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Brief introduction of Mosuo people

Mosuo people are one of the ancient nationalities with a long history in Ninglang. The recorded history can be traced back to Ding Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, 65438 BC. "Mosuo" has been recorded in all Chinese history books since the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. In Ninglang, people of all ethnic groups called them "Mosuo people" before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1950, the document of the second people's congress of all ethnic groups and all walks of life in Lijiang clearly recorded that "there were 13 Mosuo people attending the meeting". On September 5th, 1956, Lijiang Commissioner's Office explicitly mentioned "Mosuo" five times in the Report on the Establishment of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County to Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission. That is, "Ninglang and Liangshan, where the Yi people live together, include twelve ethnic groups such as Mosuo, Yi, Xifan and Han", and "there are Yi, Mosuo, Han, Xifan, Yi, Tibetan, Bai, Zhongjia, Naxi, Miao, Bai and Hui 10 ethnic groups in the county". The report was forwarded to the State Council by the Provincial People's Committee and approved for implementation in Ninglang. 1956 On September 20th, the inaugural meeting of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County solemnly announced that there are twelve ethnic groups in the county, including Yi and Mosuo. From 65438 to 0959, the General Situation of Ninglang compiled by the office of the CPC Ninglang Working Committee mentioned "Mosuo people" in many places. But later, the relevant state departments classified the Mosuo people living in Ninglang and other places in Yunnan as Naxi people, and classified the Mosuo people living in Yanyuan, Muli and Yanbian in Sichuan as Mongolians. Over the years, the broad masses of Mosuo cadres and masses have strongly demanded to solve the problem of national names. Party and government organs and Mosuo people in ninglang county have repeatedly reflected objectively to the Party and relevant state departments through various forms and channels, and urgently demanded the restoration of Mosuo people's names as soon as possible. Ninglang county's deputies to the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh National People's Congress have repeatedly reflected the proposal to restore the Mosuo nationality to the General Assembly at the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress, the First Session of the Sixth National People's Congress, the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress and the Fourth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. Especially at the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress, the issue of restoring the Mosuo nationality was submitted to the National People's Congress as one of several important suggestions of the Yunnan Provincial People's Congress delegation. Under the strong demand of Mosuo people and the repeated reflection of the people of all ethnic groups such as the county party Committee and the government, it has attracted the attention of superiors. On September 1989, the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress sent a working group led by Deputy Director Dao to Ninglang for investigation. 19 On 6 February, the working group submitted a report on restoring the names of the Mosuo people in Ninglang to the provincial party committee, the provincial government and the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress. With the attention of the provincial party committee, the provincial government and the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress, the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress held the 11th meeting of the 7th session on April 27th. The Autonomous Regulations of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, which was deliberated and adopted at the meeting, confirmed that it was a Mosuo, and was officially promulgated and implemented on June 27th. And every Mosuo has a legal resident ID card.

Mosuo

Mosuo people belong to Naxi nationality, mainly living in ninglang county, Yunnan Province and Yanyuan, Muli and other counties in Sichuan Province, with a population of about 40,000. The Mosuo population in Ninglang is over 15000, mainly living in Yongningbazi near Lugu Lake. The language, costumes and marriage customs of Mosuo people are different from those of Naxi people west of Jinsha River.

The family organizations of Mosuo people in ninglang county are mostly paternal families in Cui Yu, Xinyingpan, Daxing, Hongqi and Hongqiao, and they live together with other ethnic groups. In Yongning residential area near Lugu Lake, there are still traces of matriarchal couples. Children live in their mother's house, and their descent is calculated according to the maternal line. Men don't marry, women don't marry, only enter into "Axia" (husband and wife) relationship.

