Sweden faces Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia across the sea, with a coastline of 7,624 kilometers and a total area of about 450,000 square kilometers. It is the largest country in Northern Europe.
Sweden is a highly developed capitalist country and a member of the European Union. It is considered to have a tendency of social liberalism and is committed to equality. It has established many social welfare systems, which are usually among the best in the human development index of the United Nations Development Programme. World Cultural Heritage 15, with a forest coverage rate of 54%. The main attractions in Sweden are the Nobel Memorial Hall and the Swedish Palace.
Swedish history:
At the end of the Roman Empire in the 3rd and 4th centuries, Scandinavian tribes, known as "ethnic workshops", exported a large number of immigrants to western and southern Europe. It is said that the Goths are from Gothland, Sweden. Soviets come from the southern coast of Sweden.
the Stone Age
After the retreat of the Ice Age, Sweden ushered in the Stone Age. At this time, there were already tribes engaged in hunting and gathering food in Scandinavia. Rock paintings dating back about 9,000 years were found in Yemtran province in northern Sweden. With the formation of trade routes from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, ironware from southern Europe was introduced into Scandinavia. The hides and amber of northern Europe were sold to Greece and Rome.
During the Roman Empire,
At the end of the Roman Empire in the 3rd and 4th centuries, Scandinavian tribes, known as "ethnic workshops", exported a large number of immigrants to western and southern Europe. It is said that the Goths are from Gothland, Sweden. Soviets come from the southern coast of Sweden.
Piracy period
Roman Catholicism was introduced into Sweden from Denmark in the 10 century, and it was quickly consolidated.
165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Sweden began to form a country.
1 157, Sweden annexed Finland. After Sweden's independence, Protestant Lutheranism gained a dominant position. Early legends left the names and deeds of several early Swedish kings, such as the Eric family and the Swark family, until the falcon dynasty was established. ?
Compared with neighboring Danes and Norwegians, Swedes in the pirate period paid more attention to commerce than conquest and colonization, and devoted themselves to actions in eastern and southeastern Europe, whose influence once reached as far as the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Here, Swedes exchanged furs, metals and other products with Arabs, and even extended eastward to Constantinople, Jerusalem and Baghdad. The coin exhibition hall of the Swedish Palace has a collection of coins unearthed from ancient West Asian countries.
The Swedes first arrived at the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland, neva river and Lake Ladoga. They established a stronghold here, and continued to push south, and established the Principality of Novgorod in Novgorod. According to The Kiev Brothers, a Swede entered the hinterland of Eastern Europe and founded the Kiev Ross. They are called the Varyag. The process went like this: the Vikings were expelled for imposing heavy taxes on Slavs, but the Slavic tribes fell into chaos. It is suggested that a king be invited from other countries to rule them. So the emissary came to Sweden and the three brothers became candidates. They are Ryurik, Xinus and Truffaut. They later became the rulers of Novgorod, Belarus and Izz Bisca. After the death of Xinus and Truffaut, Ryurik took over their land. His successor Oleg conquered Kiev and established Kiev, Russia. ?
Late middle ages
At the beginning of the establishment of the Kingdom of Sweden, Sweden was a loose kingdom composed of some independent provinces. Every province has its own laws. The king is responsible for the coordination among provinces and the organization of foreign wars. /kloc-in the 0/2 century, the kingship has been relatively strong, and unified taxation and laws have been formed throughout the country. At this time, Sweden has conquered the southwest coastal area of Finland and continues to expand to the southeast.
1397 In order to counter the influence of the powerful Hanseatic League in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Norway and Sweden held a meeting in Kalmar, southeastern Sweden, and decided to establish the Kalmar League led by the Danish royal family. Since then, Sweden and Norway have successively surrendered to the rule of the Danish king, while retaining the status of the kingdom. However, during the alliance period, conflicts between Swedes and Danes occurred constantly. ?
1520, King Christian II of Denmark entered Stockholm, Sweden, to suppress an independence movement. Subsequently, Gustav Vasa, a local aristocrat, organized a movement against the Allies in Dalana province. Soon, the forces opposed to Danish rule controlled most of Sweden. The resistance movement got help from Lubeck, an ally of Hanseatic League who was hostile to Denmark, and entered Stockholm. ?
1523, the Danish army failed to suppress the armed resistance. After the independence of Sweden, Gustav Vasa was elected as the king of Sweden, and the Vasa Dynasty was established. Norway remains in the Federation and becomes an administrative region of Denmark, while the southern coastal areas of Sweden are still controlled by Denmark. Gustav Vasa broke off relations with Lubeck after he acceded to the throne. ?
1593, Lutheranism became the official religion of Sweden.
North Sea Hegemony Period
/kloc-In the 6th century, after several wars, Sweden defeated the armies of Denmark and Poland and became the military overlord of Northern Europe. During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden joined the Protestant camp and sent troops to the hinterland of the holy Roman Empire.
1625, Sweden took control of Livonia.
1632, King Gustav II Adolf was killed in the battle of Luzon Island.
1634, the Swedish army was defeated in the battle of Nadlingen and retreated to China.
1642, Sweden sent troops to Germany again. 1648, the allied forces of France and Sweden finally defeated the Holy Roman Empire and signed the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, ending the war. Sweden acquired German territory in former Pomerania, Wisma, Feilden and Bremen. After 30 years of war, Sweden's power in the Baltic Sea reached its peak.
