side effects and increase the unnecessary economic burden.
Seven, what is the initial treatment of tuberculosis?
First treatment of tuberculosis refers to the patients who are found for the first time and do not receive any anti-tuberculosis drug treatment, or those who are found to have irregular and unreasonable anti-tuberculosis treatment after discovery of tuberculosis, but the course of treatment is not more than 1 month. When the patients with first-time treatment of tuberculosis are not treated, they are highly infectious to their family members and the surrounding healthy people, which is the source of tuberculosis epidemics, but as long as the patients actively cooperate with the anti-TB doctors and adhere to the effective, reasonable, full course of chemotherapy, the infectiousness can be disappeared within 2-4 weeks, and the cure rate can be more than 95%. The key lies in following the doctor's instructions, obeying the management, completing the course of treatment, and striving for a complete cure.
VIII, what is the retreatment of tuberculosis?
Retreatment of tuberculosis refers to the failure of the initial treatment or treatment of the patient relapsed again. Or the detection of tuberculosis after receiving irregular, irrational chemotherapy has been more than 1 month. In clinical practice, most of the complexity of the condition of tuberculosis recurrence, often with the condition of heavy, poor physical characteristics, mostly because of irregular or irrational chemotherapy (not in accordance with the requirements of the doctor to adhere to the treatment or in the non-tuberculosis professional institutions, or even wild treatment, and irregular drugstores to buy drugs, etc.) caused by. At this time, the tuberculosis bacteria have already formed drug resistance, so the treatment is much more difficult than the initial treatment of tuberculosis. The key to the treatment of recurrent tuberculosis is to establish confidence in overcoming the disease, actively cooperate with the doctor, according to the drug sensitivity test selection of anti-tuberculosis drugs composed of chemotherapy program, adhere to the completion of the treatment.
Nine, tuberculosis treatment after the patient should pay attention to what?
1. Establish the correct scientific point of view and confidence: due to the influence of traditional concepts that tuberculosis is incurable, especially in rural areas, tuberculosis will carry a heavy ideological burden, and even avoid medical treatment, refused to check and treat, and adopted an uncooperative attitude, which results in delayed treatment, lost the opportunity to cure. 2. Follow the doctor's instructions: strictly according to the doctor's requirements for Take medicines strictly according to the doctor's requirements. Some people take tuberculosis lightly, do not follow the doctor's instructions, do not take medication on time, do not insist on completing the full course of treatment, stop taking medication prematurely, so that the condition is sometimes good and sometimes bad, and can not be completely treated as a chronic source of infections that can not be cured. Some people think that the greater the amount of medicine, the faster the disease will be well, then increase the dose, the result of toxic reactions forced to stop the drug, and some people are afraid of the side effects of the drug and reduce the dose, the result is due to insufficient medicine to affect the efficacy of the treatment. Familiar with the method of medication, such as anti-tuberculosis drugs require a meal to increase the concentration of bacteria in the blood, such as rifampicin need to be taken on an empty stomach one hour before breakfast, otherwise it will affect the efficacy. In addition, if the medication produces adverse reactions, do not stop taking the medication on your own, but reflect it to the doctor in time.3. Adhere to the medication, regular review: adherence to the medication, to complete the course of treatment is the key to curing tuberculosis. At the same time, the patient should also be required to review regularly, in order to enable the doctor to grasp the efficacy of drugs, lesion repair, etc. 4. The patient's family members should actively cooperate with the treatment: family members of the patient's closest contact with the patient, but also the most understanding of the patient, the patient's care and understanding will have a positive impact. Children, the elderly or illiterate people should be helped to take their medication, knowledge and safekeeping of drugs, play the role of volunteer supervisors. 5. It is best to do the whole process of supervision of chemotherapy: that is, in the process of treatment, the patient each time the medication are in the direct supervision of the medical staff to do: to send the drug to the hand, to see the service to the mouth, swallowing and then go.
Ten, why BCG vaccination?
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is actually an attenuated live tuberculosis bacillus, which is a bovine tuberculosis bacillus in the artificial medium after 13 years of 230 consecutive transplantation of subculture, so that it loses its pathogenicity to the human body, but can make the body produce immunity. After BCG vaccination, the human body is artificially infected with tuberculosis bacillus, the human body receives a mild primary infection without the risk of disease, which stimulates the body to produce specific immunity, and this acquired immunity can prevent the human body from developing disease when infected with tuberculosis bacillus again. After decades of research and practical observation, BCG vaccine has indeed become an effective weapon in the prevention of tuberculosis in human beings, especially for children and adolescents with obvious protective effects.
