Sowing propagation
One, the selection of land
Select away from the highway beyond 200m, away from residential areas and polluted sites; close to the water source, flat or gently sloping land; soil to sandy loam, forest humus, brown loam is preferred, the requirements of the soil layer is deep, fertile, loose, moist, soil pH 5.5 ~ 6.5. previous crop to legume, maize, etc. is preferred.
Two, land preparation
Sowing or transplanting in the fall of the year before land preparation, land preparation before the application of decomposed organic fertilizer 3000 ~ 5000kg / mu, deep turning 20cm, raking, soil, fertilizer, evenly mixed to make a width of 1.2 ~ 1.5m, 20cm high beds; work the road width of 50cm. beds of soil requirements of loose, finely chopped, no roots, roots, stones and other debris.
Three, propagation methods
Autumn sowing or spring sowing. Autumn sowing in early October to before the freeze, spring sowing in early April, no snow on the ground, the soil thawed 3~5cm. Sowing can take the method of sowing and strip sowing, open a furrow in the bed, furrow width 10cm, depth 3~5cm, furrow spacing 20cm. 500~750g of seed per acre, after sowing, the bed is covered with pine needles or straw, the thickness of 1~2cm. seedling height of 6~9cm time to seedling, spacing of 9cm or so, should not be transplanted.
Seedling transplantation
One, seedling preparation
Seedling before the first to fertilize the ground, the application of high-quality rotted farmyard manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu, ploughing 20 ~ 30 cm, fine ground preparation, so that the ground sheer moisture enough. Secondly, rake the bed, each bed width of 300 centimeters. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing.
Two, seed treatment
With the year's new seed 1.50 ~ 2 kg / mu and 10 kg / mu of fine sand, rubbed by hand, through the sand and the seed coat friction, destroying the surface of the seed coat protective layer, in order to facilitate germination.
Three, sowing
In April 5~15 is the best sowing period for gentiana. The treated seeds are evenly sprinkled on the seedbed, slightly compacted after shallow harrowing, and the seeds are covered with 1.50~2 centimeters of soil. Then cover the plant straw, often keep the ground moist, 15~25 days seedling.
Four, transplanting
Gentiana seedlings out of the flush, uncovering the mulch, remove weeds, control pests and diseases can be transplanted after 1 year of growth.
Select the previous crop for grass crops is appropriate, deep soil, well-drained, easy to cultivate the plot, the application of high-quality farmyard manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate / mu, fine ground after planting.
In early to mid-October, furrow planting. Plant spacing 15~20 meters, row spacing 20~25 cm. Seedling 0.09 ~ 0.14 million plants / mu, each planted a line of mulch compaction, and then continue to plant the spring planting in the soil after the thaw, the seedling must not show buds, seedling buds after the survival rate is not high. So according to local natural conditions, the sooner the soil thaws, the better. After sowing until the emergence of seedlings should be watered frequently, so that the topsoil layer to maintain a moist state. 90% trichlorfon or lego 15 times liquid mixed with wheat bran piled up in the border around the border, trapping mole crickets. When the seedlings grow to 2 pairs of true leaves to remove about half of the mulch, 4 true leaves and then remove all the straw or pine needles, drought, hot weather can be later to remove the mulch, in order to facilitate the preservation of moisture.
Weeding in time to keep the field free of weeds. When the temperature is high, the soil 20cm below the dry soil layer for watering, preferably using drip irrigation. Gentiana main disease is leaf spot disease, when the disease leaves appear brown round or oval spots.
Prevention methods: seed disinfection before sowing; timely detection and control of diseased plants, good field hygiene. 65% Dicenmanganese zinc 400 to 500 times liquid in the first half of June, sprayed every 7 to 10 days, and 300 times liquid Dicenmanganese zinc in the middle of June to October, sprayed every 7 days. Characteristics and flavors
Pungent, bitter, flat. Attributed to the stomach, liver, gallbladder meridian.
Functions
Expel wind-dampness, clear dampness and heat, and relieve paralysis and pain. It is used in treating contracture of tendons and veins, soreness and pain of bones and joints, hot flashes on the day of asr, and fever in children's chancre.
Concoction method
Remove impurities, wash, moisten, cut thick slices, and dry in the sun.
Use and dosage
Internally: decoction, 5-10g; or soaked in wine; or into pills, bulk. External use: appropriate amount, powdered and sprinkled.
Storage
Store in dry and ventilated place.
