Family and genus: Rosaceae, Crataegus,

Alias: hawthorn, red fruit.

Decorative features:

Hawthorn trees are 6 ~ 7 meters high. The bark is dark gray. The leaves are solitary, broadly ovoid or triangular-ovoid, 5 ~1cm long and 4 ~ 7 cm wide, with sharp apex and 5 ~ 9 pinnate lobes, with sharp serrations at the leaf margin, dark green leaves and light green back; Petiole is 2 ~ 6 cm long. Flowers are bisexual, petals are white, 12 ~ 25, and fruits are nearly spherical, oblate or oblong; The fruit surface is purple-red, and there are many fruit points; The flesh is pink, purple and turquoise.

Origin and habit:

Northeast China, North China and Jiangsu. It is also distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Siberia. Small deciduous trees. I like light, but I am a little tolerant of yin. Cold resistance, dry resistance. It is barren-tolerant, but it is best to grow on weakly acidic sandy loam with good drainage and moisture. It grows poorly in low-lying and alkaline areas and is prone to yellow male phenomenon. The root system is developed. Most of them are distributed in the soil surface layer of 20 ~ 60 cm.

Shandong Linyi is rich in hawthorn resources, mainly produced in Pingyi, Yiyuan, Yinan, Rizhao and other places. Among them, Pingyi is a famous hawthorn production base in Shandong Province. By 1985, the planting area of hawthorn in Pingyi County is 1 10300 mu, with 5.44 million plants and an annual output of 6 million kilograms. At present, the hawthorn in the whole region has grown to 470,000 mu, with an annual output of 10725 tons, accounting for13 of the mountain output in the whole province. The main varieties are: big cotton ball, big Venus, small Venus, curved handle red, grass red, ball lining and so on. Among them, the big cotton ball and the big Venus are known as the ballast stones of Yimeng Mountain. This variety has a single fruit weight of 12.5 ~ L4g, red or lavender color, waxy luster, fine meat quality and excellent quality. The maturity period is from mid-September to mid-June. In addition, the newly discovered local excellent plants include Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum and so on. Its fruit shape, color and flavor are different. There are abacus beads suitable for potted plants; There are yellow and orange-red fruits in the garden, which are tough and firm, and flat red fruits, which are suitable for canned processing; Sweet and sour, fragrant and refreshing, fragrant red seeds suitable for raw food; It tastes good, and the first one on the market is red; Kernel meat is tough, and bitter kernel is suitable for medicine; According to the analysis of food research department, hawthorn in Yimeng Mountain area is rich in nutrition, containing protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, sulfur, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, maslinic acid, citric acid, vitamin C and other ingredients. Among them, every 100 gram of fruit contains 85 mg of calcium, ranking first among all kinds of fruits; The content of vitamin C is 17 times more than that of apples, so it is called "the treasure of the north". At present, there are 20 hawthorn trees with an annual output of more than 500 kilograms in Pingyi County. Dayu is a tree 100 years old, with a maximum annual output of 800 kg. Hawthorn grows well in Yimeng mountain area, and the yield per mu of 6-year-old dense planting garden can reach 3345 kg.

Main types and varieties of hawthorn:

1. Yan Yanhong (also known as pink meat)

Main cultivated varieties at the northern foot of Yanshan Mountain in Hebei Province. Fruit obovoid. The weight of a single fruit is 8.8 grams, the peel is deep red, and the fruit points are large, numerous, prominent and shiny. Sepals half-open or curled. The flesh is pink, delicate and hard. The edible rate is 85. 1%,100g. The edible part of fresh fruit contains 8.23g of soluble sugar, 3.34-4.25g of titratable acid, 2.67-3. 1 g of pectin and 66.9-91.5mg of VC, which is extremely resistant to storage. Good quality and high yield, the ripening period is 65438+1early October in northeast Hebei. Suitable planting areas are northeast Hebei (northern foot of Yanshan Mountain) and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area.

2. The fog is red

The preferred variety in Xinglong County, the northern foot of Yanshan Mountain, Hebei Province. The fruit is oblate with hemispherical shoulders. Single fruit weight 1 1.7 g, dark orange peel. The fruit is small and waxy. Sepals open and curl. The meat is delicate and the edible rate is 82.6%. 100g The edible part of fresh fruit contains soluble sugar10.18g, titratable acid 3.72g, pectin 2.56g and VC 90.64mg.. Chengde area will mature at the end of September, and the northern foot of Yanshan Mountain (northeast of Hebei Province) and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area are suitable for planting.

