Maintenance and management should be carried out continuously throughout the year. Strictly speaking, conservation management should include two aspects: on the one hand, conservation, according to the growth needs of different garden trees and some specific requirements, timely take horticultural technical measures such as fertilization, irrigation, intertillage weeding, pruning, pest control, replanting and cold protection; On the other hand, it is the management of garden affairs such as the preservation and maintenance of green space, cleaning and cleaning.
First, intertillage weeding
Intertillage is the cultivation of the soil surface. The purpose is to loosen the surface layer of soil, increase the permeability of soil, facilitate the activity of soil microorganisms, facilitate the decomposition of organic matter, and thus improve soil fertility; Intercropping can cut off soil capillaries and prevent water in deep soil from being transported to the surface, which is beneficial to the maintenance of soil water; Intertillage improves the permeability of soil and is beneficial to the growth of root system.
The area and depth of intertillage vary with different garden plants. Generally, the intertillage depth of trees is 5 ~ 10 cm, ranging from 1/2 of the vertical projection radius of the crown to 1m outside the crown projection.
Weeding is to remove weeds that compete with garden plants and trees for water and nutrients. Weeding can reduce the probability of pests and diseases, maintain the environmental sanitation of green space, and improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer in soil by garden plants. Weeding can be done by hand or by gardening machinery. For places where grass shortage is particularly serious, it can also be carried out by spraying chemicals.
The rainy season is the season when weeds grow vigorously. Advocate intertillage weed removal, that is, uproot weeds where there is no grass and loosen the ground, which not only eliminates weeds, avoids competing with roots for water and fertilizer, but also loosens the soil.
Two. Irrigation and drainage
Plants cannot live without water all their lives. Water is the basic component of plants. Some plants contain 40% ~ 50% water, while others reach 90%. In addition, water also has the functions of maintaining certain posture of tree leaves, regulating tree body temperature, forming cell protoplasm, being the main solvent of mineral elements and metabolites in plants, and participating in metabolic activities. This shows that the influence of water on plant life activities is very important. When the soil water content reaches 10% ~ 15%, the aboveground part stops growing; When the soil moisture content is lower than 7%, the root system stops growing. However, when there is too much water in the soil, the air content in the soil decreases, the respiration of the root system weakens, and the absorption function of the root system is reduced. In severe cases, the root system carries out anaerobic respiration, leading to death. As the saying goes, "more water leads to health, and less water leads to illness" is the truth.
(1) irrigation
When the soil water content can't meet the absorption capacity of the root system, or the water consumption of the aboveground part is too large, it is necessary to try artificial water supply. This measure of artificial water supply is called irrigation.
1. Order, season and time of irrigation
Trees have different needs for water because of their different habits, age and phenology. Under different climate and soil conditions, the water demand is also different. Therefore, reasonable irrigation should be carried out according to the growth needs of trees, trees, land and time.
Irrigation should be strengthened for newly planted trees, seedlings, shrubs and broad-leaved trees. Because the newly planted trees, seedlings and shrubs have shallow roots and poor drought resistance. Broad-leaved trees have large evaporation and water demand, so irrigation needs to be strengthened.
If it doesn't rain for a long time in summer, it will easily lead to yellowing of leaves or early defoliation. Pay attention to irrigation. In winter, in order to prevent plants from freezing or dry new shoots due to dry weather, frozen water should be poured before freezing. In spring, the temperature rises quickly and it is windy, and the water in the soil loses quickly. Irrigation should be strengthened before the rainy season comes.
Summer is the peak of tree growth, which requires a lot of water. Water in the morning and evening, and avoid watering at noon. Because the soil temperature is high at noon, when cold water is poured, the soil temperature suddenly drops, which makes it difficult for the roots to absorb water, causing physiological drought and even temporary wilting. Other seasons are not a big problem.
2. Irrigation quantity and times
The amount and frequency of irrigation should be determined according to plant species, plant size, growth and development period, local climate conditions, soil water retention, water source, etc. We should not only meet the needs of tree growth, but also consider saving water.
