Chinese name: Portuguese Republic
English name: portal, the gateway republic.
Abbreviation: Portugal
Mainland: Europe
Capital: Lisbon
Major cities: Porto, Gaya New Town
National Day: 1580 June 10
National anthem: National anthem of the Portuguese Republic.
Country code: 0035 1
Official language: Portuguese
Political system: presidential republic
State leader: anibal Antonio Cavaco Silva
Population: 10848692 million
Main ethnic group: Portuguese
Land area: 92072
Gross domestic product: US$ 245 billion (2006)
National flowers: lavender and carnation.
National Tree: Almond (Almond)
A brief history of the country
1 140, Portugal broke away from the kingdom of Castilla, and Affonso Enrique became the first king of the country. 1 143, Portugal gave birth to an independent monarchy in the war to recover its territory, which was recognized by the Pope. It is the first unified nation-state on the European continent. The present Portuguese territory was formed during the reign of 1249 Alfonso III.
BC period
BC 1000 years, several tribes lived in Iberian Peninsula, and the Celtics were the first to live here); A person who lived in northern Portugal and Galicia, Spain, in the 8th and 9th centuries BC. At the same time, Phoenicians established fishing villages along the coast of Algavi, and they have been exploring northward until now Lisbon. Greeks and Catholics live in the southern and western coastal areas. After the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in 20 1 year BC and the Celts in 20 140 BC, they took control of central and southern Portugal. During the six centuries of Roman rule, the introduction of Portuguese and the customs belonging to Latin families also laid the foundation for the introduction of Christianity. During the rule of Visigoths and Arabs (469- 1 139), the Roman Empire was weak in the 3rd and 4th centuries, which affected the sovereignty of this region. In 469 AD, the Germanic visigoths crossed the Pyrenees and came here, and introduced Christianity in the 7th century. In 7 1 1 year, Muslims invaded and overthrew the visigoth dynasty, and established the kingdom of Lyus in Có rdoba. Although Muslim rulers did not exclude Judaism and Christianity, many Christians converted to Islam, which flourished in the 9th century and10th century. After nearly four centuries of Muslim rule, there are still many Muslim architectural landmarks in Portugal, as well as many customs from Islam and Arabia, which have also influenced the local dialects. During the Crusade and the founding of Portugal (1 139-1415),1139, a nobleman from the Portuguese border (a territory centered on Bordeaux)? Affonso Henrique declared independence and claimed to be the first Portuguese king. With the help of the Crusaders, he fought against Muslims, regained Lisbon in 1 147, and defeated the remaining Muslims in Arentho and Nana Ogawa in 1249. Dienis I (1279- 1325) popularized the use of Portuguese (to replace Spanish), founded the first university in 1290, and signed the Treaty of kanis in 1297? Ices) defined the national boundaries and became the first independent country in Europe in the14th century.
Great Expedition Period (A.D.1415-1580)
The first king of the Avis family, Joao I (Jo? O I) (A.D. 1385- 1433) achieved unprecedented prosperity in Portugal and laid a solid foundation for future territorial expansion and economic growth. In order to strengthen our national strength, we signed the Windsor Treaty with Britain to establish a permanent alliance. 15th century is the golden age of sea power era. Under the leadership of Joao's son, the navigator Prince Henry, Portugal has become a world leader in marine technology and exploration. Portuguese adventurers traveled from Morocco and Madeira to the uninhabited Azores and marched into the African continent in search of slaves and wealth. In A.D. 1443, under the command of Prince Enrique, a Portuguese navigator from Cape Rocca crossed Cape Bohado on the west African coast. Before that, it was the end of the known world. By 1460, the west coast of Africa mapped by Portugal has reached 4000 kilometers. 1488 bartholomew? After Diaz bypassed the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, the world changed. He not only opened the door to the East, but also opened the entrance of Portuguese spice trade. Since then, although the Portuguese missed Christophe Columbus, in A.D. 1498, vasco da gama led the first expedition fleet to India and laid many colonies in East Africa and Indonesia. Two years later, Pedro lvares Cabral won Brazil and established a huge Portuguese empire. During the Habsburg and Bragansa dynasties (1580- 1807), the Arvid dynasty fell from power in 1580, and Spanish King Felipe II insisted that he was half Portuguese, which made the sovereignty of Iberian Peninsula return to one country. During the 60 years of Habsburg rule, Portugal was dragged into several wars, the most serious of which was 1588, when the Spanish-Portuguese armada was defeated by Britain. After these years, the Portuguese empire gradually disappeared. The former palace of Lisbon in A.D. 1640, the Portuguese Bragansa Dynasty (Bragansa House? A) Philip IV declared its independence against Spain. In order to resist Spain and safeguard national independence, he made a long journey to make peace with Britain again. After half a century, Joao V (A.D. 1706- 1750) used gold and diamonds mined in Brazil to revitalize the economy and make Portugal prosperous again. The earthquake in 1755 destroyed Lisbon and southern Portugal, and more than 15000 people died. Marquês de Pombal cooperates with national economic reform to rebuild Lisbon.
Napoleon and the post-Napoleonic period (AD 65438)
Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, but members of the royal family fled to Brazil to save their lives. In A.D. 182 1, Joao VI returned to Lisbon, but he was faced with a complicated political atmosphere caused by the constant turmoil of the Portuguese royal family. His son Pedro became the king of Brazil and declared his independence. 1826 After the death of Joao VI, there was a battle between the two brothers (1826- 1834). Because in 1822, the constitution was drafted in the absence of the royal family, and the power of the monarch was greatly reduced, in 1826, constitutionalists (Pedro, the first king of Brazil) and monarchists (Miguel, Pedro's brother) broke out all over Portugal. After eight years of bloody conflict, Miguel was exiled, and Pedro's sister Maria II of Portugal (15 years old) succeeded to the throne. However, in the next 75 years, the Liberal Democrats and monarchists continued to confront each other.
