Scale goat farming how to operate 1. Breed selection 1.1 Jining Qingshan goat. Native to more than 20 counties in the cities of Jining and Heze in Shandong. The body is small, male and female goats have horns, black and white mixed coat. Adult rams weigh 30 kilograms, ewes 26 kilograms. The main product is cunning skin, 1 to 2 days after the birth of the lamb slaughter, which is characterized by natural color and pattern, plate green, beautiful, is the system of tumbled fur coat and cap collar and other top quality raw materials for the international market for the famous commodities. The lambing rate is 293.65%. 1.2 Liaoning velvet goat. Native to the Liaodong Peninsula. Large body, male and female goats have horns, the whole body hair white. The average yield of adult rams is 540 grams, and that of ewes is 470 grams. Slaughter rate 50%, lambing rate 148%. 1.3 Horse head goat. Native to Hubei Utopia, Enshi and Hunan Changde, Qianyang, Xiangxi and other places. The body is large, and the male and female goats are hornless. The two ears are slightly drooping forward, the chest is well developed, and the body is rectangular. The coat is mainly white. Adult rams weigh 44 kilograms, ewes 34 kilograms. Horsehead goat is China's famous meat goat breeds, two months after birth weaned capricorn goat in grazing and supplementary feeding conditions, 7 months of age weight up to 23.3 kg. The slaughter rate is 52.3%. Adult capricorn sheep slaughter rate of about 60%, lambing rate of 200%. 1.4 Laoshan milk goat. Native to Shandong Jiaodong Peninsula. The body is sturdy, the structure is well-proportioned, and the forehead is wide. Most of the rams and ewes are hornless. Some of the goats have black spots on the ears, meat hanging below the neck, deeper chest, straight back and waist, plump ribs, and a large, non-sagging belly. Hindquarters and udder well developed, white all over. The average milk yield of the 1st litter is 557 kg, and the average of the 2nd and 3rd litters is 870 kg, with a milk fat rate of 4%. 1.5 Saanen goat. Native to Switzerland, it is a famous milk goat breed. The male and female goats are hornless. The ears are long and erect, and the coat is white or light yellow. The body is wide and deep, the back is long and straight, the limbs are solid, and the udder is well developed. The lactation period is 8 to 10 months, with an average annual milk yield of 600 to 1,200 kilograms and a milk fat rate of 3.8% to 4%. 1.6 Boer goat. Native to South Africa. The coat is white, the head is red with a white band of hair, allowing a certain number of red spots. The ears are large and pendulous, the legs are short and well-built, and the hindquarters are well-developed, plump and muscular. 3.5-month-old male lambs weigh 22-36 kg, and female lambs 19-29 kg. Adult rams average 90 kilograms, ewes 65 to 75 kilograms. Lamb fat content is moderate and carcass quality is good. The average weight of sheep is 41 kg, the slaughtering rate is 52.4%, and the undevirginized rams can reach 56.2%. The average carcass weight of lambs is 15.6 kg. Boer goats in heat in all seasons, lambing rate of 150% to 190%, selecting productive individuals combined with excellent breeding, lambing average of more than 2.25 per litter, breeding survival rate of 123% to 184%. 2. How to build a sheep house 2.1 building location. Sheep shed must be built in a dry, well-drained place, should be close to the grazing land and water sources, and according to the distribution of sheep and the appropriate layout. 2.2 Building area. The area of the sheep house has different requirements depending on the production mode, breed, sex, physiological condition and local climate of the sheep. The following parameters. Breeding rams 1.5 to 2 square meters / only: ewes 0.8 to 1 square meters / only; winter lambing ewes 2 to 2.3 square meters / only, spring lambing ewes 1 to 1.2 square meters / only; young rams and ewes 0.5 to 0.6 square meters / only. 2.3 Height. According to the type of sheep house and the number of sheep, the more the number of sheep, the sheep house can be appropriately high. The general height is 2.5 meters. 2.4 Temperature and ventilation. General sheep house winter temperature is maintained above 0 ℃, lambing house temperature is not less than 8 ℃, lambing house temperature at 8 ~ 10 ℃ is more appropriate. In order to keep the sheep house dry and the air fresh, there must be good ventilation. 