XI. What should be paid attention to in the diet of tuberculosis patients?
Tuberculosis patients should be given high protein and high calorie foods. Any symptoms of tuberculosis will make the tissue protein and caloric energy serious consumption, so in the supply of food protein and caloric energy, should be higher than normal, protein daily supply is 1.5 to 2.0g/kg, with milk, eggs, animal offal, fish and shrimp, lean meat, soy products and other foods as a source of protein. Milk is rich in casein and calcium, which is a more ideal nutritional food for tuberculosis patients. Caloric energy supply to maintain the patient's normal body weight as the principle, can be 40 ~ 50 kcal per kilogram of body weight supply, carbohydrate staple food can be satisfied according to the amount of food supply, do not have to be restricted, but fat should not be eaten more to vegetable oil-based. Vitamins and inorganic salts play a great role in promoting recovery from tuberculosis. Vitamin A, which has the role of enhancing the body's ability to resist disease; vitamins B and C can improve the body's metabolic processes, enhance appetite, sound lungs and blood vessels and other tissue function; such as repeated hemoptysis patients, should also increase the supply of iron, eat more green leafy vegetables, fruits, and grains, can supplement a variety of vitamins and minerals.
The appetite of tuberculosis patients is particularly bad, in order to increase the appetite, you can work on the cooking, to achieve diversified varieties, color, aroma, taste, shape. In addition to three meals a day, you can add two snacks. Avoid eating stimulating food and pungent, dry and phlegm-producing things. Because tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, in the medication and dietary treatment and at the same time, should also pay attention to adequate rest and appropriate outdoor activities, pay attention to the environment and food utensils hygiene.
Twelve, tuberculosis patients should be how to carry out home sterilization and isolation?
Tuberculosis patients should not spit on the ground, but spit in paper or spittoon, then burn or sterilize it and pour it away. Do not talk, cough or sneeze loudly to your family. It is best to wear a mask, which should be boiled and cleaned daily.
It is best to have a separate bedroom, the light should be sufficient, can wind well, the room should be frequently disinfected , you can ignite the moxa stick or rice vinegar according to 1-2 spoons per cubic meter of space on the stove to fumigate, close the windows and doors for 1-2 hours and then open the windows to ventilate. The easiest way to disinfect heat-resistant objects such as utensils and appliances used by patients is to boil them, such as eating utensils, clothing, etc. The boiling time is 10-15 minutes. Boiling time is 10-15 minutes. The patient's used clothes and blankets should be washed frequently and exposed to the sun, which can achieve the purpose of killing tuberculosis bacilli. Microwave sterilization: microwaves can penetrate glass, plastic film, paper. But the microwave disinfection is with the microwave power size and different effects. General household microwave power in 700 watts or more, the time 4 to 7 minutes to achieve sterilization effect. Note: ① microwave does not penetrate metal, so do not put the sterilized items in metal utensils. ② microwave in the water molecules are most easily absorbed, so it is best to put a cup of water in the furnace when disinfection, so that the disinfection effect is better.1 | enthusiasts | 2013-08-23 15:01
The principles of chemotherapy for TB are: early, combined, moderate, regular and full dosing. As long as you and your doctor work well together, TB can be cured China's widely used anti-TB drugs are isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S). Treatment is much the same in every locality. The state now provides free treatment for open TB. As long as it is detected early and treated early it is entirely possible to be cured
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious chronic wasting disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that invades the human body. It is not affected by age, sex, race, occupation, region, many organs and systems of the human body can suffer from tuberculosis, in which tuberculosis is the most common.
The first symptoms of the disease are less obvious and initially resemble the flu. It usually starts with a cough and blood in the sputum. As the condition continues to worsen, the patient develops a low-grade fever, severe night sweats, chronic fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, shortness of breath, and urinary tract infections. In more severe cases, a laryngeal nucleus pulposus will develop, making the patient unable to speak.
More than 90 percent of the infection of tuberculosis is transmitted through the respiratory tract, and tuberculosis patients are infected by coughing, sneezing, shouting, and making droplets with tuberculosis bacilli (medically known as microtitre nuclei) sprayed out of the body, which are inhaled by healthy people.
Ignorance of hygiene, close contact with patients, immune deficiency (from chronic illnesses such as AIDS), unbalanced diet, and sedentary lifestyle (lack of exercise) all increase the chance of developing TB.
Modern medicine believes that whether or not the disease develops after the tuberculosis bacillus invades the human body depends not only on the amount and virulence of the bacteria, but also more on the body's resistance to the tuberculosis bacillus (immunity), and that in the case of low resistance, the invading tuberculosis bacillus is not eliminated by the body's defense system and continues to multiply, causing tuberculosis disease.
Tuberculosis is a stubborn chronic disease, - once infected with the disease, if not timely, standardized, and thorough treatment, ultimately leading to recurrence, deterioration, drug-resistant, the formation of refractory tuberculosis.