Precautions
The nature of the medicine is moist but not dry, no matter cold and damp, wet and hot, paralysis, new and old, can be applied. It is often used in conjunction with Fangfeng, Qiangwu, Duhong, and Sangzhi. In addition, Gentiana Macrophyllae is also often used with wind-dispelling and symptomatic drugs to treat the symptomatic symptoms of soreness and pain in the branches and body. For the treatment of damp-heat jaundice, it is often combined with Yin Chen, Poria and Ze Xie. For the treatment of bone vapor and damp heat, it is often used in combination with turtle shell, Zhimu, and Dibiao Pi. Characteristics
The herb is cylindrical, thick at the top and thin at the bottom, twisted and not straight, 10-30cm long, 1-3cm in diameter, with yellowish brown or grayish yellow surface, longitudinal or twisted longitudinal wrinkles, and remnants of stem base and fibrous leaf sheaths at the top. The texture is hard and brittle, easy to break, the section is slightly oily, the skin part is yellow or brownish yellow, the wood part is yellow. The smell is peculiar, the taste is bitter and slightly astringent.
Chemical composition
The root contains gentianine A is gentian-ine, gentianine B is gentianidine, gentianal, gentiopicroside, swertia-marin. Gentianal, gentiopicroside, swertia-marin.) It has also been reported that Gentiana macrophylla root mainly contains gentianoside, which is converted to alkaloids such as gentianine and gentianine C by the action of ammonia during extraction and separation. Recently it has been reported that Gentiana macrophylla root contains gentianoside, montanic acid, methyl montanate, roburic acid, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitos-terol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. sitos-terol-β-D-glucoside).
Physical and chemical identification
(1) take 2g of Gentiana scabra crude powder, add chloroform-methanol-concentrated ammonia test solution (75:25:5) mixture of 30 ml, immersed for 2 hours, filtration, filtrate in a water bath and concentrated to about 1 ml, add 1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution of 2 ml, continue to evaporate the chloroform, cooled, filtered. Filtration. Take the filtrate divided into two test tubes, a tube with potassium mercuric iodide test solution, that is, the generation of yellowish white precipitate; another tube with potassium bismuth iodide test solution, that is, the generation of brown-red precipitate.
(2) take gentiana cross-section, placed in the ultraviolet light (365nm) under the observation, yellowish-white or golden-yellow fluorescence.
Content Determination
Controlled by high performance liquid chromatography.
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test: octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as filler; methanol-water (1:4) as mobile phase; detection wavelength of 254 nm; the theoretical number of plates according to the peak of the Gentianoside should be not less than 3,000.
Preparation of the control solution: weighing the appropriate amount of the control of the Gentianoside, methanol to make a solution of 0.5 mg per 1ml, i.e., obtained. The solution is obtained immediately.
Preparation of test solution: take gentiana powder (sieve No. 3) about 0.5g [at the same time another determination of moisture], precision weighing, add 20ml of methanol, heating and reflux for 30 minutes, cooling, filtration, filtrate recovery to dryness under reduced pressure, the residue with the appropriate amount of methanol, filtration, transfer to a 50ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shaking well, a precise amount of 1ml, placed in a 5ml flask, add methanol to the scale. Add methanol to the scale and shake well, it was obtained.
Determination method: respectively, precise aspiration of the control solution and test solution of 10μl, injected into the liquid chromatograph, measurement, that is obtained. 1.Anti-inflammatory effect: Gentiana alkaloid A can reduce formaldehyde arthritis in rats, and accelerate the subsidence of swelling, daily intraperitoneal injection of 90mg/kg for 10 days can make the swelling of the foot basically return to normal, the effect is comparable with sodium salicylate 200mg/kg, such as pre-injection of Gentiana alkaloid A, the egg white foot swelling in rats also have to reduce the role of the swelling, and the strength of its action and chloroquine, corticosterone and gentiana neutral ethanol immersion similar to, and more than, salicylated ethanol. The strength of its action is similar to that of chloroquine, corticosterone and gentiana neutral ethanol infusion, and slightly stronger than sodium salicylate. The principle of anti-inflammatory effect of gentiana alkaloid is realized through the excitation of the adrenal cortex, but it is different from corticotropin, which does not directly excites the adrenal cortex, but realizes its anti-inflammatory effect by agitating the pituitary gland through the nervous system, and prompting the increase in the secretion of adrenal corticotropic hormone. It is noteworthy that the dihydrogenated compounds of Gentiana alkaloid A (the double bond on the side chain is saturated with hydrogen) do not have anti-inflammatory effects, so it is clear that the presence of the double bond is necessary for anti-inflammation. In addition, gentiana alkaloid methyl significantly reduced the increase in capillary permeability induced by injection of egg white.
