The preparation, its characteristics and uses (1) reach heparin sodium (Farming, Gepeilin) and dalton sodium (Farming) with an average molecular weight of 5000. The ratio of anti-XA/IIA activity in vitro was 2.2: 1. The bioavailability of subcutaneous injection is about 90%. Intravenous injection takes effect in 3 minutes, and t 1/2 takes about 2 hours; It takes effect 2~4 hours after subcutaneous injection, and t 1/2 3 ~ 4 hours. Used for: ① Treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis: subcutaneous injection of 200U/kg, 1 time/day, the daily dosage shall not exceed 18000U, and patients with high bleeding risk can be given 100U/kg twice a day. At the same time, vitamin K antagonist can be taken orally immediately, and the combined treatment lasts for at least 5 days. ② Prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis: 2500U was injected subcutaneously 1~2 hours before operation, 2500U was injected subcutaneously 12 hours after operation, and then 1 time every day for 5~ 10 days. ③ Unstable angina pectoris and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: subcutaneous injection of 120U/kg twice a day, with the maximum dose of 10000U every 12 hours for 5~ 10 days. Continuous use of low-dose aspirin (70~ 165mg/d). ④ Prevention of coagulation during hemodialysis and hemofiltration: Chronic renal failure, with no known risk of bleeding, can be rapidly injected intravenously for 30~40U/kg, followed by intravenous infusion10 ~15u/kg every hour; For patients with acute renal failure with high risk factors of bleeding, 5~ 10U/kg should be given intravenously quickly, and then 4~5U/kg should be given intravenously every hour. (2) enoxaparin sodium (COSAI), enoxaparin sodium (COSAI), ATC code BO 1AB05, molecular weight 3500~5500. The ratio of anti-XA/IIA activity in vitro is about 4∶ 1. After subcutaneous injection, the bioavailability is close to 100%, and tmax is 3~5 hours. Mainly in liver metabolism, the kidney was eliminated in its original form by about 10%, and the total renal clearance rate was 40%. Used for: ① treatment of deep vein thrombosis: daily 1 time, subcutaneous injection 150U/kg, or twice daily 100U/kg. The course of treatment is generally 10 days, and oral anticoagulation therapy is started at the right time. ② Prevention of venous thromboembolic diseases: When surgical patients are at moderate risk of thrombosis, subcutaneous injection of 2,000 U or 4,000 U, once a day/kloc-0, with the first injection in the first 2 hours; For surgical patients with high thrombosis tendency, it can be administered 12 hours before operation, once a day, 4000 times a day, and injected subcutaneously; Preventive application for internal medicine patients, subcutaneous injection of 4000U 1 time every day for 6~ 14 days. ③ Treatment of unstable angina pectoris or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: daily 100U/kg, every 1 2h1time, and aspirin should be used at the same time, with a general course of treatment of 2-8 days. ④ Prevention of thrombosis during extracorporeal circulation of hemodialysis: 100U/kg, administered via arterial route at the beginning of dialysis. (3) nadroparin calcium (low molecular weight heparin calcium, sulpiride, Limaiqing, Bopuqing), nadroparin calcium (low molecular weight heparin calcium, fast-avoiding coagulation calcium), ATC code BO 1AB06, with an average molecular weight of 3600~5000. The ratio of anti-XA/IIA activity in vitro is 4: 1. The bioavailability of subcutaneous injection is close to 100%, and tmax is 3 hours, which is formed or eliminated by a small amount of kidney metabolism. T 1/2 is about 3.5 hours. Used for: ① treatment of thromboembolic diseases: subcutaneous injection with a dose of 0. 1ml/ 10kg at an interval of 12 hours, and the treatment time does not exceed 10 day. Unless there are contraindications, oral anticoagulants should be used as soon as possible. ② Prevention of thromboembolic diseases: subcutaneous injection. General surgery 65438+ 0.3ml 0 times a day, usually lasting at least 7 days, the first dose is taken 2 hours before operation; The dosage used in orthopedic surgery should be adjusted according to the patient's weight, once a day for at least 10 days, and the first dosage should be given 12 hours before operation and 12 hours after operation. ③ Prevention of blood coagulation in hemodialysis: through vascular injection. At the beginning of dialysis, the drug was given once through the arterial end, with the weight of > 70kg, 0.6ml each time.