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7.62x54mmR rifle bullet, also known as Mosinnagan rifle bullet, was designed by Russian Army Colonel Mosin and Belgian gun designer Nagan. It was equipped with Russian troops together with Mosinnagan M 189 1 rifle in1year, and it is a kind of all-powerful rifle widely used in the world.

Many countries in the world * * * have 10 produced and equipped this kind of rifle bullet, mainly the countries that the former Soviet Union joined * * * and China, the Warsaw Pact countries and the third world countries friendly to the Soviet Union, including China. This kind of rifle bullet produced in China is called Type 53 7.62mm stepping gun bullet. This kind of rifle ammunition is used for Mosinnagan rifle, lance, DP/DPM light machine gun, RP-46 combined machine gun, M 19 10 Maxim heavy machine gun, SG-43/SGM heavy machine gun, PK/PKM general machine gun and other weapons.

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The earliest Mosinnagan 7.62x54mmR rifle bullet was a round-headed bullet, with a round head, a lead core, a flat bottom and a white copper shell, and the shell was made of brass, which was used for Mosinnagan M 189 1 infantry rifle, dragoon rifle and Cossack rifle. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, western powers generally began to replace the old round-headed bullets with pointed rifles, and Russia was no exception.

1908, a pointed "light-pointed bullet" replaced the round-headed bullet to equip the Russian army. The bullet head is pointed, lead-cored, flat-bottomed, brass or copper-clad, and the shell material is brass. One feature of this "light-pointed bullet" warhead is that there is a conical inner pit at the bottom. When it is launched, the gunpowder gas can make the bottom of the bullet slightly expand outward and fit the rifling, thus increasing the gas sealing effect.

1930, the Soviet Union, which had established the socialist system, changed the Mosinnagan M 189 1 30 rifle for the Red Army, which can be regarded as a modern and improved version of M1891rifle, and also began to produce copper-clad steel casings and armored new light-pointed bullets. In addition to changing armor and shell materials into steel, the shape of the shell bottom has also changed: the bottom of the shell of the old Mosinnagan rifle bullet is a slightly bulging circular arc, while the new bullet is simplified into a truncated cone with an inclined plane, which improves the production technology.

In addition to the light-pointed bullets used in rifles and light machine guns, there is also a heavy-pointed bullet specially used by M 19 10 Maxim heavy machine guns and later SG-43 heavy machine guns. The heavy-pointed bullet is made of brass or copper-clad steel armor, pointed head, ship tail and lead core, with the bullet weight of 1 1.98g, muzzle velocity of 8 18m/s and muzzle kinetic energy of 4008J. Heavy-pointed projectile has heavier warhead, better aerodynamic performance of ship tail and higher long-distance storage speed and energy. In order to distinguish it from the light-pointed bullet, the warhead of the heavy-pointed bullet is painted with yellow color code.

1953, in order to unify the bullet types of 7.62x54mmR stepping machine, the Soviet Union began to fully produce and equip a steel-core ordinary bullet to replace the old light-pointed bullet and heavy-pointed bullet. The shape of the steel-core ordinary bullet is similar to that of a heavy-pointed bullet, with a pointed tip and a ship tail, and a copper-clad steel armor. However, there is a steel core punched by mild steel in the bullet, and a lead sleeve is filled between the steel core and the armor.

The steel-core ordinary bullet has a weight of 9.6g, a muzzle velocity of 828m/s and a muzzle kinetic energy of 3291j. After being equipped with steel-core ordinary ammunition, the types of ordinary ammunition for rifles, light machine guns and heavy machine guns are unified, which reduces the logistical burden, and the penetration of steel-core ammunition is slightly better than that of pure lead-core ammunition.

1986, in order to improve the penetration ability of the steel-core ordinary projectile to the protected target, the Soviet Union upgraded the steel core material of the 7.62x54mmR steel-core ordinary projectile, and changed it from ordinary steel to quenched high carbon steel, which made the warhead more penetrating.

At the beginning of equipping the steel-core ordinary projectile, because there are still many old-fashioned light-pointed projectiles and heavy-pointed projectiles in stock, in order to show the difference, the tip of the steel-core ordinary projectile is painted with white color. As the stocks of light-pointed bullets and heavy-pointed bullets are exhausted, the steel-core ordinary bullets produced in 1978 are no longer painted with white color.

In order to cooperate with the SVD sniper rifle and give full play to the shooting accuracy of the sniper rifle, there is a special sniper rifle bullet 7N 1 in the 7.62x54mmR bullet family, and the shooting accuracy when firing with the SVD sniper rifle is higher than that of the old manual rifle Mosinnagan sniper rifle. The design of 7N 1 sniper rifle bullet is different from that of steel-core ordinary bullets fired by rifles and light and heavy machine guns. Steel and lead are used to match the bullet core. The front part of the bullet is a steel core, and the back part is filled with lead core.

In order to improve the penetration performance of the sniper rifle, the Soviet Union also has a 7N 14 sniper rifle. The structure of the warhead is similar to that of 7N 1, but the steel core is changed from the ordinary steel core of 7N 1 to the high-hardness tool steel of U 12A, and the shape of the steel core is slightly different, with a small pointed cone at the head. The penetration performance of this 7N 14 sniper rifle is better than that of 7N 1, and it can shoot targets with light protection.