First, the source of pile materials
1. Breeding
Euonymus euphratica is mainly propagated by cutting, with twig or hard branch cutting in rainy season or semi-wood branch cutting in early autumn. You can also propagate by sowing, harvest ripe fruits in autumn, dry them in the sun, store them in sand, and sow them after the temperature rises in the next spring.
① Selection and preparation of seedbed
Euonymus fortunei nursery should choose a slightly acidic plot with abundant sunshine, flat terrain, loose and fertile soil, rich humus and good drainage and air permeability, turn over the soil deeply, and spread 4000-5000 kg of decomposed compost, soil miscellaneous fertilizer and farm manure, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0/0-0/5 kg of urea/kloc-0 as base fertilizer per mu for tillage. The width1~1.2m of the border (box and seedbed), the height (ditch depth) of the border is 20-30cm, and the distance (ditch width) of the border is 25-40cm. The length of the border depends on the length of the nursery and the needs of management and operation.
Before cutting or sowing, water the border, wet it thoroughly and then cut or sow.
② Cutting method
Euonymus euphratica should choose strong branches of the previous year for cutting seedling before germination in spring, or cut new branches of the same year and thick semi-lignified branches in summer and autumn for cutting seedling.
When cutting, in the morning, cut healthy, robust branches with full bud eyes and no pests and diseases, cut into 6-8 cm segments, each segment has 3-5 bud (leaf) nodes, leave a leaf at the top, and put it into a water basin while cutting to avoid water loss from cutting; After cutting, the lower end of the cuttings is soaked in rooting powder water solution for 2-3 hours and then cut; The cutting depth is two-thirds of the cutting length, that is, the cutting depth is 2 ~ 3 buds (leaves), and the cutting density depends on the needs of modeling. The author usually uses the plant spacing15 ~ 30 cm and the row spacing of 50 ~ 80 cm for cutting, and then irrigates it once.
② sowing method
Sowing can be spread, on-demand, drilling, etc., and the sowing density depends on the needs of modeling. The author often uses furrow sowing, and furrows are opened on the bed border according to the row spacing of 60 ~ 80 cm, and the depth of the furrows is 3 ~ 5 cm. The seeds are sown according to the plant spacing10 ~ 20 cm, covered with soil, raked flat and lightly compacted. Cover with a thin layer of straw, wheat straw or broken straw.
③ seedbed management
Conditional can _ with plastic film mulching and transverse arch film, double film mulching method for cutting and sowing propagation. Can also be covered with plastic film alone, or transverse arch film. It can also be propagated by cutting or sowing in greenhouse. A small number of families can breed in pots, or in pots. You can also use nutrition plates, cups, bags, bowls, paper cups, straw bowls and other containers for cutting or sowing seedlings. If conditions permit, it can be cutted and propagated in summer and autumn with full sunshine spraying method. If properly managed, the survival rate can reach over 95%.
After sowing, water in time to keep the border soil dry and wet; After cutting, water and spray foliar water frequently to keep the seedbed soil moist and not waterlogged. In summer, a small shed should be built to shade 70% ~ 90% of the sun and keep enough scattered light. Pay attention to weeding in time, and pay attention to drainage and flood control in rainy season; When the weather is dry, you can water it by irrigation and drainage. After cutting for 3-4 months or sowing for 4-5 months, according to the growth of seedlings, topdressing is carried out for the first time, with 5-7.5 kilograms of urea per mu, diluted with water to form thin liquid fertilizer, and then fertilized 3-4 times a month. Pay attention to heat preservation and antifreeze in winter. According to the modeling needs 1~2 years later, transplant the seedlings several times at the right time and process the modeling.
④ Seedling modeling
The seedlings propagated by Euonymus japonicus cutting or sowing should be processed and shaped by rough binding and fine cutting. When the height of seedlings is 50 ~ 60 cm, pruning and climbing are started; Cut off the middle and lower branches and leaves of the seedlings, and bend and climb the seedlings; When the stump meets the modeling requirements, it will be topped and cut off according to the height required for modeling, and then the upper branches and leaves will be simply pulled and finely trimmed for modeling. After basic molding, the stump can be dug and transplanted into the basin.
It takes more than 8 years for Euonymus japonicus to grow into a vigorous and quaint stump bonsai. Therefore, apart from breeding and seedling raising, the source of stumps can also be purchased in the market or excavated in Shan Ye.
2. Market purchase
Choose Euonymus Euonymus stump with fresh skin color, fresh incision, crooked and old trunk, complete taproots, lateral roots and fibrous roots, and slightly earthy.
