Chinese name: Ricinus communis
English name: Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) plants, scientific name Ricinus communis. cultivated for the extraction of medicinal and industrial oils, or used as a scenic tree to ornamental its leaves. Leaves palmate, 12-lobed, large and attractive; fruit bronze to red, bristly and spiny, clustered, attractive, usually harvested before maturity. The seeds are bean-like in appearance, with a floriferous surface, and contain the poisonous ricin when ripe. Probably native to Africa, has been naturalized in the tropics around the world, India and Brazil are the main growing countries. Castor oil is used as a lubricant and laxative. In the tropics, plants can reach 10?13 m (30?40 ft). In temperate climates, it becomes an annual plant only 1.5 to 2.4 meters high. There is only one species of castor in the genus Castor, but there are hundreds of natural types and many horticultural varieties. Ricinus communis is an annual or perennial herb of the Euphorbiaceae family. Native to eastern Africa, through Asia to the Americas, and then to Europe. Chinese castor introduced from India, from Hainan to Heilongjiang 49 ° north latitude south are distributed. North and northeast China, the most, followed by northwest and east China? , the other for sporadic planting? There are semi-wild perennial castor in the tropics.? Castor cultivars have two types of oil and oil and medicine. The root system is developed, deep into the soil. Stem flexible?The stems of the castor cultivars have two types: oil and oil-medicine. The number of branches varies according to species and density. Perennial castor plants up to ?5 meters or more. Stems and leaves are green or purplish red. The plant is covered with white wax powder, smooth and glabrous. Leaves palmate, some chicken-claw shaped. Flowers unisexual, racemose panicles, the upper part of the rachis bearing female flowers, styles red, the lower part of the male flowers. Occasionally there are plants with mixed bisexual flowers or only solitary female flowers. Capsule spiny or spineless, 3-locular, 1 seed per locule. The shell is smooth, hard and brittle, lightly patterned, reddish to blackish brown. The optimal temperature for growth is 20 to 28 ℃.
Castor in northern China?Yuquanshan castor
In the pre-winter deep plowing, applying organic fertilizer to ripen the soil, planted in patches. Southern use of gap planting. Seed development does not require very high temperatures, seedlings can tolerate ?0 ℃? around low temperatures. Can live or seedling transplantation. Spring sowing in the north should be early, the temperature stabilized at 10 ℃ can be sown to extend the growing period and improve yield. Perennial castor can be rooted to stay in the seed, cut the above ground part before wintering, pay attention to cover the heat preservation and frost protection. When the large part of the capsule was dark brown or yellowish brown and began to appear cracked when harvested. The main pests and diseases are wilt? , leaf blight? , bacterial spot disease and tigress, cotton bollworm, spiny moth, castor nightshade.
Castor seeds contain about 50% oil. Castor oil is an important industrial oil, can make surfactant? , fatty acid glycerol? , fatty acid glycerol, dry oil? , sebacic acid, stabilizers and plasticizers for polymerization, foam and elastic rubber. And is a high-level lubricating oil raw materials. It can also be used as medicine. , has the effect of diarrhea. Cake powder is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, a good organic fertilizer, high temperature detoxification can be used as feed. Stem skin is rich in fiber, for paper and artificial cotton raw materials. Morphology and characteristics? Cultivated species have two types of oil and oil and medicinal use. There are many cultivars in China, the main ones are: thorny medium-grain species, non-thorned medium-grain species, red-stemmed small-grain species, white-stemmed small-grain species, wax leaf small-grain species. All of them like high temperature, are not frost-resistant, but alkali-resistant, acid-resistant, and highly adaptable. But the seedling stage does not tolerate low temperature, -1 ℃ will be frozen dead. Seed reproduction. The flowering period is long, and the pollen is scattered when the flowers bloom, mainly by wind and insect pollination. Castor root system is well developed, into the soil as deep as 2 to 4 meters, lateral roots spreading extension of about 2 meters. Stem flexible and tough, hollow, node branching. Single plant branching how many varieties and cultivation density related. Perennial castor stems thick, branching and leafy, up to 5 meters high, stem circumference 15-20 cm. Stem, leaves green or purple-red. The plant is covered with white wax powder, smooth and glabrous. Leaves palmate, some chicken-claw shaped. Flowers unisexual, racemose panicles, the upper part of the rachis bearing female flowers, styles red, the lower part of the male flowers. Occasionally there are plants with mixed bisexual flowers or only solitary female flowers. Capsule spiny, sparsely unarmed, 3-loculed, 1 seed per locule. Shell smooth, hard and brittle, reddish to black-brown, with light-colored patterns. Seed oil content of about 50%. The optimum temperature for growth is 20～28℃. Seedling to maturity need cumulative temperature 2000 ~ 3500 ℃. Average temperature below 20 ℃ growth retardation, yield and oil content are affected. The Euphorbiaceae? (Euphorbiaceae) castor annual or perennial herbs. Castor oil is an important industrial oil.Ricinus communis
History and spread? Ricinus communis is native to eastern Africa, and then introduced to the Americas through Asia, and then to Europe. Chinese castor imported from India, has been more than 1300 years of cultivation and utilization of the history, "Tang Materia Medica" (639 AD) on the record. For a long time are sporadic planting, mostly cultivated in the field, low mountain slopes, houses or roadside gap. Harvested castor seed can be extracted oil, oil viscosity, low freezing point, both cold and high temperature, in -8 ~ -10 ℃ not frozen, in 500 ~ 600 ℃ does not solidify and denaturation, with other fats and oils less than the characteristics of the chemical industry, light industry, metallurgy, electromechanical, textile, printing, dyes and other industries and important raw materials for medicine. Oil meal can be used as fertilizer, feed and raw materials for activated carbon and film. Into the 20th century, due to the modern industrial needs of a large number of high-level lubricants, castor production is the rapid development.