2.5 The type of sheep house. Rectangular sheep houses are available. This type of sheep house is more common, practical, construction is also convenient, the exercise yard in front of the house can be based on the group feeding, the need to be divided into a number of small circles. The area of the sheep house can be decided according to the size of the flock, the area occupied by each sheep and the way of utilization. It can also be a shed combined with a sheep house. This kind of sheep house is suitable for the construction of warmer areas, the sheep usually in the sheep pen or three walls and the front of the open shed for the night, winter or lambing and then into the sheep pen. 3. the configuration of what equipment 3.1 applesauce frame. Various forms, there are dedicated for feeding coarse material forage frame, for feeding coarse material and concentrates both joint forage frame, there are dedicated for feeding concentrates with the trough. 3.2 Salt trough. Supplemental salt and other minerals to the flock, if not indoors or mixed in the feed feed, in order to prevent outside the house by the rain and moisture, can be set up a covered salt trough, any sheep at any time to lick. 3.3 Sheep pen. It is for the sheep to be divided into flocks, epidemic prevention, deworming and other technical production activities. Separation of sheep fence by a number of fence boards connected and become. In the entrance of the sheep for the trumpet, the middle of a small channel, allowing the sheep to move forward in a single line, along the channel on one side or both sides, according to the need to set up 3 to 4 can be opened to both sides of the small circle, the use of this equipment can be divided into a number of small flocks of sheep as needed. 3.4 Medicine bath pool. About the bath pool is long, like a narrow and deep ditch, generally built with cement. The depth of the pool is not less than 1 meter, the bottom of the pool width of 30 to 60 centimeters, about 10 meters long, on the width of 60 to 100 centimeters, in order to a sheep can pass but can not turn around to the degree. Bath pool entrance is steep, sheep walk into the pool can quickly slide into the pool, the exit has a certain incline slope, the slope has a small step or horizontal wooden bar, its role is not to make the sheep slipped, at the same time the sheep stayed for a period of time on the slope, so that the body of the medicine retained flow back to the bath pool. 4. Introduction of seeds are prepared First of all, to fully investigate the local grass resources. Preparing to build a large-scale commercial sheep farm if all the grass to buy sheep, sure to lose money, for such a situation, there are two ways to solve the problem of high straw prices, one is to plant high-yield forage. The second is to vigorously carry out the corn stover paste storage. 70% of the forage can be replaced by silage corn stover, but the price of corn stover paste storage raw material shall not exceed 0.04 yuan / kg purchase price. Secondly, we should examine the construction of farms and design a scientific standardized sheep farm suitable for local conditions. Examination of the construction of sheep farms can be contacted with the authority, please ask them to introduce a suitable examination of the sheep farm for inspection, the heart has a spectrum, please authority to send personnel to the field of planning and design, must not be built blindly, so as not to cause losses. The general suitable scale is 220 basic ewes, 1000 sheep per year, covering an area of about 1 hectare, and the rent per 667 square meters shall not exceed 300 yuan. If there is an old barn nearby for rent, slightly modified the best, so you can save investment, but to strictly disinfection. In principle, the cost of a new sheep house per square meter shall not exceed 180 yuan. Third, the sheep farm built dry, before the introduction of breeding, according to the design of the scale according to each sheep per day 1.5 kg in the amount of grass or 4 kg grass, prepare enough grass, straw, buy good grass processing machinery and common veterinary medicines and conventional drugs, and then introduce the seed. Fourth, before the introduction of breeding to master the system of sheep knowledge and sheep technology, make technical preparations. Fifth, financial preparation. In general, from the construction of the farm, breeding to the first batch of breeding sheep for sale should be in a year and a half later, so we must prepare sufficient funds, and do a reasonable distribution, rational use, do not have the money to build a farm, money to introduce breeding, but no money to raise, resulting in halfway down the road. 5. How to carry out breeding improvement 5.1 Sheep reproduction law. The period of sexual maturity of sheep varies slightly depending on the breed and distribution area. The age of sexual maturity of goats is a little earlier than that of sheep, some goat breeds in the south, the age of sexual maturity is about 3 months, and