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About the history of Datong

Datong, a famous historical and cultural city in China

Datong, known as the "famous city beyond the Great Wall", is located in the northernmost part of Shanxi Province, between the Great Wall inside and outside, and is the second largest city in Shanxi. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the Royal River, a tributary of the Sanggan River, runs through the north and south. For a long time, people's understanding of Datong has stopped at the richness of coal capital, the magnificence of Yungang and the grandeur of Huayan Temple. In fact, as early as 1982, Datong was listed as one of the first "Chinese historical and cultural cities" together with 24 cities including Beijing and Chengde, becoming the only city in Shanxi. Then, what kind of history and culture does the city of Datong bear, so that it can win this honor? ?

first, Datong has a long history. To be precise, it has a history of more than 2, years. Moreover, in this long history, it built the capital once and served as the capital twice.

The second item is culture. One sentence notes that the mountain (Yanmenguan) is separated, and our Taiyuan and Jinnan belong to the culture of the Yellow River basin. The other sentence notes that the north of the mountain is the culture of the Sanggan River basin. If you can barely say it, then these two cultures are very different. What are the differences between these two cultures?

I think from this point of view, the south of the mountain is the agricultural economy and culture of the Central Plains, and the north of the mountain is the culture combining nomadic culture and agricultural culture, so the cultural characteristics of this place come out. It is the characteristic of a minority culture. It is precisely because the minority culture has brought characteristics to the culture of Datong that it is not high, but it has its own characteristics, and its characteristics are valuable!

the third is the capital city. More than 8% of the first batch of historical and cultural cities have built capitals, such as Xi 'an, Luoyang, Beijing and Nanjing, which were the capitals of several dynasties, and the time is very ancient, especially Xi 'an and Luoyang, which are ancient capitals. So Datong, as the capital city, is only a capital city in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and it is a capital city in the North during the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

but to be precise, it has a history of 978 years, and it was established in this place. During these 978 years, the capital city had a glorious period. This glorious situation is still not well documented. Through recent years' research, it is still considerable. The capital city, ruins, its history and its culture make Datong the first batch of historical and cultural cities, which is well deserved.

Datong was called Pingcheng and Yunzhong in ancient times, but it was renamed Datong in Liao Dynasty. Historically, it is the ancient battlefield where the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the nomadic people outside the Great Wall compete for the world. The special geographical location has created the war history and ethnic blending history of Datong for thousands of years. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was here that King Wuling of Zhao abandoned the heavy chariot robes of the Han people and promoted the light riding and shooting of Hu clothes, thus achieving a generation of hegemony.

In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang led an army to fight against the Huns, and was trapped in Baideng Mountain, Pingcheng for seven days and seven nights. Later, he used Chen Ping's trick to bribe E Shi, the wife of Huns Khan, to break through. The defeat of this war made the Western Han government change its strategy towards the Xiongnu, and made a pro-marriage contract with the Xiongnu, so there was a Zhaojun who was later passed down as a much-told story.

A famous historical city is always associated with some historical celebrities who are proud of the past and the present. In 398 AD, Tuobagui, a leader of Xianbei nationality from the depths of the grassland, unified the north and established the Northern Wei Dynasty, becoming the first minority dynasty in China history to compete with the Han regime in the south.

Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is the northeast of Datong today. Until Emperor Xiaowen of Wei moved to Luoyang, Pingcheng was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty for nearly a hundred years. After nearly a hundred years of painstaking efforts, Pingcheng became the political, military, economic and cultural center of the north at that time, writing the most brilliant chapter in the history of Datong.

Up to now, there is still a vestige of the charm of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Datong, that is, Yungang Grottoes, which has been included in the world cultural heritage. Yungang Grottoes is located at the foothills of Wuzhou Mountain, 16 kilometers west of Datong City. It is dug by the mountain and stretches for one kilometer from east to west. There are 53 existing caves and more than 5, stone sculptures. Among them, the 16th to 2th caves, known as "Tanyao Cave 5" in the world, were excavated by Yao Tan, a famous monk in the Northern Wei Dynasty, at the behest of Wen Chengdi, with a history of more than 1,5 years.

in p>1995, archaeologists discovered the Ming Tang ruins of the northern Wei dynasty in the southeast outside Datong city. This amazing discovery excited people. Mingtang is the place where ancient emperors held ceremonies such as courtship, sacrifice and celebration, and it is the carrier of the culture of propriety. The Ming Tang in the Northern Wei Dynasty is huge, which is three times as large as the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. It is a combination of the crystallization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and has been innovated.