Castor oil is not edible. High economic value, it is a medicinal laxative; textile, chemical and light industry and other sectors with castor oil as a dyeing agent, lubricant, plasticizing sentence, emulsification sentence and the manufacture of paints, coatings, soaps and ink raw materials. Castor oil by concentrated sulfuric acid treatment to get a very good surface activity of sulfate (commonly known as Turkish red oil). Dehydration of castor oil can be obtained with **** yoke double bond dry oil. Castor oil can be processed under different hydrogenation conditions to obtain a variety of products, so castor oil is widely used in various industrial sectors. Castor oil is closest to the pure compound monoacid triglyceride, in the common fats and oils only olive oil (containing about 80% of oleic acid), safflower oil (more than 70% linoleic acid) and tung oil (about 85% of tung oil) have this characteristic. Castor oil contains less than 1% unsaponifiables. Vitamin content is low (around 0.05).? Castor seeds have a high oil content, due to the different uses of oil, so the method of taking oil is different, medicinal castor oil with a hydraulic press cold? Press, the temperature does not exceed 50, otherwise some of the impurities will dissolve into the oil and can not be used for medicinal purposes. The oil obtained by cold pressing is called No. 1 castor oil. The cake is crushed and then pressed again or leached to produce No. 3 castor oil (no 2) for industrial use. Directly pressed with a screw press, or the use of pre-pressing - leaching of the castor oil can only be used as industrial oil. China from Hainan to Heilongjiang 49 ° north latitude south of the distribution. North China, Northeast China to produce the most, followed by Northwest and East China, other parts of the more sporadic planting. Tropical areas have semi-wild state perennial castor. Cultivation? Castor is a deep-rooted crop. Large-scale planting areas in northern China, more in the pre-winter deep plowing, weathering the soil, in order to increase water retention and fertilizer performance. Southern use of gap sowing. Like temperature, but the seed germination does not need a very high temperature. Seed shell is harder, slower water absorption, spring sowing should be early, when the temperature stabilized at 10 ℃ can be sown. Seedlings can also be transplanted. Seedlings can tolerate low temperatures of about zero degrees. Early sowing of castor in the north can extend the reproductive period and improve yield. Perennial castor can also be rooted, cut off the ground before overwintering, covered with soil or farmyard manure, straw or film can also be used to prevent freezing and keep warm. Plant spacing to 65 ~ 100 cm is appropriate. 1 ~ 6 true leaves when removing the top bud of the main stem to promote the growth and development of lateral branches. When most of the capsules are dark brown or yellowish brown and begin to appear cracked when harvested, can also be harvested in stages. Perennial castor can be harvested continuously for about 10 years. The main diseases are wilt, leaf blight and bacterial spot disease. The main pests are tigers, cotton bollworms, stinging moths and castor nightshade moths. Introduction of medicinal use? The whole plant can be used as medicine, with the effect of expelling dampness, eliminating swelling and pulling out poison. The seeds contain ricin and should not be taken internally without heat treatment. Odor: (seeds) sweet, pungent, flat, slightly toxic. Treatment: 1, hemiplegia, loss of voice and speech. Take one liter of castor oil, wine a bucket, in a copper pot to cook, finely served. 2, crooked mouth and eyes. With castor beans pounded into a paste, the left side of the slant is pasted on the right side, the right side of the slant is pasted on the left side. Effective. 3, wind headache. With frankincense, apathetic hemp kernel, etc., pounded into a cake, paste the solar plexus. Another formula: castor beans half two, fifteen jujube meat, pounded and coated paper, rolled into a tube inserted into the nose, there is a clear nose Zi flow down that is healed. 4, nasal congestion. With castor beans twenty, in the date (peeled) a, pounded, cotton wrapped in the nose. One day to change the medicine once. Thirty days later, the nose, smell recovery. 