Mosuo people are used to living by mountains and rivers, and their houses are all wooden structures, commonly known as "wooden houses" in the local area. Traditional flavor foods include pork belly, pickled fish, Surima wine and so on. The traditional festivals of Mosuo people include Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chaoshan Festival, ancestor worship festival, animal husbandry festival and land worship festival, among which the Spring Festival and Chaoshan Festival are the most grand. Every year on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month, Mosuo people in Yongning will walk or ride in costumes to worship the Goddess Mountain beside Lugu Lake, which is called "Bamboo Goddess Mountain". During this period, horse racing, wrestling, duets and other activities will be held, and picnics will be held in the mountains. Young Mosuo men and women will take the opportunity to make friends with Axia.

The primitive religion of Mosuo people is called "Daba religion", which is closely related to Dongba religion of Naxi people in Lijiang. However, the development of Daba religion is slower than Dongba religion, and its form is more primitive than Dongba religion, basically maintaining the characteristics of primitive tribal religion. Dabasim was named after the wizard Daba. It has no systematic teachings and scriptures, no religious organizations and temples, only dozens of chanting, and another kind of divination (commonly known as the book of days), written in 32 original paintings and characters in different forms.

Mosuo people are good at singing and dancing, and the popular dance is "Jiaju Dance" (commonly known as jumping). "A" means beauty, "Ju" means dancing, which means dancing at a beautiful time. The folk music and dance of Mosuo people are part of traditional culture. The music of Mosuo people, except the funeral lyrics, is generally high-pitched and heroic. Fixed music tunes include Ahabala, Madada, Beating Wheat, Performing Hemp, Funeral Melody, Lullaby, Gem Goddess Praise and Jiacuokuo, that is, the song of shooting guns.

Mosuo people's musical instruments include flute, cucurbit silk, suona, drum, cymbal, violin drum, hand-cranked brass bell, oral string and so on. Among the above musical instruments, the most commonly used instrument is the flute, which can be played by men and shepherds aged seven or eight. In the journey of driving horses in Yongning, the flute is also a close partner to dispel loneliness. Hulusheng is a musical instrument that a few people can use when jumping. Other musical instruments mainly include those used by Daba and Lama during sacrificial ceremonies.

Mosuo dance is colorful and rich in content, with distinctive Mosuo dance color and strong national characteristics. There is a saying that Mosuo people can dance 72 kinds of dances, which shows that Mosuo people have a variety of dances.

Today, with the development of human society in the 265,438+0 century, the matriarchal family still exists along the Lugu Lake, which is called the "mysterious daughter country", which is one of the most mysterious and interesting Mosuo cultural phenomena for Chinese and foreign scholars and tourists.

In matriarchal families, mothers dominate everything, and women have a lofty position in the family. All members of this family are descendants of mother or grandmother. In the family, no man marries, no woman marries, and a woman lives with her mother all her life. The man went to xia's house in the evening and returned to her mother's home early in the morning to produce and live. This is called Mosuo people's "walking marriage". While the woman is at home, waiting for xia, a male, to visit in the evening. The family members are all matriarchal relatives, and there are no members of the father's blood. Property is inherited according to maternity, and the descent of family members is calculated entirely according to maternal line. There is no relationship between Weng Xu, mother-in-law, sister-in-law, aunt and uncle in the family. The children of sisters in the family are all their closest children. Sisters who don't care about each other's mothers are also called mothers, and they are called "uncles" by their biological fathers.

The second characteristic of matriarchal family is that "uncle is in charge of etiquette and mother is in charge of wealth", which is the form of power division of matriarchal family. Family festivals, large-scale exchanges or transactions, and social contacts other than marriage and love are all decided by my uncle or other capable male members, while the custody and use of family property, production and living arrangements, general housework and reception of guests are decided by my mother or smart, capable and prestigious women in the family. Mosuo people have a proverb: "the eagle flying in the sky is the biggest, and the uncle walking on the ground is the biggest." You can see my uncle's social status from the aphorism. Male and female members of Mosuo matriarchal family are equal, which reflects the reasonable division of labor among family members. They believe that a reasonable division of labor in the whole society will inevitably bring social stability and development, and a reasonable division of labor in a family will inevitably promote the family's economic development and civilization.