Mingtang culture is a major symbol of the maturity of Northern Wei culture, which leads people to pay tribute to the cultural construction of Northern Wei Dynasty. Moreover, the discovery of Mingtang became a coordinate point, from which it can be accurately judged that the existing big city is the location of Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. What about the inner city of Datong, the city of peace? From the Northern Wei Dynasty to today, nearly 1,6 years have passed, and there is no place to move. The whole lump is here, which is different from the eight ancient capitals that we have drawn from the Capital Society before China.

in the five dynasties, Shi Jingtang of the late Jin dynasty ceded "sixteen prefectures" to the qidan people in order to become the "son emperor". Datong was thus placed in the Liao area, thus sweeping away the decadence in the Tang Dynasty and entering a new period of prosperity. For more than 2 years, Datong became the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the favorite "Xijing" of the Khitans and Jurchen.

It seems that the literati of all previous dynasties only loved the decadent, corrupt and peaceful little Zhao-Song dynasty, but ignored the powerful and prosperous Liao-Jin regime. In fact, the Liao and Jin Dynasties, which coexisted with the Southern Song Dynasty, not only strengthened Ma Zhuang, but also inherited and created the high and unrestrained northern culture.

this unique multi-ethnic culture originated in Beijing, the capital of the country at that time, but it has long been hard to find because Beijing was later established as the capital, but it has been completely preserved in Datong. The remains of Huayan Temple, Shanhua Temple and guanyin temple, which are located in Datong City, vividly reflect the characteristics of Liao and Jin culture.

In particular, the grinning Bodhisattva of the Liao Dynasty in the Tibetan Hall of Boccaccio in Huayan Temple has a very unique shape, and the bodhisattva's mouth is full of fragrant teeth. Compared with the Song plastic maid in the Notre Dame Hall of Jinci in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, she is obviously two different styles of sculpture. Song people were too deeply bound by the "ceremony" system, and their inner show was more than their exposure; The Khitan people are heroic and free-spirited, and their teeth are fragrant, which is another manifestation of beauty.

Datong in the Ming Dynasty changed the cultural features of the capital city and turned a new page with a military posture. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang led the Ming army to conquer the Yuan Dynasty, ending the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the whole country. The remnants of the Yuan army returned to the Mongolian Plateau, which was greatly weakened, but they still clung to the Central Plains, posing a serious threat to the northern border of the Ming Dynasty.

therefore, the Ming dynasty paid special attention to the defense of the northern border, and set up nine defense towns in the north, called Jiubian. Among them, the strategic position of Datong Town was particularly important. At that time, one-twelfth of the country's troops were stationed here, and both Ming Chengzu and Ming Yingzong had been here to make personal expedition, and they had the reputation of "Datong scholar's waistcoat is the best in the world".

in p>1952, the central Ministry of culture presided over the investigation and study of ancient buildings all over the country. In the survey report, Yanbei Ancient Buildings Survey Team, with Mr. Luo Zhewen as the main body, commented: "There are many historical sites and cultural relics preserved in Datong, which can be said to be one of the cities with the richest preserved historical sites and cultural relics in China."

It is these cultural relics and historic sites that tell us the ups and downs of Datong for more than two thousand years. A famous historical city embodies the essence and charm of one or several dynasties in history. Therefore, there is a saying in China: Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties saw Xi 'an, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen saw Nanjing, Qian, Yue, Zhao and Song saw Hangzhou, Yan, Yuan, Ming and Qing saw Beijing ... Then, it is natural for the Northern Wei, Liao and Jin Dynasties to see Datong.

Datong, one of the first historical and cultural cities in China, has been known as "Phoenix" since ancient times. It was the first capital of Tuoba's family in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties. It combines the charm of Wei and Jin Dynasties into a mountain and the romantic style of Liao and Jin Dynasties into a city. In the long historical process, it has left many precious historical remains and formed a unique regional culture.

the whole layout of Datong ancient city is like a phoenix with a single wing, with Nanguan as the head of the phoenix, the main city as the body of the phoenix, Beiguan as the tail of the phoenix, and Dongguan as the left wing, except Xiguan. Legend has it that a warrior shot off the phoenix's right wing with a sword, so this Cai Feng can't go far away.

the nearly one hundred-year history of the Northern Wei Dynasty as the capital and the 2-year history of the Liao and Jin Dynasties as the capital make Datong, a famous city beyond the Great Wall, have an extraordinary royal bearing. This bearing is not only reflected in the grandeur of Yungang Grottoes and the grandeur and exquisiteness of Huayan Temple and Shanhua Temple, but also permeated in the blood of the ancient city. The river that runs through Datong from north to south is called "Yuhe", which has the flavor of the capital and should have existed since the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Datong is known as the "city of dragon walls", and up to now there are as many as nine dragon walls. Among them, Datong Jiulongbi is the most famous. Longbi is a special building in ancient times, which is generally used as a shining wall of buildings, and is mostly built in front of palaces, palaces and temples. It can not only be used as a barrier for courtyard buildings, but also set off the solemnity and splendor of buildings.