Home treatment measures
●Home isolation measures
Tuberculosis patients should be isolated at home. TB patients are the source of spreading TB. Therefore, the patient should be placed in a certain environment, and the patient's secretions and utensils should be separated from those of healthy people. The patient should minimize contact with others and should not go to public **** places. The best way to isolate tuberculosis patients is to hospitalize and isolate them in a tuberculosis specialist hospital to reduce the chances of contagion to family members and others.
●Let the patient live alone
It is best to give the patient a room with plenty of air circulation and sunlight. If not, the patient can sleep in a separate bed, and often open the windows to ventilate the room.
●Clothes and blankets are often exposed to disinfection
The patient's clothes and blankets should often be exposed to sunlight to disinfect, after the patient is cured, the room should be thoroughly disinfected. Can be the wormwood roll ignited smoke or rice vinegar per cubic meter of space with 1 to 2 spoon on the stove fumigation, and then 3% bleach supernatant or 3% of the Lysol to the space, the ground spray, close the doors and windows for 1-2 hours.
●Disinfection of living utensils
The patient's supplies, eating utensils, sputum, vomit should be disinfected, pay special attention to the patient's sputum should be spit on the paper or spittoon, burning or disinfection, and then poured out. The easiest way to disinfect is to boil, but also in the sun or with ultraviolet lamp disinfection, alcohol, Lysol, lime water, carbonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, 84 disinfectant can kill tuberculosis bacilli.
●Choice of environmental conditions conducive to the recovery of tuberculosis rafter
Tuberculosis is a more difficult disease to cure, appropriate rest and convalescence is very important, if possible, you can choose a sunny, fresh air, dry climate of the place to convalesce. For example, in winter, you can choose the southern seaside cities, and in summer, you can go to the north or mountainous areas. At the same time to avoid emotional tension, anxiety.
Nutrition and Diet Therapy
●Eat more beneficial food crystals
Diets should include at least 50 percent lettuce. Eat 2 fertilized eggs a day. You can also eat yogurt, fish, poultry, raw cheese, raw nuts, seeds, and garlic.
●Eat plenty of fruit and vegetable juices
Drink windy pear juice, fresh radish juice, and green drinks daily. Kefir milk and fresh unsweetened yogurt should be drunk one bottle a day.
●Adopt a nutrient-rich diet
Tuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease, and patients need nutrient-rich foods such as high protein, high sugar and high fat.
●Preventing food allergy
It has been reported that tuberculosis patients, especially when taking anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin, often cause food poisoning or food allergy, and the common ones are:
Eggplants: Tuberculosis patients eating eggplants in anti-tuberculosis treatment are prone to allergy. Random sampling study found that eating eggplant a group of patients all in 40 minutes to 60 minutes of allergic reactions of varying degrees. Such as facial flushing, skin itching, irritability, generalized erythema, chest tightness and other allergic reactions. Such a situation, the light can be taken anti-allergy drug treatment, and no longer eat eggplant and other similar foods, the serious should ask the doctor rescue treatment.
Milk: Oral rifampicin at the same time eating milk, one hour after the drug absorption is very little. And fasting after taking an hour after the drug concentration in the blood can reach the peak. Therefore, during the period of taking rifampicin and lisinopril, do not eat milk and other beverages at the same time, in order to prevent the reduction of drug absorption. Lactose and foods containing sugar should not be consumed while taking isoniazid because lactose can completely block the absorption of isoniazid in the body, making it unable to exert its medicinal effects.
Certain fish: Fish that can cause allergies are generally scaly and unfresh marine and freshwater fish. Scaleless fish are tuna, mackerel, horse mackerel, bamboo fish, squid, sardines and so on. Not fresh sea fish such as scallop, yellow croaker, etc.. Freshwater fish such as carp. In the process of treating tuberculosis with isoniazid, consumption of these fish is prone to allergic symptoms, mild headache, dizziness, nausea, flushing of the skin, mild conjunctival congestion, and in severe cases, facial flushing, burning sensation, palpitations, rapid pulse, numbness and swelling of the lips and face, urticaria-like rash, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspnea, elevated blood pressure, and even hypertensive crisis and cerebral hemorrhage. Deaths have been reported both at home and abroad. The reason is that isoniazid is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The high content of histamine in the fish mentioned above lacks a large amount of effective monoamine oxidase enzyme to oxidize it, resulting in a large accumulation of histamine and causing the above symptoms. Fish with high histamine content should not be consumed not only during the period of isoniazid administration, but also after 2 weeks of drug withdrawal. Consumption of other fish in cooking and then add appropriate amount of hawthorn and then steamed or braised, or add some vinegar, can reduce the histamine content. Occurrence of toxic reactions, should be quickly sent to the hospital rescue.