Under normal circumstances, precious trees and fruit trees should be watered many times a year; Generally speaking, trees should try to water them once a year when they are most needed. In rainy areas, the number of irrigation is less and less every year. North China is dry in winter, spring and early summer, and there are many irrigation times every year. For example, Beijing generally irrigates six times a year, and the time should be arranged in March, April, May, June and September, 165438+ 10. Irrigation times should be increased in dry years and years with poor soil quality or poor growth due to water shortage. In the northwest dry land, irrigation times should be more every year.
3. Irrigation methods
Tap water, rivers, lakes and wells are often used to irrigate garden trees, and the treated reclaimed water can also be used as the water source for some water-deficient cities. There are various irrigation methods, which can be divided into the following forms according to the actual situation:
(1) single plant (or Screaming Trees basin and hydrosphere) irrigation: each tree is equipped with a single weir, which is suitable for green space with long spacing and uneven terrain and crowded street trees. This irrigation method can ensure that every tree can be watered evenly.
(2) Border irrigation (continuous weir): an irrigation method that connects several trees into a big and long weir. Suitable for places with dense plant spacing, flat terrain and sufficient water resources.
(3) furrow irrigation: furrow irrigation is carried out between plants arranged in rows.
(4) Sprinkler irrigation: Install fixed or mobile sprinklers for irrigation in a large area of green space. This method is not limited by topography, and irrigation is relatively uniform, saving water.
(5) Drip irrigation (micro-irrigation): water is led to the roots of trees through water pipes, and the water quantity and time are controlled through automatic timing devices to ensure that water is supplied to trees regularly and quantitatively.
(2) Drainage
In rainy areas or areas where rainfall is relatively concentrated, attention should be paid to timely removing water gathered at the roots of trees, so as to avoid excessive soil moisture and insufficient oxygen, which will lead to difficulty in breathing and even death of roots. Several common drainage methods:
1. Surface runoff method
When building green space, we should consider the drainage problem. The ground needs to form a certain slope to ensure that rainwater can flow smoothly from the ground to rivers, lakes and sewers and be discharged. This is the most commonly used drainage method for green space, which saves money and leaves no trace. The ground slope must be controlled at 0. 1% ~ 0.3%, and potholes are not required.
2. Open ditch drainage
Dig an open ditch on the surface to lead the accumulated water in low-lying areas to water outlets (rivers, lakes and sewers). This method is suitable for emergency rescue and water removal after heavy rain, or green land with uneven terrain, which is really difficult to realize surface runoff. The width of open ditch depends on the water regime, and the slope of ditch bottom is generally 0.2% ~ 0.5%.
3. Underdrain drainage
Bury pipes underground or lay underground ditches with bricks to draw out the accumulated water in low-lying areas. This method can keep the original appearance of the ground, facilitate traffic and save land, but the cost is high.
Third, fertilization.
(A) the role of fertilization
After planting, trees grow in a place for many years or even thousands of years, mainly relying on their roots to absorb water and inorganic nutrients from the soil for normal growth. Because where the roots can reach, the nutrients contained in the soil are limited, and even the soil with high fertility cannot be inexhaustible. With the passage of time, the nutrients in the soil will decrease, which can not meet the needs of the sustainable growth of trees. If it cannot be replenished in time, it will inevitably lead to malnutrition of trees, affect normal growth and development, and even weaken and die. Therefore, cultivated trees should be supplemented with nutrients for life after planting to improve soil fertility and meet its needs. This measure of artificially supplementing nutrients or improving soil fertility to meet the needs of plant life is called "fertilization". Through fertilization, three problems are mainly solved:
(1) provides necessary nutrients for trees.
(2) Improve soil properties. In particular, the application of organic fertilizer can increase soil temperature; Improving soil structure, loosening soil, improving water permeability, ventilation and water retention are beneficial to the growth of tree roots.