5, acute laryngeal paralysis, teeth clenching. With castor beans, paper rolled as a tube, burned smoke, smoke inhalation of the throat, this formula is called "Holy Smoke". 6, pharyngeal sores. With castor beans, one, Park Nitrous one, with a fine, new water to serve, even into the two, three services, very effective. 7, water bloating. With castor beans fine, add water to get three, early in the morning a meal to serve all, at noon there are green and yellow water discharged. Strong body, castor beans can be served five. 8, foot odor. With castor beans seven rotten, shell, research rotten, with the Suhexiang mixing evenly paste the heart of the foot, pain. 9, urination is not generic castor beans three rotten, research fine, wrapped into a paper twist, inserted into the urethra, that is, through. 10, uterine prolapse. There are castor kernels, alum, etc. into the end, laying paper, the uterus into; at the same time to castor kernels fourteen, research into the paste coated top heart. 11, promote the birth of the next child (regardless of the birth of a stillborn). With castor beans two, two, musk a point, *** research evenly, paste the umbilicus and the heart of the foot. 12, all poisonous swelling. With castor beans pounded, compress the affected area. 13, plague (nose collapsed, finger bending, knuckle pain, gradually to break down). With castor beans one or two, peeled, Huanglian one or two, filed as a soybean, with the soaking in a liter of water, a few days later, take castor beans, a split, to soak the water sent to serve. In the future, castor beans can be increased to four or five at a time. Slight diarrhea, not a problem, soak the medicine is not used up, you can add new water. Two months after the fat, try to eat garlic pork. If you don't have a disease, that is, the medicine has been effective. If you still have a disease, you must continue to take the medicine. 14, scrofula tuberculosis. With castor beans fried, peeled, every bedtime service two, three, effective. But a lifetime can not eat fried beans. 15, lung wind face sores (white flakes or slightly red sores). Fifty castor beans, white fruit, jujube each three, three money Wasson, soap horn a, **** pounded, made into a ball, used to wash the face. 16, freckles on the face with castor beans, honey monk, sulfur and present money, *** research for the end. To sheep brain marrow and well, every night on the spot. 17, sudden deafness. One hundred castor beans, shelled and fifteen jujubes, mashed together, slightly added human milk, made into ingots. When used to take a wrapped in cotton plug ear. Change the medicine once a day. To twenty days to cure the disease. 18, soup fire injury. Castor kernel clams powder, equal parts into the end, soup injuries to the oil, fire burns to the water to apply. Appendix: castor leaf: toxic, can cure foot swelling, stop nosebleed, also cure phlegm cough Alias red castor Source This product is the Euphorbiaceae castor Ricinus communis L. Seeds (see "castor seed"), roots and leaves into medicine. Roots and leaves are extracted in summer and fall, and dried or used fresh. The flavor is attributed to the meridian? Leaves: sweet, pungent, flat. There is a small poison. Root: light, slightly pungent, flat. This species is a poisonous plant included in the Chinese Plant Atlas database, and its toxicity is the whole plant is poisonous, and the seeds are highly toxic. Children eat 3-4 grains, adults eat 20 grains can be poisoned to death. Generally mildly poisoned people half a day after the performance of debilitating weakness, heavy with nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, body temperature, breathing faster, limbs convulsions, spasms, coma and death. Cattle, horses, pigs and other accidental ingestion of castor beans, can cause reduced appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, hernia, spasm, death in severe cases. Livestock accidentally ingested castor lethal dose: horse 36-50g, cattle 350-450g, calves 20g, sheep 30g, goats 105-140g, pigs 60g, piglets 15-20g, rabbits 1.5g. -20g, rabbit 1.5g, goose 1g, chicken 18g. Functions? Leaves: swelling and pulling out toxins, relieving itching. Treatment of sores and poisons, freshly pounded compresses; eczema itching, decoction external wash; and can be maggot, kill tsetse. Root: expelling wind and blood, analgesic and sedative. Used for rheumatic joint pain, tetanus, epilepsy, schizophrenia.