3. Luanhong

The preferred variety in Lu Ping County, Northeast Hebei Province. The fruit is nearly round, and the single fruit weight is 10g. The pericarp is bright purple and the fruit shoulder is polygonal. The fruit point is big and thin. Calyx tube small conical. The flesh is red to purple, the meat is delicate, and the edible rate is 85.3%. The edible part of100g fresh fruit contains 9.75g of soluble sugar, 3.64g of titratable acid and 0.04.9mg of VC/kloc-0, which can be preserved for about 180 days. Maturity: 65438+1early October (northeast Hebei). Suitable planting areas: Northeast Hebei, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area.

4. Liao Hong

Liaoning Fruit Research Institute selects the best varieties from central Liaoning. The fruit is oblong and weighs 7.9 ~ 9.3g.. The peel is deep red, the shoulder is pentagonal, the fruit point is small, and it is yellow and white. Sepals half curled. The flesh is bright red to lilac, dense, and the edible rate is 84.4%. 100g of fresh fruit contains 8.47 ~10.3g of soluble sugar, 3.56g of titratable acid and 0 ~ 97.6mg of VC. Maturity: 65438+1early October, central Liaoning and northeastern Hebei. Suitable planting areas are north-central Liaoning and northeast Hebei.

5. Big cotton ball (Shandong Golden Ball)

Main cultivated varieties in southern Shandong. The fruit is oblate, the weight of single fruit is 10.5 ~ 12g, and the fruit shoulder is obviously prismatic. Prismatic process of calyx. The peel is orange-red, with large fruit point and grayish brown. The fruit surface is smooth with fruit powder, and the meat is orange or light yellow. The edible rate is 85. 1%, and the edible part of100g fresh fruit contains 9.28g of soluble sugar, 3.93g of titratable acid and 68.28mg of VC. High and stable yield, mature in mid-September. Suitable planting areas are Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan.

Step 6 open hawthorn

Hawthorn is the best variety of hawthorn. According to Qingzhou government records, it has been cultivated for more than 500 years. Crataegus pinnatifida is one of the main fruit trees in Qingzhou mountain area. Its large fruit, excellent quality and high yield are among the best in the whole province and in the whole country. The open hawthorn tree is robust, with an open posture and a compact crown, which is a natural semi-circular head shape. Hawthorn apple weighs 10 ~ ~ L2 grams, and the fruit is nearly round and slightly flat, with five edges at the top, fresh jujube red or fresh jujube red, waxed and dotted with scattered yellow and white fruit points at the top, which is more beautiful. Hawthorn pulp is white to pink, dense, slightly sour and of excellent quality. Crataegus pinnatifida has unique flavor, rich nutrition and can be eaten fresh, which is an important raw material for food processing industry. Can be processed into fruit juice, pulp, dried fruit, cake, wine, canned food and preserved fruit. According to the measurement, every100g of fresh ballast slurry contains 25.9g of dry matter, 0.7g of protein, 0.2g of fat, 25mg of phosphorus, 22. 1 g of carbohydrate, 2. 1 g of iron, 85mg of calcium, 0.82mg of vitamin A, 0.02mg of vitamin B, and 0.02mg of vitamin B. Qingzhou exposure hawthorn is big, high quality, suitable for processing, strong resistance and wide adaptability, and many people come to Qingzhou to introduce and buy it. At present, there are 5.25 million exposed hawthorn plants in Qingzhou, which are mainly distributed in mountainous towns such as Wuli, Guanyingou, Diaoyutai, Wangfen, Sunwang, Lianhuapen, chariots and horses in Shi Jia and plain towns such as Huanglou and Heguan. Through technical measures such as storing fertilizer and water in holes, shaping and pruning, pulling branches and girdling, spraying plant regulators, formulating fertilizers, preventing and controlling pests and diseases, the yield has increased year by year. 1994 total output reached120,000 kg. A series of foods with Qingzhou hawthorn as raw material not only sell well all over the country, but also some products have entered the international market and are very popular. At present, this kind of hawthorn product in Hu Axiang is gradually bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new, and some advanced nutritious and nourishing foods have been developed, which has aroused strong interest from foreign businessmen. Qingzhou kaishan rock ballast has broad development prospects.