some goat breeds in the north are about 6 months. The age of first mating of goats should be after their physical maturity, and their body weight reaches more than 70% of that of an adult goat, and the age of goats is around 1.5 years old. Oestrus and Ovulation. After the sexual maturity of the female goat, due to the stimulation of ovulation and secreted hormones, a series of complex physiological changes occur, known as oestrus, goat oestrus generally lasts for 40 hours after the oestrus cycle averages 20 days, the time of ovulation is generally in the later stages of oestrus, the egg discharged 12 to 24 hours after the ability to be fertilized. Fertilization and pregnancy. The combination of sperm and egg forms a fertilized egg, and the formation of the fertilized egg means that the ewe is pregnant, called conception. The gestation period of goats is 150 days. Breeding season and time. The breeding season of goats is generally from July to January of the second year, with more between August and September. The choice of breeding time should be based on whether the local conditions are conducive to the growth and development of lambs. In the case of annual lambing, the lambing period is divided into winter, early spring, late fall three periods. Winter lambs are mated in July to August, early spring lambs are mated in September to October, and late spring lambs are mated in November to December. 5.2 Mating method. Natural mating, that is, in the breeding season of sheep, the male and female sheep will be mixed herd grazing, let them free to mate. This method of mating saves labor and does not require any equipment, and if the ratio of rams and ewes is appropriate (1:30-40), the conception rate is also quite high. However, due to the mixed flock grazing, the rams chase the ewes to mate at any time, affecting the flock's feeding to catch fat, and consume the energy of the rams; unable to understand the blood relationship of the offspring; unable to carry out effective seed selection and mating, and unable to speculate on the due date of the ewes. Artificially assisted mating. In order to overcome the shortcomings of natural mating, can be used to artificially assisted mating method, that is, male and female sheep grazing in groups, to the mating season every day on the ewes to test the estrus, and then the estrus ewes and the designated rams mating. Using this method of mating, you can accurately register the ear number and date of mating of rams and ewes, so that you can accurately predict the due date, save the energy of rams, increase the number of heads of mated ewes, and at the same time, it is also conducive to the selection of sheep breeding selection work. But the utilization rate of rams is low. 5.3 Breed improvement. Sheep breed improvement through hybridization. Will be two or more varieties of rams and ewes mated with each other, the purpose is to use the hybrid advantage, improve its production performance. Rural scale sheep farming mostly use economic hybridization, that is, the use of two varieties of hybrid generation to provide products, but not for seed. A generation of hybrids with hybrid advantage, so strong vitality, fast growth and development, in sheep production is mainly used for the production of fat lambs. Hybrids can also be utilized in economic sheep farms to increase wool production. In order to increase the weight of the local soil breed sheep, improve production performance, often lead to foreign breeds (such as Boer goat) ram and local ewes crossbreeding, in order to obtain the fast growth rate, can adapt to the local environmental conditions of the offspring. Meat goat breeds and crossbreeding combinations of good meat goat breeds suitable for farming in China are Suffolk sheep, hornless Dorset sheep, small-tailed cold sheep, Landrace sheep and Boer goats. Among them, the small-tailed cold sheep is China's development of meat goat production or the use of meat goat breeds hybridization to cultivate meat goat breeds of the most commonly used good mother. Excellent crossbreeding combinations of binary hybrid combinations and ternary hybrid combinations. A binary hybrid combination 1, Sa cold hybrid combination. With the introduction of foreign varieties of Suffolk meat sheep for the father, the local small-tailed cold sheep for the mother for the binary hybridization. Lamb birth weight up to 4.23 kg, February age daily weight gain of 273.2 grams, April age 253.4 grams, August age 211.2 grams, August age live weight up to 54.97 kg, slaughter rate of 51.15%. 