In ancient times, Taiwan Province was connected with the mainland. Later, due to crustal movement, the connected part sank into the sea, forming a strait and Taiwan Province Island appeared.

Most of the early residents in Taiwan Province migrated directly or indirectly from Chinese mainland. In 1971 and 1974, the earliest human fossils in Taiwan Province were discovered twice in Zuozhen Township, Tainan County, and were named as "Zuozhenren". Archaeologists believe that "Zuozhen Man" came to Taiwan Province from the mainland 31,111 years ago. Together with the "Qingliu Man" and "Dongshan Man" discovered in Fujian archaeology, they belong to the late Homo sapiens in the southern Paleolithic region of China, which have the same origin and all inherited some characteristics of Homo erectus in China. Among the early inhabitants of Taiwan Province, there were a few short black people belonging to the Niglito race and Langya people belonging to the Sparrow race. The early inhabitants of Taiwan Province mentioned above are the ancestors of the ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province today.

The written history of Taiwan Province can be traced back to 231 AD. At that time, Sun Quan, the prince of Wu of the Three Kingdoms, sent 11,111 officers and men to Yizhou (Taiwan Province), and Shen Mou's Coastal Soil and Water Records left the earliest account of Taiwan Province in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-618 AD), Taiwan Province was called "Liu Qiu". The Sui Dynasty had been a teacher in Taiwan Province for three times. According to historical records, in 611 (the sixth year of Sui Daye), the Han people began to move to Penghu. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties (961-1368 AD), there were a considerable number of Han people in Penghu area. After opening up Penghu, the Han people began to develop in Taiwan Province, bringing with them the advanced production technology at that time. In the 2nd century, the Song Dynasty placed Penghu under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, and sent troops to defend it. The Yuan Dynasty also sent troops to Taiwan Province. The Yuan and Ming governments set up a patrol and inspection department in Penghu, which was responsible for patrolling and arresting criminals, and also held a salt class. The name of Taiwan Province began to appear in the late Ming Dynasty. After entering the 7th century, the scale of Han people's exploration in Taiwan Province has become larger and larger. In the era of war and famine, the Fujian authorities of the Ming government and Zheng Zhilong Group once immigrated to Taiwan Province in an organized way.

in the 6th century, the western colonial forces such as Spain and the Netherlands developed rapidly and began to extend their tentacles to the east. At the beginning of the 7th century, Dutch colonialists invaded Taiwan Province by taking advantage of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, the increasingly powerful Manchus in Northeast China and the difficult situation of the Ming government. Soon, the Spanish occupied some areas in the north and east of Taiwan Province, and were driven away by the Dutch in l642, and Taiwan Province became a Dutch colony. Dutch colonialists enforced compulsory rule, appropriated land for themselves, forced people to pay various taxes, plundered rice and sugar in Taiwan Province, and re-exported the raw silk, sugar and porcelain they bought from China to other countries through Taiwan Province, thus reaping high profits. The rule of Dutch colonists aroused the resistance of the people of Taiwan Province. In September 1652, Guo Huaiyi, a peasant leader, led a large-scale armed uprising. Although the armed uprising was suppressed, it showed that the Dutch colonial rule had been in crisis.

in 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and established the Qing regime in Beijing. In April, 1661, Zheng Chenggong enlisted the name of a general in the Southern Ming Dynasty, led 25,111 soldiers and hundreds of warships, and marched into Taiwan Province from Kinmen. When Zheng Chenggong marched into Taiwan Province, he told Dutch colonialists that Taiwan Province "has always belonged to China", that the residents of the two islands, Taiwan Province and Penghu, are China people who have occupied and cultivated this land since ancient times, and that the Netherlands "should return it to its original owners." After fierce fighting and siege, in February, 1662, Zheng Chenggong forced Dutch Governor Yi Yi to sign and surrender. Zheng Chenggong recovered China territory Taiwan Province from Dutch colonists and became a great national hero, which was admired by the broad masses of people.

Zheng died only four months after successfully recovering Taiwan Province. The Zheng regime transplanted the mainland's political, cultural and educational systems to Taiwan Province, attached importance to land development and water conservancy, developed foreign trade, and promoted the economic development of Taiwan Province. By the end of the Zheng regime, the Han population in Taiwan Province had reached 1.2 million.

at the end of the Zheng regime, the Qing government was in a state of military confrontation. After the Qing government pacified the mainland, it began to plan an attack on Taiwan Province, and once adopted the policy of appealing to the government, in an attempt to persuade Zheng to settle the Qing Dynasty. The Zheng regime repeatedly counterattacked the coastal areas of the mainland. By the autumn of 1678, the Zheng army was defeated, and all the occupied southeast coastal counties were lost, and then it completely retreated to Taiwan Province. At this time, it was a foregone conclusion that the Qing government ruled China, and the Zheng regime gradually evolved into a local separatist regime. On July 8th, 1683, the Qing government sent Shi Lang, the Fujian Navy's prefect, to lead more than 21,111 sailors and warships from Tongshan to Penghu and Taiwan Province. The Qing army launched an attack on the defenders in Penghu, and the Zheng army was defeated. Zheng Keshuang, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong, led many people to submit to the Qing government.