(3) Create favorable conditions for the reproduction and activities of soil microorganisms, further promote the decomposition of fertilizers, improve the chemical properties of soil, and make soil salt in an absorbable state, which is beneficial to the growth of trees.
(2) Physiological basis of fertilization
The demand of trees for fertilizer varies greatly with species, age, growth and development, season, soil quality, moisture and climate. For example, when trees are young, they grow tall and thicken quickly, and they need a lot of elements such as nitrogen fertilizer. In the golden age of life, when there are many flowers and fruits, a lot of phosphate fertilizer and other fertilizers are needed.
In temperate regions, spring and summer are the peak season for tree growth, which requires a lot of fertilizer; With the growth of trees in autumn, the demand for fertilizer gradually decreases, and it almost stops in winter. Therefore, the fertilization work should be comprehensively considered according to the above conditions, so as to achieve the effect of getting twice the result with half the effort according to the tree, time and local conditions.
(3) Fertilizer types and fertilization methods
1. base fertilizer
A fertilizer that is mainly organic fertilizer and can be absorbed and utilized for a long time. Such as manure, manure, compost, green manure, cake manure, etc. After fermentation and decomposition, it is evenly mixed with fine soil in a certain proportion and buried in the roots of trees, so that it is gradually decomposed and absorbed by trees.
General base fertilizer has a long effect. For most garden trees, it is not necessary to apply them every year, but they can be applied every few years as needed. In cold winter areas, autumn is the best base fertilizer; Therefore, injured roots are easy to heal, promote new roots, and help improve the nutritional level of storage. Fertilization can also be applied before freezing due to insufficient labor force and other reasons. Winter is warm, and people are used to fertilizing in winter and spring.
The root system has a strong tendency to fertilize, so in order to make the root system develop deeper and wider, the base fertilizer should be applied deeper, not shallower than 40cm；; This range varies with the age of the tree. Young trees to mature trees are often applied to the outer edge of crown projection, and old trees should be applied to the crown projection range.
Common methods of applying base fertilizer are:
(1) Cave application: Dig several evenly distributed caves at the outer edge of the crown orthographic projection. After applying fertilizer, cover the soil and step on it to make it flush with the ground. This method is convenient and labor-saving, and is also suitable for immature lawns.
(2) Annular application: along the outer edge of the tree crown orthogonal projection line, an annular ditch with a width of 30-40 cm is dug, fertilizer is applied into the ditch, and the ditch is covered with soil and compacted to make it flush with the ground. This method can ensure that the roots of trees can absorb fertilizer evenly, which is suitable for young trees and strong trees.
(3) Radial furrow construction: Starting from the trunk, not far from the trunk, dig 4-6 evenly distributed radial furrows from shallow to deep. The length of the ditch slightly exceeds the outer edge of the road arch orthographic projection. Fertilize the ditch, cover it with soil and step on it to make it level with the ground. This method can ensure that the inner roots can also absorb fertilizer, which is suitable for strong old trees.
The above three fertilization methods, it is best to take turns, so that we can learn from each other's strong points and make the trees get the maximum benefit.
Step 2: Topdressing
In the growing season of trees, the measures to promote the growth of trees by applying quick-acting fertilizers as needed are called "topdressing". Generally, it is mainly chemical fertilizer. Topdressing can adopt the following methods:
(1) root application method: according to the appropriate amount of fertilizer, the fertilizer is buried in the ground 10 ~ 20 cm by hole application method, and then irrigated, or combined with irrigation, the fertilizer is applied to the irrigation weir, which permeates with the water for the root system to absorb and utilize.
(2) Topdressing outside the roots: the chemical fertilizer is diluted with water according to a certain proportion and sprayed on the leaves with a sprayer. The concentration of fertilizer solution should be based on the principle of "thin but not concentrated", and should not be too high, otherwise fertilizer damage will easily occur. Because it is directly absorbed and utilized by leaves, it can also be mixed with pesticides for spraying. Top dressing outside the roots is best sprayed in the evening.