The third characteristic of matrilineal family is that Mosuo people think that all members of the family have the same matrilineal descent. In addition, Mosuo people's remarkable moral consciousness, that is, the spread and promotion of the concept of worshipping their mothers, all family members are cordial and harmonious, respecting the elderly and loving the young, giving priority to courtesy, and being generous and humble. The social atmosphere of Mosuo people is not good enough. From the vertical and horizontal relations, they are all polite, and they cultivate Mosuo people's gentleness and enthusiasm, dignified manners, generous and righteous men, affectionate and restrained women, and social unity and harmony.

Its fourth feature is that matriarchal families are generally separated or rarely separated, and matriarchal families generally have a large population, ranging from a dozen to dozens. Many people are conducive to family division of labor, can engage in all aspects of work, and families are easy to get rich. In the traditional concept of Mosuo people, separation means disrespect for ancestors and the elderly, which means fighting for property. This is a very shameful thing and will be reprimanded by the world. Therefore, even the matriarchal families with dozens of people are full of happy and peaceful atmosphere. Children have a happy childhood and are loved by many mothers. There is no doubt that the old people enjoy their old age and enjoy their family happiness.

Enter 2 1

In the civilized era of 2 1 century, no matter in foreign countries or in China, many families are constantly engaged in "war of words" and violence, which is full of family "wars", so that the old and young people are abused and their lives are not guaranteed. However, the Mosuo people along Lugu Lake still retain an ancient and beautiful matriarchal family, where family harmony, social harmony, more ruthless killings and violence in matriarchal families, and a harmonious and peaceful atmosphere are all worthy of praise as "the last red rose in the oriental matriarchal cultural home".

Matrilineal family

The members of matrilineal families range from a dozen to dozens, usually more than ten. These family members are descendants of one or more grandmothers.

Adult men and women in the family "men don't marry, women don't marry". In the evening, women receive Axiu from another family at home, while men go out to live with Axiu from another family. All the children born are owned by the woman, the blood relationship is calculated according to the maternal line, and the property is inherited according to the maternal line.

A matriarchal family is arranged by the most capable, just and prestigious women to produce, live and keep property. Mosuo called this person Yidu Dabu or Dabu for short. The family is absolutely obedient to Dabu's arrangement. Dabu is the head of the matriarchal family and is responsible for all internal and external affairs. "Dabu" often comes naturally, without any election or ceremony. Men in matriarchal families usually carry out activities in the name of uncles. They try their best to help Dabu, participate in all the activities of the whole family and jointly safeguard the matriarchal family. Because of their common life and work, their relationship with their sisters' children is closer and more special than that with their biological fathers.

Members of the matriarchal family of the Mosuo people in Lugu Lake, regardless of their cousins, are regarded as born to a mother. Among the members, grandma and their brothers and sisters are the only ancestors. Mosuo called this generation of men "Apu" and women "Ayi". Only mom, uncle and aunt. My mother's name is Aya or Aba, and my uncle's name is Awu. Younger students only have the same mother, brothers and sisters, aunts and cousins. The same mother, brothers and sisters are collectively called "Eminem", while brothers and sisters are called "Gerry" and "Gomi" respectively. Little children call their biological father "Ada", "Abo" or "Awu". All family members are United and harmonious, and it is a shame to separate for "private money". They work together, discuss things together, have a strong democratic atmosphere, respect collective opinions, respect the old and love the young, and especially give special care and respect to the old, weak, sick and disabled. At the same time, there are no contradictions such as mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, and there are few quarrels and disputes between them. In the matriarchal family of Mosuo people, a set of conventional traditional concepts and moral norms has long been formed, that is, raising children is the common responsibility of mothers and their brothers. The younger generation should do their duty to support their mothers and brothers and sisters. If you don't follow the "old rules", you will have no "conscience" and will be criticized, condemned and even punished by society. The closest relatives are the mother and her sisters and brothers, while the biological father is relatively far away, and there is no necessary connection and no clear responsibility and obligation for support.