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Look at the shape. If there are scales and mucus on the mushroom cap, and there are volva and fungus rings on the mushroom stem, then 99% of this mushroom is poisonous. The above points are the identification characteristics of Amanita fungi, and Amanita is a species with the highest mortality rate of mushroom poisoning, so everyone must be vigilant.
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Smell the smell. If mushrooms give off peculiar smells, such as bitter, fishy, spicy and other irritating tastes, then 99% of them are poisonous. Non-toxic mushrooms generally taste like bitter apricots or fruits.
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Look at the secretion and color of the cross section. Tear the newly picked mushroom stem from the middle. If it is non-toxic, there is no secretion or the secretion is clean, and the torn section of the mushroom will not change color. If it is toxic, the secretion will be sticky and even silky and reddish brown, and the color will become darker in the air after tearing.
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Look at the face value. Many mushrooms with bright colors and unique shapes are poisonous. Of course, it is not excluded that they are both delicious and beautiful, but before you are sure, it is best not to enter or even touch them. A beautiful mushroom can't be trusted unless you are familiar with it.
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Use garlic. When cooking, add a proper amount of garlic. If mushrooms turn black, they must be poisonous. It can not only improve the taste, but also detect the toxicity. It really kills two birds with one stone.
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The growing environment determines whether it is good or bad. Generally speaking, edible non-toxic mushrooms usually grow on clean grasslands or pine and oak trees, while poisonous mushrooms often grow in dark, wet and dirty areas.
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Chemical identification. Collect mushrooms that you think are very problematic or uncertain, send their juice indoors, soak them with paper, and immediately add a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid or white vinegar to them. If the paper turns red or blue, it will be toxic.
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Field test. When picking wild mushrooms, you can rub the mushroom cover with onion. If the onion turns blue-brown, it proves toxic, otherwise it is non-toxic.
Ten types of poisonous mushrooms
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Deadly white poison umbrella. The deadly white poisonous umbrella is a very common one, but it contains poisonous mushrooms. The mortality rate of this poisonous mushroom is as high as 95%, so you must make a detour when you see it. Don't take a playful attitude. Safety comes first. This poisonous mushroom is white all over, and its thallus is oval when it is young. After the mushroom cover is unfolded, it is umbrella-shaped, and it is highly toxic. The toxins are mainly toxic umbrella peptides and toxic peptides. Moreover, the higher the toxin content of the really fresh deadly white poisonous umbrella, it is not as poisonous as the most poisonous mushroom in the world, but it is also very toxic.
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Pleurotus eryngii. Pleurotus eryngii, also known as hallucinogenic mushroom, is definitely toxic and can produce hallucinations, so this poisonous mushroom is very dangerous. Although it does not directly lead to life-threatening, it also indirectly has a significant impact, mainly because it is very common in Taiwan Province, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and other places in China, and people who are not familiar with it can easily eat it by mistake.
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Boletus flavipectus Boletus flavipectus is a kind of boletus and a poisonous mushroom, which is one of the main poisonous bacteria that cause food poisoning of wild bacteria. It generally grows in the pine forest, singly or in groups. Boletus fuscipes is white or yellowish brown, hemispherical, reddish brown after aging, which often causes diarrhea after eating, but it can still be eaten after soaking and boiling.
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Smelly yellow mushroom. Smelly yellow mushroom, also known as chicken excrement fungus, has a medium-sized fruiting body. The cap is yellowish brown, the surface is sticky and slippery, and there are obvious thick ribs composed of small warts at the edge. It is also a poisonous mushroom with short incubation period and rapid onset. Generally, it can occur about half an hour after eating, mainly for gastrointestinal symptoms, such as severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and so on. Some people also have mental disorder, dizziness, talking nonsense and singing indiscriminately, and in severe cases, they have facial convulsions, clenched teeth, impaired vision and lethargy. Generally, the course of disease is short, and it can be cured quickly if treated in time.
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Flower fungus of deer. The fungus is distributed in Jilin, Tibet and other areas of China. May be toxic, toxicity varies from person to person, inedible. Poisoning by poisonous mushrooms is generally divided into five types: gastroenteritis, neuropsychiatric, hemolytic, organ damage and solar dermatitis. Among them, the incubation period of gastroenteritis type and neuropsychiatric type is generally half an hour to 4~6 hours, and the disease can occur at least after eating poisonous mushrooms 10 minutes.
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Folding umbrella with big green leaves. Folding umbrella is also called Morgan umbrella, which is hemispherical or oblate. The toxicity of mushrooms is mainly caused by the toxins contained in it. Toxins such as toxic skin (mainly liver toxicity, strong toxicity and slow action), toxic umbrella skin (liver and kidney toxicity, strong action), muscarine (similar to acetylcholine), monocrotaline (causing hallucinations and mental symptoms) and deer flower toxin (causing red blood cell damage) are independent. Poisonous mushrooms contain plant alkaloids, which are highly toxic and can damage the liver, kidney, heart and nervous system, even if a small amount is absorbed into the body, it is very dangerous.
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Amanita amanita Amanita amanita, also known as the green cap fungus, has a smooth surface and white meat, while volva is large and thick, bract-shaped and white. Some are important edible fungi, some are toxic, but eating them by mistake is not fatal, while others are highly toxic and often life-threatening. Amanita viridis, Amanita chunsheng and Amanita squama are famous lethal poisonous bacteria.
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Pleioderma viride Pleiones fulva is an ectomycorrhizal fungus in the forest. After this poisoning, the incubation period is about half an hour, as long as 6 hours. Severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bradycardia, dyspnea, and blood in urine occur after the onset of the disease. Poisoning symptoms are often serious. The inhibition rate of sarcoma 180 in mice is 100%, and the inhibition rate of Ehrlich's cancer is 100%. It forms mycorrhiza with trees such as oak, beech and Chinese Carp.
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Ghost umbrella with hairy head Ghost umbrella with hairy head is generally edible. However, it contains gastrointestinal tract irritants such as carbolic acid, and also contains many biological bases such as adenine, bile, spermine, tyramine and tryptamine, as well as sterols. It may cause poisoning after eating, and it is easy to cause poisoning when eating with alcohol such as beer. Coprinus comatus can be cultivated artificially, but because it matures quickly, it is prone to bacterial fold liquefaction, so it is necessary to master the picking time.
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Lactarius pilosa Lactarius pilosa, a poisonous mushroom, contains gastrointestinal irritants. Gastroenteritis or severe pain at the extremities after eating. There are also records of toxins such as muscarine. But those grown in the Soviet Union are edible. The fruiting body contains rubber substance. It belongs to ectomycorrhizal fungi, and forms mycorrhiza with trees such as area, hazel, birch and Carpinus nigra.