2, Dao cold hybrid combination. With the introduction of meat sheep breed hornless Dorset as the father, the local small-tailed cold sheep for the mother for binary hybridization. The lamb's newborn weight reaches 4.0 kilograms, and its daily weight gain is 265.2 grams at the age of February, 244.3 grams at the age of April, 204.3 grams at the age of August, and its live weight at the age of August reaches 53.0 kilograms, and its slaughtering rate reaches 50.7%. 3、De chan hybrid combination. With the introduction of foreign meat sheep breed Dexer as the father, the local small-tailed cold sheep for the mother for binary hybridization. The lamb's newborn weight can be up to 4.0 kilograms, and its daily weight gain is 264.0 grams at the age of February, 242.4 grams at the age of April, 202.4 grams at the age of August, and its live weight at the age of August reaches 52.6 kilograms, and the slaughtering rate reaches 50.2%. 4, summer and cold hybrid combination. With the introduction of meat sheep breed Charolais as the father, the local small-tailed cold sheep as the mother for binary hybridization. The newborn weight of lambs can be up to 4.2 kilograms, weaning weight can be up to 25.7 kilograms at the age of three months, and the weight at the age of six months is 42.5 kilograms, and the slaughter rate can be up to 55.7%, which is significantly higher than that of small-tailed cold sheep. 5, Lan cold hybrid combination. With the introduction of the variety Landrace as the parent, the local small-tailed cold sheep for the mother for binary hybridization. With the age of three months of the LanHan hybrid generation of rams for 90 days of fattening test, the results show that the LanHan hybrid meat goat daily weight gain of up to 288 grams, higher than the small-tailed cold goat daily weight gain of 72 grams, slaughter rate and net meat rate than the small-tailed cold goat to improve the rate of 3.22% and 3.06%, respectively. 6, Bo milk hybrid combination. With the introduction of Boer goat as the father, the local milk goat as the mother for binary hybridization. Lamb newborn weight of 4.2 kg, April age daily weight gain of 253.2 grams, August age of 215.4 grams, August age weight of 55.9 kg, slaughter rate of 51.8%. Two, three yuan hybrid combination 1, Road cold Sa hybrid combination. Studies have shown that the hornless Dorset as the first parent, and small-tailed cold apples for binary crosses, with its hybrid progeny as the mother, and as the terminal parent of the Suffolk sheep for ternary crosses can achieve significant results. Its lambs newborn weight up to 5.6 kg, weaned and fattened to 6 months of age, weighing 46.3 kg, slaughter rate of 53.5%. 2、De pod cold summer or Demei cold Sa supporting line. The supporting line is to use the small-tailed cold sheep as the mother, to German meat Merino as the first parent for crossbreeding, the purpose is to use the German American perennial estrus, multiple births, meat and wool production characteristics, to retain the small-tailed cold sheep perennial estrus and multiple births, while improving the quality of meat and the amount of meat produced. Crossbreeding generation ewes with Charolais or Suffolk rams for ternary terminal crossbreeding further improves meat quality and meat yield, thus producing high-quality and high-grade mutton. Sheep notes 1, grazing feeding Grazing should pay attention to: ① weak and sick and late pregnant ewes can not be with the herd grazing. ② adult rams and ewes should be divided into groups of grazing (to avoid breed mixing, rams should be castrated). ⑧ In order to prevent the grazing of hungry and accidentally eat poisonous grass, can be fed a small amount of hay before grazing. ④There should be a one-week transition period from housed feeding to grazing. ⑤ Don't graze on low wet grassland with dew or frost. (6) When it is cold, grazing should be done late and early, and warmer pastures should be chosen. (7) Grazing sheep are easy to be infected with parasites and should be dewormed regularly, preferably once a season. 2, Sheep Shelter Feeding Shelter feeding should pay attention to: ① feed forage, feed diversification, timing and quantity, feeding generally twice a day. ② attention to feed clean. ⑧ Never directly into the grass pen. ④ For all kinds of feed should pay attention to the feeding method and pre-feeding treatment. ⑤ Feed replacement should have a gradual change in the transition period. (6) The sheep house requires good ventilation in summer, winter warmth and cold, to keep the sheep house dry, clean and warm. (7) Rams and ewes should be fed separately to avoid early and indiscriminate mating. (8) feed water and salt; generally feed salt twice a day, each adult sheep feed salt 10 to 15 grams a day, can be mixed into the material or drinking water. ⑨ to pay attention to deworming, should be dewormed regularly every year.