1654~ 17 19 was a prosperous period in Sweden, and its territory included Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Baltic coastal areas of Russia, Poland and Germany.
1658, Sweden recovered the southern coastal areas of Skone and Breguene from Denmark.
1700, Russia, Denmark and Poland formed an alliance to fight against Sweden, and the Great Northern War began.
1709, the army of King Carl XII of Sweden was defeated by Russian Tsar Peter I in present-day poltava, Ukraine, and fled to the Ottoman Empire. Russia began to replace Sweden as an emerging power in northern Europe and the Baltic region.
17 18, Sweden gradually declined after losing the wars against Russia, Denmark and Poland.
172 1 year, Sweden was defeated and lost its status as a dependency of the Baltic Sea and a military power. Livonia was incorporated into Russia. ?
Napoleonic wars
1805, participated in the Napoleonic wars.
1809, Sweden was defeated by Russia and forced to cede Finland. Tsar Alexander I was also the Grand Duke of Finland. ?
18 14 65438+10/4. Denmark signed the Kiel Treaty with Sweden, and Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden. Norway took the opportunity to declare independence and promulgated the Constitution. Sweden launched a war against it, and Norway was forced to agree to surrender to the king of Sweden as a country, and established the Norway-Sweden alliance.
Modern Times
1905, Norway became independent from the Federation. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars and did not participate in the war.
1995 Sweden joins the EU.
On May 16, 2022, the Swedish government officially decided to apply to NATO for membership.
On June 29th, 2022, NATO formally invited Finland and Sweden to join NATO. On the 28th, Turkey changed its position and gave a "green light" for Sweden and Finland to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ?
On June 30, 2022, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said at the end of the NATO summit that the protocol of Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO will be signed on July 5.
On July 4, 2022, local time, Sweden officially confirmed its willingness to join NATO and assume the political, legal and military obligations stipulated in the Convention. ?
On July 5, 2022, local time, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg and Swedish Foreign Minister Linde formally signed a protocol to join NATO at NATO headquarters in Brussels. ?
On July 5, 2022, local time, according to Swedish TV news, 30 ambassadors to NATO have now signed an agreement for Sweden and Finland to join NATO.
topography
Sweden borders the Baltic Sea in the east and the North Sea in the southwest. The terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, and the northern part is plateau. Sweden has a long and narrow terrain, which inclines from northwest to southeast. Nordland Plateau is in the north, and the highest peak in China, Kebnek Sai, is 2 1.23 meters above sea level, and the southern and coastal areas are mostly plains or hills.
climate
The coastal areas of Sweden are affected by the Atlantic warm current, with temperate coniferous forest climate in most areas and temperate broad-leaved forest climate in the southernmost part. Affected by the North Atlantic warm current, the average temperature in the north of 10 is 65438 0.6℃, and the average temperature in the south is -0.7℃. In July, it was 14.2℃ in the north and 17.2℃ in the south.
hydrology
The main rivers in Sweden are Jota River, Dahl River and Oniman River. There are about 654.38 million+lakes and few navigable rivers. ? [1] The largest lake Wiener covers an area of 5,585 square kilometers, ranking third in Europe.
natural resource
Sweden has three major resources: iron ore, forests and hydropower. As of 20 14, Sweden's proven iron ore reserves are 3.65 billion tons, making it the largest iron ore exporter in Europe. Uranium reserves are between 250,000 and 300,000 tons. The forest coverage rate is 54%, and the timber volume is 2.64 billion cubic meters. In normal years, the available hydraulic resources are 20140,000 kilowatts (176 billion kwh), and 8 1% has been developed. In addition, there are sulfur, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic and other minerals in the northern and central regions, with small reserves.
Swedish cuisine
Swedes mainly eat western food, and bread and potatoes are their staple foods, especially black bread. Most people have bread, coffee and black tea with jam and cream for breakfast. Lunch includes bread, meat, vegetables, potatoes and salad. Dinner is similar to breakfast, with only one soup. Swedes also like to eat Chinese food, such as all kinds of cold dishes, peanuts, ham grilled cabbage, braised fish, crispy duck, hot and sour sea cucumber, shredded pork and mustard soup, steamed dumplings, steamed dumplings, flower rolls, shortcakes and so on. They are more interested in ham and Cantonese cuisine. Swedes like fresh, tender and fragrant dishes very much, but the taste is biased, and the salinity of food and the sweetness of dessert are often high. Love to eat lean meat and fresh vegetables, like to drink thick soup. Its dishes are mainly fish, mainly herring and mackerel, but also chicken, eggs, beef, pork, game and other aquatic products.
Swedes have a unique habit of eating fixed dishes every day. For example, Thursday's dish is "Aitaru, mead, flask", which is mainly made of beans and pork. "West Rubbra" is a dish on Monday, and the main ingredient is herring in beef. They also have a typical way of eating, which is to put dozens of dishes on a big table and divide them according to their hobbies. The cooking quality of the dishes is only moderate, and it is called "pirate's seat".
military affairs
Sweden pursues a military non-alignment policy. In peacetime, we pay attention to comprehensive national defense construction, including military defense, civil defense, economic defense and psychological defense. The king is the supreme representative of the national armed forces. The commander-in-chief of the three armed forces is responsible for proposing military strategies, leading the training of troops and directing the actions of the whole army. The whole country is divided into four military regions. On July 1 2065438, Sweden began to implement compulsory military service. The military industry is developed. General Micael Biden, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.