The first summation period to salazar period (A.D.1910-1974).
105, Manuel II died in Britain, which officially declared the end of the political turmoil in the last century and the beginning of the first republic period. The new government gives men the right to vote and participate in the political power, which weakens the influence of the church. At the same time, workers also have the right to strike, and their personnel performance is evaluated according to their work performance rather than their families. However, challenging the power of the church has triggered a worldwide rebound, and the release of labor rights and interests has also caused confrontation between the government and workers. Joining the first world war made the economy shake and domestic turmoil. 1926 military action officially ended the fragile Republican government, Antonio? General Antonio Karmona became the leader of the interim military government. In order to solve the economic crisis, he appointed Antonio, a famous economics professor. De? Oliveira? António de Oliveira Salazar once served as finance minister and became prime minister in A.D. 1932, but he also quickly became a dictator, still clinging to power. The horrible secret police arrested people who opposed Salazar and brutally suppressed the rebellion in Africa, which also dragged down Portugal's national economy.
Revolutionary transformation period (AD 65438 +0974 -65438 +0999)
In the early 1970s, the international voice against imperialism rose, and the church members in Santiago, Portugal, were tired of suppressing African colonies. So on April 25th, 1974, the left-wing army staged a coup, that is, the carnation revolution. Every town in Portugal has a street named April 25th to commemorate it. 1975, the socialist government gave up its jurisdiction over African colonies, 1976 held its first election, and the popular Mario was elected. Mario Suarez is the Prime Minister. Facing the domestic economic crisis, he proposed "100-day reform" to revitalize the economy. Portugal joined the European Community (now the European Union) on 1986. This new challenge still can't stop Sores from winning this year's presidential election. He was also the first civilian president of Portugal. At present, Portugal is still trying to catch up with other western European countries economically. It seems that joining the European Union has not had a negative impact on Portugal's economy. The economic growth rate reached 3.5% in AD 1999, and a lot of progress has been made in public construction in recent years. Although Expo 1998 held in Lisbon was not very successful and the number of exhibitors was not as expected, the preparatory process improved the traffic in Lisbon and enhanced Portugal's international momentum. The reborn Portugal plays a brand-new role in the post-colonial era. In the past few years, it has been helping former colonies Angola and East Timor to seek peace. On February 20th, Portugal agreed to give up the last colony, Macau, and return it to China to end its 442-year rule.
Domestic politics
At the end of 2004, President Sampaio announced the dissolution of the parliament and held an early general election on 65438+February 10 due to the poor performance of the ruling Coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party and numerous internal contradictions. On February 20th, 2005, the Socialist Party, a left-wing party that had been in power for three years, won the parliamentary election with an absolute majority, and then came to power. The new government has carried out comprehensive reforms in the internal affairs, economy, diplomacy and military fields. However, due to the strong reform, which touched the interests of all sectors of society, people's dissatisfaction rose, including strikes and protests by the army, police and judges, and social contradictions intensified. In the national municipal election held in June 5438+ 10, 2005, the Social Democratic Party took advantage of voters' dissatisfaction with the government to win the election and maintained its leading position in the local government. On June 22, 2006, with the support of the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party, Cavaco Silva was elected president in the Portuguese presidential election and took office on March 9 of the same year. The term of office is five years. The current Constitution was enacted in 1976 and has undergone six revisions. The last revision was completed in 2004. According to the constitution, the president, parliament, government and courts are the organs of state power; The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and appoints and dismisses the chief of general staff and the generals of the three armed forces according to the nomination of the government. The President can dissolve parliament only after listening to the opinions of all parties and the State Council, and can dissolve the government and recall the Prime Minister "when necessary". Parliament has a unicameral system, consisting of 230 members with a term of four years. The current parliament was elected on February 20, 2005. On March 6th, the Portuguese Parliament held its first plenary session and elected Jaime jaime gama, a member of the Portuguese Social Parliament, as its Speaker. The four deputy speakers are Manuel Alegre (Socialist Party), gilliam Silva (Social Democratic Party), Antonio Felipe (Portuguese communist party) and Telmo Correa (People's Party). The distribution of seats for all political parties is as follows: Socialist Party 12 1, Socialist Party 75, Portuguese Communist Party 12, People's Party 12, Left-wing Group 8 and Green Party 2. The current government took office on March 6, 2005 and is composed of the Socialist Party. The main members include: Prime Minister jose socrates, Minister of State and Interior antonio costa, Minister of State and Foreign Affairs Luis Amado and Minister of State and Finance Luis Campos Cunha. Minister of Prime Minister's Office pedro pereira, Minister of National Defense Nuno teixeira, Minister of Justice alberto costa, Minister of Environment, Land Planning and Regional Development Francisco nunes Correa, Minister of Economy and Innovation Manuel pinho, Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries Jaime Silva, Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communication mario lino, Minister of Labor and Social Solidarity Jose Antonio da Silva, Minister of Health Antonio Campos; Maria de Roders Rodrí guez, Minister of Education; Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education Mariano Gago; Isabel Ma Deli, Minister of Culture. Augusto Santos Silva, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, and Jorge Lacau, Secretary of State of the Prime Minister's Office of the Council of Ministers. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ, and its president is elected by judges. The President of the Supreme Court ranks fourth in the country, second only to the President, Speaker and Prime Minister. If the first three * * * are out of the country or unable to perform their duties, the President of the Supreme Court may act as the head of state. The current President of the Supreme Court is nunes da Cruz, who was elected in 2005. The Procurator-General of the Republic is the highest procuratorial organ, and the Procurator-General José Demora took office from June 6th to1October 6th, 2000.
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