(3) Fertilization frequency: It varies according to the needs of trees and possible conditions (fertilizer source and labor force). Generally, newly planted trees need to be fertilized 1 ~ 3 times in three years, and topdressing 1 ~ 2 times in addition to the base fertilizer; Ornamental trees should be topdressing once before and after flowering.
Fourth, cold and heatstroke prevention
(1) cold protection
In order to preserve the survival rate of seedlings, necessary protective measures should be taken for some trees that are not cold-tolerant, so that the trees can survive the winter safely. According to different tree species and causes of freezing injury, different cold protection measures can be taken.
(1) Whitening trunk: It can prevent bark from freezing and cracking due to excessive temperature difference.
(2) Roll-dry: wrap the trunk with straw rope, straw or other thermal insulation materials to prevent the bark and trunk from freezing and cracking.
(3) Pile soil for cold protection: pile soil at the base of the trunk to prevent the root and neck from freezing injury.
(4) Burying the soil for cold protection: Burying the whole plant in the soil can play a role in cold protection.
(5) Wind barrier cold protection: erect a wind barrier on the windward side of trees to reduce the wind speed and reduce the freezing damage caused by physiological drought caused by excessive wind speed.
(2) heatstroke prevention and cooling
In the hottest season in summer, in order to prevent some plants from growing poorly or even dying due to high temperature, heatstroke prevention and cooling should be carried out.
(1) sunshade: A sunshade is built with sunshade materials to prevent direct sunlight and play a role in cooling down.
(2) Spray cooling: the ambient temperature around plants is reduced by spraying, so as to achieve the purpose of cooling.
Five, green space management
(1) inspection and maintenance
(1) Inspection and maintenance of garden buildings in green space. If there are pavilions, terraces, waterside pavilions, corridors, racks and other building facilities in the green space, check whether there are safety problems and damage every day. If there is any problem, it should be repaired in time to eliminate hidden dangers.
(2) Check and maintain the sculptures and sketches in the green space. Patrol once a day to see if the appearance is neat and clean. If there is dirt, it should be cleaned up in time; Check whether the base is firm and the appearance is damaged. If there is any problem, please report for repair in time, so as not to affect the landscape effect.
(3) Inspection and enclosure of irrigation facilities, lighting facilities, fountains, broadcasting facilities and fitness equipment in the green space. If damage is found, it should be repaired in time to avoid danger.
(4) Inspection and maintenance of other garden ancillary facilities.
1) Garden Road: Check whether the paving materials have any problems such as collapse, bulging, looseness and damage every day, and repair them in time when problems are found. In areas with serious problems, warning signs should be placed immediately to remind tourists to pay attention to safety, or open the circuit for maintenance. Check whether there is water in time after rain and snow.
2) Retaining wall: check whether there are any problems such as collapse, inclination, fracture and loose masonry every day, and repair them in time when problems are found.
3) Rock: Check whether there are any problems such as looseness and skew every day. If there are any problems, set warning signs and repair them in time.
4) Handrails: Check the handrails every day for corrosion, loose parts, damaged supports, missing poles and parts, skew and lodging, etc. If there is any problem, repair it in time.
5) Round table and round chair: check whether it is neat and stable, and whether there are loose parts, rods and supports. If there is any problem, repair it in time.
6) Trash bin: check whether it is neat, skewed, exposed, loose or partially damaged parts, flexible door shaft, complete inner container and intact paint every day. If there is any problem, repair it in time.
7) Popular science window: check whether the surface is clean and tidy, whether the glass is in good condition, whether there is leakage in the window and whether all components are complete and in good condition every day. If there is any problem, repair it in time.
8) Various signs: check whether they are neat, bent, damaged parts, rusted or damaged surfaces and illegible handwriting every day. If there is any problem, repair or replace the new card in time.
(2) Cleaning
Clean the green space every day. Clean the garden road and surrounding seats, pick up the white garbage in the green space, and ensure the cleanliness and beauty of the green space.