3. Shan Ye excavation
① Wild distribution
Euonymus japonicus is rich in wild resources, which are distributed in most provinces and regions in the north and south of China, such as Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tianjin and other provinces and regions in China, and often grow in shrubs such as mountain valleys and hills.
② Time and method of excavation
Euonymus japonicus can be used to make bonsai, which can be cultivated and processed by digging Euonymus japonicus stumps with thick and short stumps, strange pile types and ancient branches in Shan Ye from the autumn when leaves fall to the next spring before germination (among them, it is the best time to dig piles before spring germination). _ Before digging, remove weeds and trees around the stump, then trim the upper part of the stump, trim off most branches and leaves. When digging, dig around the stump, cut off the lateral roots, dig while shaking, cut off the main roots, remove most of the soil, spray water in time and dip the roots in mud, and pack straw, straw rope, moss, cloth, etc. for moisturizing, and fashion baskets or bags.
Step 4: Raise the blank
Euonymus pile blanks should be planted in time after they are shipped back. You can use the method of putting one part in place and directly putting it into the basin to carry out green body modeling; It can also be used to plant the green body in situ for processing and modeling, and then transplant it to the basin. For better old Euonymus lanceolatus piles, it is suggested to plant them in situ first. When a large number of stumps are returned, they should be buried with wet sand to keep them moist.
Pile planting and management
Before planting, the roots and branches of the stump should be trimmed once, and the roots and branches should be selected according to the original posture and modeling needs of the stump, and the excessively long roots and useless branches should be cut off. After the wound is trimmed smoothly, it should be coated with white latex, and the stump should be wrapped with a layer of plastic wrap, and the roots should be dipped in mud before planting. Pay attention to watering and spraying foliar water after planting to keep the soil slightly moist without waterlogging. In summer and autumn, we should pay attention to shading 70% ~ 90%, keep enough scattered light, and pay attention to arch membrane to keep warm and prevent freezing in winter and spring. After planting, the downhill piles will not be fertilized in that year, and topdressing will be started after germination in the following spring. Thin and decomposed organic fertilizer water will be poured 3-4 times a month, and cake fertilizer crumbs will be sprinkled once in early winter as overwintering fertilizer. In late spring, late summer and late autumn, climb, pull branches and trim shapes.
Second, modeling
Euonymus japonicus can be processed and modeled by the combination of cutting and binding, or by the complete pruning method of Lingnan bonsai (that is, the method of "storing branches and cutting off stems").
Euonymus japonicus is usually processed and shaped by climbing after falling leaves in autumn and before germination in spring. Brown silk, brown rope, ramie silk or packing tape should be selected for climbing, and iron wire, copper wire, lead wire and other metal wires with appropriate thickness can also be selected for climbing. However, careful operation should be carried out during operation so as to avoid the broken branches caused by improper operation. In modeling, unnecessary branches should be cut off first, and the remaining branches should be climbed and trimmed.
Euonymus japonicus is mostly made into small and miniature bonsai, and the tree-shaped bonsai can be processed into natural, inclined, curved, direct, rooted and cliff-shaped bonsai. Branches and leaves are climbed and trimmed into a natural shape or a cloud-like or semi-circular shape; The ancient Euonymus japonicus stump bonsai is mostly made into a graceful posture of hanging root and bending dry type.
3. Transplanting into pots
1.
Euonymus japonicus can be transplanted into pots after defoliation in autumn and before germination in the following spring. It is best to transplant leaves in autumn from September to October, before germination in spring from March to April, and in mild cold to severe cold season.
Step 2 choose pots
Choose purple sand pottery basin or glazed pottery basin, or choose chiseled stone basin; The color of the basin can be light yellow, purple, blue, grayish brown, etc. It is not suitable to use dark green pots or red, because it is similar to the color of leaves and fruits, which can not set off the color difference. The basin type depends on the modeling and ornamental needs of the stump, with round and square being more common, hexagonal and octagonal basins are also used, or lotus-shaped, waist-shaped, drum-shaped, square and oval basins are used.
Step 3 use soil
Euonymus japonicus has strong adaptability and lax requirements on soil, and can grow in neutral, slightly acidic and calcareous soils. The soil for bonsai is loose and fertile, rich in humus, slightly acidic sandy soil with good drainage and air permeability, including 4 parts of humus soil, peat soil and peat soil, 3 parts of loose topsoil, river mud and pond mud under pastoral soil and mountain forest, and 2 parts of river sand, coal cinder and sand, which can be composted.
4. Pot loading and treatment
Upper basin pretreatment
Before putting in the pot, remove most of the soil at the root of the stump, select and trim the roots according to the needs of viewing and modeling and the size of the pot, cut off the roots that are too long, too large and unnecessary, then shape and support the stump, fill in the culture soil, compact it, and water it once.