●Supplementation
① Coenzyme Q10
Dose 70 mg. Carries oxygen to tissues to aid recovery.
② Garlic Extract Capsules
Take 2 capsules with a meal. Garlic is a natural antibiotic. Promotes immune function & controls infection.
③ L-Cysteamine and L-Methionine
Dose 500mg twice a day. Removes toxins and protects lungs and liver.
④ Proteins (various mono - amino acids)
Used to repair tissues. Amino acids are more easily absorbed.
⑤ Selenium
200 micrograms per day. Fights free radicals and promotes a healthy immune system.
6 Vitamin A Emulsion or Capsule, Vitamin C
Vitamin A emulsion dosage 200,000 IU, capsule 25,000 IU; Vitamin C 2000 mg. Important substances that strengthen the immune response and help lung tissue recover.
⑦ Vitamin B Complex with Brewer's Yeast and Pantothenic Acid (B5) and Vitamin B
Refer to product label for dosage. They are necessary for the production of red blood cells and antibodies, and help in the utilization of oxygen.
8 Vitamin D Capsules
At first, 1000 IU per day, but gradually reduced to 400 IU per day, which is necessary for the utilization of calcium and phosphorus. TB patients need sunlight and vitamin D every day to help heal.
9 Vitamin E Capsules
Start with 400 IU per day and taper to 1600 IU per day. powerful scavenger of free graves, protects lung tissue and provides cellular oxygen. Note: If you have high blood pressure, use 200 IU per day and gradually increase to 1600 IU.
●Natural Herbs
Make a tea with chrysanthemum plant and pau d'arco fruit and drink 3 cups per day.
●Health care medicine rub
①Sha Bai Duck Soup
North American ginseng 50 grams, 30 grams of lily of the valley, 200 grams of fat duck, green onion, ginger, refined salt each appropriate amount. Sand ginseng, lily slices; duck meat cut into small pieces, into the onion, ginger, etc., add refined salt, add the right amount of water **** cooking soup, until the duck meat can be cooked. Eat duck meat, drink soup. 1 time a day or every other day.
Effects nourishing yin and clearing heat, moistening the lungs and relieving cough. It is suitable for cough caused by yin deficiency and fire exuberance, with blood in the sputum and other symptoms. It can be used as the usual dietary therapy for patients with obvious symptoms of yin deficiency in tuberculosis.
② candied double kernel
Fried sweet almonds, fried walnuts 250 grams each, 500 grams of honey. Fried sweet almonds in a pot, add the right amount of water, decoction for 1 hour, and then add walnuts, juice, the pot will be dry when adding honey, mixing to the boil can be. Consume as much as you like, 2-3 times a day.
Effects tonifying the kidney and lungs, relieving cough and asthma, moistening dryness. Suitable for lung and kidney deficiency type of chronic asthma, chronic wheezing and other conditions.
3 Silver Fungus Rock Sugar Soup
Silver Fungus 10 grams, 20 grams of rock sugar. First of all, remove the silver fungus, pick the impurities, soak in cold boiled water until the swelling becomes soft. The silver fungus, rock sugar in a casserole, add the right amount of water, stewed on a gentle fire for 90 minutes, until the silver fungus is loose, soup thick when it is ready. When the night point to eat, 1 time per night.
aware can be self-tested without the need to draw blood wishing you good health TMC!
Effects nourish yin and moisten dryness, resolve phlegm and stop cough. Applicable to dry cough with little phlegm due to insufficient lung yin, not easy to cough up, blood in phlegm and so on.
④ Cordyceps rice porridge
Cordyceps 10 grams, 50 grams of lean pork, 100 grams of millet. Wrap the cordyceps in a cloth; cut the pork into thin shreds. The medicine bag and millet, pork with porridge, porridge cooked, take out the medicine bag can be. Eat on an empty stomach.
Effective in replenishing deficiency, benefiting essence, moisturizing the lungs and tonifying the kidneys. Suitable for lung and kidney yin deficiency, asthma, tuberculosis, consumptive coughing, hemoptysis, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, and not recovering from a long period of deficiency after illness.
●Danger signals
For patients with tuberculosis, the following situations should be highly alert to the possibility of co-existing lung cancer:
*Male patients over 40 years of age, with a long history of smoking;
*It has an irritating cough, persistent chest pain, shortness of breath, emaciation, and the symptoms do not correspond to the x-ray lesions and worsening progressively;
*Combined with ascites, and ascites grows rapidly, or even expands.
*There is a combination of pleural fluid, which grows rapidly and even expands, or new foci appear in other parts of the body;
*The mass is seen in the form of round and mass on X-ray chest radiographs, with a diameter larger than 24cm, and the mass is lobular, with an irregular burr-like edge, accompanied by enlargement of the hilar lymph nodes and pulmonary atelectasis.