In 1684, the Qing government set up a patrol road to the Taiwan Mansion and the Taiwan Government, which was subordinate to Fujian Province. By 1811, the population of Taiwan had reached 1.9 million, most of whom were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong. Immigrants reclaimed wasteland in large quantities, which made Taiwan Province a new agricultural region, and provided a large amount of rice and sucrose, daily consumer goods and building materials imported from the mainland, which made Taiwan Province's economy develop to a considerable extent. During this period, Taiwan Province had close contacts with Fujian and Guangdong, and Chinese culture was introduced into Taiwan Province more comprehensively.

After Britain launched the Opium War to invade China in 1841, western powers forced China to open its trading ports. In 1961s, fresh water, chicken coop, Anping and Doggie opened in Taiwan Province, with opium as the main import and tea, sugar and camphor as the main exports.

in the 1971s, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to "expand its territory". To the south, Ryukyu and Taiwan Province are the targets of expansion, claiming that Taiwan Province is a "indigenous" residential area, a "land without owner" and not under China's sovereignty. Qing Government-Re-statement: "Taiwan Province has been transferred to our territory for a long time", "All the counties in Taiwan have been born, and there is no society that does not belong to China". In October, 1874, the Japanese army invaded Taiwan Province. In October, China and Japan signed the Beijing Special Article. Although the weak Qing government compromised Japan, the Beijing Special Article still showed that China exercised sovereignty over the whole of Taiwan Province. After that, officials of the Qing Dynasty suggested that Taiwan Province should be a province.

As western powers invaded and forced China into China's frontier, there was a frontier crisis. During the 1884-1885 Sino-French War, the French army attacked Taiwan Province. Liu Mingchuan led the army and suffered heavy losses. By the signing of the Sino-French New Testament in June, 1885, the French army was forced to withdraw from Taiwan Province.

after the sino-French war, in order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government designated Taiwan Province as a single province in 1885, and Taiwan Province became the 21th province in China. Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan Province Province, actively carried out the new policy of self-improvement, cleaned up land tax, increased fiscal revenue, bought ships, set up telegraph lines, set up the General Administration of Posts and Telecommunications and built railways; Buy warships and add batteries. Set up a machine bureau to make their own weapons; Set up coal bureau and install new coal mining machines; Set up a company to promote the city, build streets and roads; Establish western schools and telegraph schools to train construction talents. Liu Mingchuan concentrated many new businesses in one province, making Taiwan Province one of the advanced provinces in China at that time.

In 1894, Japan launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and the Qing government was defeated the following year. On April 7th, it was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country and ceded Taiwan Province to Japan. After the news came out, the whole country was angry and opposed to cutting the table; Taiwan Province province "cries loudly", gong strike. Liu Yongfu, the general of the Qing army who was in charge of Taiwan Province's military affairs, led the soldiers and civilians to resist the Japanese occupation. After more than five months of fighting, the Japanese invaders paid a heavy price, but eventually failed. Since then, Taiwan Province has been a Japanese colony for 51 years.

Japan implemented the autocratic rule system of the governor in Taiwan Province, established a strict police system, controlled Taiwan Province society, and used the Baojia system as an auxiliary tool of police politics. After Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China in 1937, it carried out the "Imperial Movement" in Taiwan Province, instilling the idea of loyalty to the monarch and love for the country (Japan), and trying to turn the people of Taiwan Province into loyal subjects and good citizens of Japan. Economically, the policy of "agricultural Taiwan Province, industrial Japan" is implemented, and Taiwan Province provides rice and sucrose to Japan; Later, in line with Japan's southward policy, it developed industries related to military supplies in Taiwan Province, and regarded Taiwan Province as a supply place for the Japanese army. The people of Taiwan Province have never succumbed to Japanese colonial rule. In the early days of Japanese occupation, the anti-Japanese armed forces with farmers as the main body fought for 21 years. Later, the Cultural Association, the People's Party and the Producer Party also organized and led the national resistance movement against Japanese colonial rule.

in July 1937, the "July 7th Incident" was created by the Japanese, and the people of China started the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, many Taiwan Province compatriots returned to the motherland to participate in the Anti-Japanese War, which contributed to the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the recovery of Taiwan Province. After the outbreak of the Pacific War in February, 1941, on February 9, the Japanese government issued the "China's Declaration of War against Japan", clearly telling China and foreign countries: "All treaties, agreements and contracts involving the relationship between China and China will be abolished."

In August, 1945, Japan was defeated in World War II, and announced its unconditional surrender on August 5th. After eight years of heroic War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China finally recovered Taiwan Province. Taiwan Province compatriots celebrated their return to the motherland with great joy. On October 25th, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province Province in China War Zone was held in Taibei. On behalf of the China government, the surrender officials announced that Taiwan Province and Penghu Islands have officially re-entered the Chinese territory from now on, and all land, people and political affairs have been placed under China's sovereignty. At this point, Taiwan Province and Penghu are under the sovereignty of China.