Upper basin method
When the pot is put on, a layer of gravel, tiles, pot pieces, coarse sand, etc. is laid on the bottom of the pot, and several pieces of animal bones and hoof horns are put as base fertilizer; For the bonsai of Ilex cornuta, which needs to be rooted or exposed, it can be done when it is in the pot.
Post-basin management
After the pot, the upper branches and leaves are pruned once. Euonymus fortunei bonsai, which has just been potted, should be maintained indoors or in a shade shed for 2 ~ 3 weeks, and then gradually moved to a semi-shady and semi-sunny place for maintenance and management. Pay attention to keep the basin soil slightly moist without waterlogging, and often spray foliar water; After half a year, thin and decomposed organic fertilizer water will be poured, 3 ~ 4 times a month, combined with watering.
Fourth, maintenance management
1, environment
Euonymus likes light and is slightly resistant to shade; Like wet, but also resistant to drought; Like warmth, but also relatively cold-resistant. Euonymus fortunei bonsai should be maintained in a sunny and well-ventilated place during the growing season; In summer, it is necessary to shade about 60% ~ 80% and keep enough scattered light, or move it under a shade shed or forest shade for maintenance, or put it on a balcony or windowsill facing east and south for maintenance; In the provinces and regions south of the Yangtze River basin, you can spend the winter in the open air, and it is best to bury the basin in the soil (or bury the basin in wet sand) in the leeward and sunny places. Northern cold provinces should move indoors or in greenhouses for the winter, and pay attention to timely ventilation.
Step 2 water it
Euonymus fortunei bonsai should be watered in time during the growing season, and the soil should be kept dry and wet, and the principle is that the soil should be watered thoroughly if it is not dried. Generally, water should be poured once a day or every1~ 2 days after germination in spring and autumn, depending on the wet and dry conditions of the basin soil; Water once in the morning and once in the evening in summer, and often spray water mist on the leaves; Attention should be paid to inspection in rainy season to prevent water accumulation in the basin, and it is best not to let it get wet; Water should be less in winter, rather dry than wet, and it is better to keep the basin soil moist and slightly dry; Water should be thoroughly poured at one time, and avoid pouring half water.
3. Fertilization
During the growing season, thin liquid fertilizer can be applied 3-4 times a month, which can be applied by adding proper amount of calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate or 0.5%-0.8% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution to the decomposed cake. In the flower and fruit period, 0.3% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution is applied every10 ~15 days, and 0.0% ~ 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaves every 7 ~10 days. In winter, cake crumbs are applied as base fertilizer once before overwintering.
4. Turn over the basin
The Euonymus fortunei bonsai is turned over to change the soil every 2-3 years, usually before germination in spring or after defoliation in late autumn. Two-thirds to three-quarters of the old soil is changed, combined with turning over the pot, the root is pruned once, the dead roots and rotten roots are cut off, the excessively long roots are shortened, and the thin roots are thinned. The stewed animal bones and hoof horns are applied at the bottom of the pot as base fertilizer.
Step 5: Trim
Euonymus Euonymus has strong germination ability and is very resistant to pruning. For landscape works, unnecessary long branches, sprouting branches, redundant buds and excessively long branches can be cut off at ordinary times to maintain a beautiful shape. For stumps that need to be processed and shaped, certain branches can be reserved as needed to facilitate climbing and shaping. Generally, trimming and shaping are carried out at the end of spring, summer and autumn.
6, pest control
1. Disease
The main diseases of Euonymus fortunei bonsai are root rot, so cultivation management should be strengthened in peacetime, so as to avoid waterlogging or water accumulation in the potted soil caused by excessive watering for a long time. When the potted soil is hardened, it should be loosened in time, then watered or fertilized, and attention should be paid to ventilation and light of the environment. No topdressing is required when it is overheated in the dog days, no liquid fertilizer is applied in winter, no water is allowed at noon in summer and autumn, and no rain is allowed in the rainy season. At the initial stage of the disease, 12% should be used. When it is serious, turn over the pots and change the soil when necessary, rinse the soil at the roots with clear water, cut off the rotten roots, then soak the roots with the above liquid medicine for 20-30 minutes, then use new culture soil and plant in the pots again.
2. Pests
The main pests of Euonymus japonicus bonsai are scale insects, which can be sprayed with 40% fast-killing EC1500 ~ 2000 times solution; Ectropis Euonymus can be sprayed with 600 ~ 800 times of 48% Lesburn EC. Scarabs can be installed with frequency vibration insecticidal lamps to trap and kill adults.