Cultivation of hawthorn seedlings;

1. Propagation of tillers and seedlings

Hawthorn naturally produces more roots and tillers under the tree every year, which is a good material for cultivating rootstocks. In spring, the roots are dug up and planted in the nursery according to the size of the seedlings. The plant spacing of seedlings is generally 15 ~ 20× 35 ~ 40 cm. Before planting seedlings, the whole land should be ploughed and organic fertilizer should be applied to make the border soil moist. Watering in time after planting, strengthening management and grafting varieties in autumn.

2. Cutting propagation of root segments

Collect the cut roots obtained when the seedlings leave the nursery or the orchard is fertilized and ploughed. The root with a diameter of 0.4 ~ 1.0 cm was cut into root segments with a length of 12 ~ 15 cm, and the cutting was carried out in spring. When cutting, you should step on the soil while inserting the roots, so that the root segments are close to the soil, and then water and moisturize. After germination, the extra buds are removed in time, and only the strong buds of 1 grow, and the varieties are grafted in autumn.

Sowing and propagation

Successful experience of seed breeding is available everywhere, but the methods are different. Usually, wild hawthorn is harvested early, then the seeds are blanched and exposed to the sun. Its method: firstly, clean the seeds, put them in water at 60 degrees Celsius for half an hour, and stir them at any time to make the seeds heated evenly. Then take out the scalded seeds and soak them in cold water for 5 days, then take them out and expose them in the sun until they crack. If you use the purchased seeds, you should first soak them in water for 24 hours, knead them and put them in water at 60 degrees Celsius, and then soak them in cold water for 5-7 days after half an hour. Expose the seeds to cement or slate during the day, then immerse them in water at night, and repeat this until the seeds have more than 50% cracks, and then stratify the sand bank. The temperature of sand storage is 0 ~ 5℃, and after 80 days of stratification, the rootstock seedlings can be cultivated by accelerating germination and sowing in the field.

Major diseases and prevention:

The main diseases of hawthorn are flower rot and powdery mildew, and the main pests are peach moth and hawthorn spider.

Hawthorn flower rot

It mainly harms leaves, new shoots and young fruits, and makes the affected parts rot. Leaf disease, brown spots or short lines appear at first, and then gradually expand to reddish brown or brown, and the diseased leaves wither.

Prevention and control methods:

(1) Thoroughly clean the orchard in autumn, remove diseased and stiff fruits, burn them centrally, bury them deeply, and reduce the source of infection.

(2) turning the ground in early spring. Turn the diseased hard fruit on the ground to below 15cm.

(3) ground spraying. Before the end of April, the ground of the orchard, especially under the canopy, should be sprinkled with lime powder.

(4) Chemical tree control: When 50% of the leaves are unfolded and all the leaves are unfolded, chemical agents are sprayed twice to prevent the leaves from rotting. The medicine contains 25% triadimefon wettable powder 1000 times and 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 times. Spray it again in full bloom to prevent flower rot and fruit rot.

Powdery mildew of hawthorn

It mainly harms leaves, new shoots and fruits. The leaves are diseased, and the diseased parts are covered with white powder, like carpets, that is, conidiophore and conidia, and the new shoots are damaged, except for the white powder, which grows thin. Internodes become shorter, leaves are slender, curly and twisted, and dry and die in severe cases.

Prevention and control methods:

(1) Sweep the orchard, sweep the diseased branches, leaves and fruits, and burn them centrally.

(2) chemical control. Spraying 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination, increasing the number of air spores in bud stage, spraying 5-degree sulfur mixture, and spraying 1 ~ 2 times 0.3-degree sulfur mixture or 1000 ~ 1500 times 25% triadimefon according to the condition from flowering to young fruit stage.

Main pests and their control:

Peach borer

Spraying 100 ~ 150 times of parathion EC on trees in mid-June to kill overwintering moth larvae, and spraying 1500 times of parathion EC on trees in early July and mid-August to kill moth larvae.

Red spider of hawthorn

Prevention and control methods:

(1) In early spring, the old warped skin on the tree was scraped off and the overwintering adults were burned.

(2) Spraying 2000 times of pyrethroid, 800 times of 20% dicofol EC, 2000 times of 73% propargite EC and 2000 times of 50% nisolone EC has good ovicidal effect, and the specific spraying time and times should be determined according to the occurrence amount and control effect.

Garden use:

Hawthorn has a neat crown, lush flowers and bright red and lovely fruit, which is a good flower viewing product. Excellent tree species for ornamental fruit trees in landscaping. Fruit is edible. It can be used as shade tree, seedling or hedge cultivation.