The Kowloon Wall in Datong is the largest in China, which is larger than the two Kowloon Walls in front of the Imperial Palace and Beihai Park. This nine-dragon wall, built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, is the zhaobi of Zhu Guifu, the king of the early Ming Dynasty. It is made of colorful glazed components such as yellow, green, blue, purple, black and white, which is magnificent and dazzling, adding icing on the cake to the ancient city of Datong.

Datong, which shows the history of civilization for more than 2, years, blends the cultures of dozens of ancient nationalities, is rich in resources and inherits the quaint folk customs. Today, this famous historical and cultural city still radiates eternal glory.

Extended information:

Datong, a city under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Province, is one of the first 24 national historical and cultural cities in China, one of the first 13 large cities in China, one of the nine ancient capitals in China, a national new energy demonstration city, an excellent tourist city in China and a national garden city? , the national double-support model city, the national transportation hub city, the sculpture capital of China, and the top ten sports and leisure cities of China.

Datong is a sub-central city in Shanxi province, and the second largest city in Shanxi province. It is located in the center of Datong Basin in the north of Shanxi province, at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia provinces, and on the northeast edge of the Loess Plateau. It is actually the barrier of the whole of Shanxi, the gateway to the north, and the throat of Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. It is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties and is known as the "northern key lock". ?

Datong, formerly known as Yunzhong and Pingcheng, was once the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, with Liao and Jin as the capitals. There are many historical sites in the territory. The famous cultural relics include Yungang Grottoes, Huayan Temple, Shanhua Temple, Hengshan Hanging Temple, Jiulongbi and so on. ?

Datong is one of the largest coal energy bases in China, the national heavy chemical energy base, and the midpoint between Shenfu, Zhungeer emerging energy zone and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan developed industrial zone. Known as "Phoenix" and "China Coal Capital".

Regionalization evolution

On May 1, 1949, Datong was peacefully liberated, and Datong was located in the same city and its suburbs, belonging to Chahar Province. Datong was divided into five districts.

in October, 1949, East and West Yanbei merged and were placed under Chahar province, with Yanbei specialized agency, which belonged to Lingqiu, Guangling, Hunyuan, Yingxian, Shanyin, Datong, Huairen, Shuoxian, Pinglu, Youyu and Zuoyun.

in December, 1952, Datong city administered the first, second and third districts and the Kouquan mining area.

In July p>1954, datong county and Huairen County merged to form Daren County.

in June, 1958, the city was attached to Yanbei Special Zone. On January 23, 1959, Yanbei and Xin County merged into the Jinbei Special Zone, and Datong City was subordinate to the Jinbei Special Zone. Yanbei was merged into six counties: Yanggao, Hunyuan, Lingqiu, Zuoyun, Shanyin and Shuoxian.

On July 24th, 1961, the Jinbei Special Zone was abolished, and Datong returned to the leadership of Yanbei Special Zone, which governed the urban area, Kouquan District, Gucheng District and Huairen District. In November of the same year, it was returned to the direct jurisdiction of Shanxi Province.

In p>1962, Yanbei resumed the establishment of 13 counties. In November 1964, Gucheng District and Huairen District were abolished, and datong county and Huairen counties were restored. The city governs two districts and two counties. In July 1965, Datong and Huairen counties were placed under the Yanbei Special Zone.

in February p>1966, the agricultural areas under the jurisdiction of the urban area and the Kouquan area were set aside to form suburbs, and Datong city governed three areas.

in April, 197, Datong was placed under the leadership of Yanbei. In September, the mining area was established, and in October, the southern suburbs, northern suburbs and Kouquan Town were established.

In p>1971, the northern suburb was changed to Xinrong District.

in March p>1972, it was re-established as a provincial city, with jurisdiction over four districts, namely, urban district, mining district, southern suburb district and Xinrong district, 17 streets, 287 residents' committees, 22 townships, 5 towns, 252 production brigades, 1,125 production teams and 351 natural villages.

in January p>1989, Shuozhou was established, and Pinglu, Shuoxian and Shanyin under the jurisdiction of Yanbei were transferred to Shuozhou.

on July 1th, 1993, the Yanbei area was abolished, and the cities were merged. Huairen, Yingxian and Youyu counties were placed in Shuozhou City, and Tianzhen, Yanggao, Guangling, Lingqiu, Hunyuan, Zuoyun and Datong counties were designated as Datong City, and the cities ruled the counties. Datong City has jurisdiction over 4 districts and 7 counties, including urban area, mining area, southern suburb and Xinrong District.

on February 9, 218, the State Council approved to cancel the urban area, southern suburb and mining area of Datong, set up Pingcheng District and Yungang District of Datong, put Gudian Town in southern suburb under the jurisdiction of Xinrong District, cancel datong county, and set up Yunzhou District of Datong. After the zoning change, Datong has jurisdiction over 4 municipal districts and 6 counties.

Resources: Baidu Encyclopedia-Datong.