2. Effects on the central system: Gentiana alkaloid A has a sedative effect on rats and mice in small doses, and also enhances the hypnotic effect of sodium pentobarbital, but in larger doses it has a central excitatory effect, which finally leads to paralysis and death. Smaller doses of injection administration, can inhibit the dog intestinal impotence due to perfusion of mercurous chloride caused by reflex intestinal fluid secretion, that is, inhibited the dog's nervous system, this inhibitory effect with the increase in dose and strengthened. Experiments with the photothermal stimulation method showed that gentiana alkaloid A could raise the pain threshold of rats, but the effect was short-lived and disappeared after 40 minutes. Experiments with the hot plate method showed that Gentiana alkaloid A had an analgesic effect on mice.
3. Effects on the cardiovascular system: Gentiana alkaloid A can lower the blood pressure of guinea pigs, anesthetized dogs, rabbits also have obvious and momentary temporary lowering of blood pressure, when the heart rate slows down, no rapid tolerance phenomenon. Intravenous injection of atropine and cut off both sides of the vagus nerve can not block its lowering effect, coupled with the inhibitory effect on the isolated frog heart, slowing down the heart rate and accompanied by cardiac diastolic insufficiency and reduced cardiac output, proving that its antihypertensive effect has nothing to do with the vagus nerve, and it may be a result of direct inhibition of the heart.
4. Effect on blood glucose: Gentiana scabra has the effect of elevating blood glucose in both rats and mice. While elevating blood sugar, liver glycogen was significantly reduced. Its effect is enhanced with increasing dose. Since this effect disappeared after removal of the adrenal glands or the use of adrenaline-blocking drugs (diphenhydramine), the principle of the blood glucose-raising effect was due to the release through the adrenal glands.
5. Anti-anaphylactic shock and antihistamine effect: gentiana alkaloid A can significantly reduce the guinea pig due to histamine spray-induced asthma and convulsions, for the rabbit egg white anaphylactic shock also has a significant protective effect, but also can significantly reduce the capillary permeability of rats.
6. Effects on smooth muscle: Gentiana alkaloids A on the anesthetized dog ileum movement has no significant effect on the isolated guinea pig ileum movement does not have any effect, but can antagonize histamine and acetylcholine caused by intestinal contraction, 1:5000 almost completely antagonize the role of histamine, the role of the antagonism of acetylcholine is relatively weak.
7. Other effects: Gentian bitter glucoside has an inhibitory effect on Plasmodium. Canine artificial gastric impotence test proved that gentian glucoside can promote gastric juice and free hydrochloric acid secretion increase. 1.Treatment of arthralgia, headache, toothache, etc.: Macrophyllum 100g, or Macrophyllum, Angelica dahurica 50g, add procaine 1g, made of injection solution 100ml, divided, sterilized spare. Intramuscular injection of 2 ml each time. has been applied more than 2000 times, on the wind-cold-induced pain in the periphery, as well as many years of rheumatic lumbar and leg pain have the effect of pain relief.
2. Treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis: Gentiana Macrophyllae is made into an injection, each milliliter contains about 0.625g of raw medicine, each time 2-5ml, 4-6 times a day, intramuscular injection. Trial treatment of 21 cases, by using the drug 3-7 days were cured, no case of sequelae. In addition, 20 cases of pediatric acute jaundice infectious hepatitis were treated with Gentiana Macrophyllae as the main drug, combined with other drugs in the diagnosis and treatment, and obtained better curative effect. Gentiana alkaloid A on mice LD50: oral 480mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection of 350mg/kg; intravenous injection of 250-300mg/kg. 4 cases of rheumatoid arthritis patients orally 100mg, 3 times a day, ***4-13 days, has caused severe nausea, vomiting, etc.; only for 13 days of a case, the joints of the redness, swelling and pain disappeared in the 5th, the rest are ineffective, so it is considered that the initial clinical application of this alkaloid, combined with other drugs, has a good effect. Therefore, it is believed that this alkali in the initial clinical application is not ideal, and more side effects, to be further improved.
The LD50 of gentiana alkaloid A in mice is 480mg/kg orally, 350mg/kg intraperitoneally, 250-300mg/kg intravenously, and the subacute toxicity test: 50, 90, 1200mg/kg were given to rats intraperitoneally for 14 days, once a day, and there was no change in the appearance of the animals in the groups, and protein in the glomerulus and tubules were found in the pathology section. Pathologic sections showed that protein was present in the glomeruli and tubules of the kidneys, and some animals showed pulmonary edema. The LD50 of gentian in mice was 480mg/kg by gavage and 350mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection.