1, 10th, pronunciation: xún, radical: agriculture, word combination: 10th, 10th announcement, 10th new moon, 10th year. Similarity: Sentence, tick.
2, boil, pronunciation: o, radical:, combination: staying up late, suffering. Similar figures: pride, pride, pride.
3, garlic, pronunciation: suàn, radical: Mi, group words: garlic, garlic, sugar, garlic.
4, vinegar, pronunciation: cù, radical: unitary, group words: white vinegar, jealousy, jealousy. Form a tight group: borrowing, mistakes, measures and wax.
Jiaozi, pronunciation: Ji O, radical: Xun, group words: jiaozi, steamed dumplings, dumplings. Similar words: contrast, stick, twist and proofread.
6. Fei, pronunciation: fěi, radical: feather, and group word: jade. Similar figures: fees and fees.
7, mixing, pronunciation: bàn, radical: yi, combination: bickering, stirring, cold salad. Similar figures: companion, fat.
8, chestnut, pronunciation: Li, radical: wood, combination: chestnut, chestnut, thriller. Similar personality: Xiaomi.
9, hazel, pronunciation: zhēn, radical: wood, group word: hazel, hazel tree. Similarities: Zhen.
10, Zheng, pronunciation: zhēng, radical: bamboo, combination: guzheng, kite. Similar figures: Zheng, Zheng, Zheng.
1 1, whip, pronunciation: biān, radical: leather, combination: firecrackers, whip.
12, wheat, pronunciation: mài, radical: Ba, combination: wheat field, wheat fragrance, wheat.
13, temple, pronunciation: Si √, radical: earth, combination: temple, temple.
14, stroll, pronunciation: guàng, radical: you, group words: stroll, stroll, stroll. Similarity: Kuang.
Second, the original Spring Festival in Beijing
According to the old rules in Beijing, the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival) begins almost at the beginning of the twelfth lunar month. "La Qibala, freeze to death in western Western jackdaw", which is the coldest time of the year. However, as soon as the severe winter is over, it will soon be spring, and people have not reduced their enthusiasm for the Spring Festival and the Spring Festival because of the cold.
On Laba Festival, people will eat Laba porridge at home and in temples. This special porridge is used to worship ancestors, but when you think about it, it is a pride of agricultural society-this porridge is made of all kinds of rice, all kinds of beans and all kinds of dried fruits (almonds, walnuts, melon seeds, litchi meat, lotus seeds, peanuts, raisins, water chestnut rice ...).
This is not porridge, but a small agricultural exhibition.
Laba will also soak Laba garlic on this day. On this day, garlic cloves are put in high vinegar, sealed and eaten in jiaozi for Chinese New Year. By the end of the year, garlic is soaked like jade, and vinegar has some spicy taste, which makes people want to eat more jiaozi. In Beijing, during the Spring Festival, every family eats jiaozi.
Since Laba, shopkeepers have increased their efforts to buy new year's goods on the ground, and there are many stalls on the street-selling Spring Festival couplets, New Year pictures, honey products, daffodils and the like, which will only appear in this season. These stalls, which catch up with the new year's goods, have taught the children to have a fast heartbeat.
In hutongs, the hawking sounds are more complicated than usual, and some only appear in the twelfth lunar month, such as selling constitutional books, pine branches, barley seeds, rice cakes and so on.
When there was an emperor, schoolchildren didn't go to school on the 19th of the twelfth lunar month and took annual leave in January. When children prepare for the Spring Festival, the first thing they do is almost to buy mixed food. This is made of various dried fruits (peanuts, dates, hazelnuts, chestnuts, etc.). ) mixed with candied fruit, ordinary with skin and advanced without skin. For example, use ordinary hazelnuts with skins and high-grade hazelnuts.
Children like to eat these odds and ends. Even if they don't have jiaozi to eat, they have to buy mixed food. Their second big thing is to buy firecrackers, especially boys. I'm afraid the third thing is to buy things-kites, diabolos, harmonicas and New Year pictures.
Children are anxious, adults are nervous. They must prepare food and drinks for the New Year. They must also make new shoes and clothes for children to show the new atmosphere of Vientiane in the new year.
This is almost a "rehearsal" to celebrate the New Year on the 23rd. In the old society, firecrackers sounded at every household in King of Man, and the paper image of the kitchen god was burned to ashes with the firecrackers, which was euphemistically called sending the kitchen god to heaven. A few days ago, there were many people selling maltose and glutinous rice sugar in the street. The shape of sugar was rectangular or melon-shaped.
According to the old saying: the kitchen god has sticky sugar on his mouth, and even if he goes to heaven, he will not report the bad things at home to the jade emperor. Now, there are still selling sugar, but it is only for everyone to enjoy, and it is no longer confined to the mouth of the chef.
After twenty-three, everyone will be busy, and the New Year will arrive in a blink of an eye. Before New Year's Eve, every household should put up Spring Festival couplets and have a general cleaning, which is called general cleaning. We must prepare enough meat, chicken, fish, vegetables, rice cakes, etc. for at least one week. According to the old rules, most shops in Wutianmen are closed until the sixth day of the first month.
If you don't prepare food for the next few days, it's not easy to make up temporarily. Also, in the old society, my mother said that it was unlucky to cut everything that should be cut on New Year's Eve, in order to save the knives from the first day to the fifth day of the first month. This implies superstition, but it also shows that people are really peace-loving and don't even want to move a kitchen knife at the age of one.
New Year's Eve is really lively. Every household is scrambling to make new year's dishes, and there is wine and meat everywhere. Men, women and children all put on new clothes, put up red couplets outside the door, and put up various New Year pictures in the house. All the houses were lit all night, and guns were fired day and night. People who work outside will go home for a family reunion dinner and worship their ancestors unless they have to.
That night, no one slept except very young children, but everyone stayed up late.
The scene of New Year's Day is very different from that of New Year's Eve: on New Year's Eve, the streets are crowded with people; On the first day of New Year's Day, all the shops put up wooden boards, and the firecrackers set off last night were piled in front of the door, and the whole city was resting.
These people set off before noon to visit relatives and friends. Women receive guests at home. At the same time, there are many temples open for people to visit inside and outside the city. Vendors set up stalls outside the temple, selling tea, food and all kinds of fun things.
Dazhong Temple outside the North City, Baiyun Temple outside the West City and the Temple of Fire (Long Hall) in the South City are the most famous. However, the first two or three days after the opening of the temple were not very lively, because people were still busy celebrating each other's New Year and had no time and time. On the fifth and sixth day of the fifth lunar month, the temple fair began to be beautiful, and the children went to visit it with great enthusiasm, in order to see the wild interests outside the city, ride donkeys and buy those unique toys for the New Year.
There is a car race in the square outside Baiyun Temple. In the old days, it was said that there were camel races. These competitions are not about who is the first and who is the second, but about performing the graceful postures and skills of mules, horses and riders in front of the audience.
Most shops open their doors and set off firecrackers on the sixth day. From dawn to early morning, the sound of guns in the whole city continued. Although it is open, everyone is not very busy except the shops selling food and other important daily necessities. The guys in the shop can take turns visiting temples, overpasses and opera houses.
Yuanxiao (Tangyuan) is listed, and the climax of the New Year is the Lantern Festival (the 13th to 17th day of the first month). New Year's Eve is lively, but there is no moonlight; What about the Lantern Festival? It happens to be the bright moon in the sky. Decent New Year's Day. Bright red Spring Festival couplets are posted in front of every household, and people are wearing new clothes, but they are not beautiful enough.
Lantern Festival, lanterns are hung everywhere, and the whole street is as lively and beautiful as a happy event. Hundreds of lanterns are hung in famous old shops, some are all glass, some are all horns, and some are gauze lanterns; Some are colorful, and some are all the stories of painting a dream of red mansions or outlaws of the marsh. This is the advertisement of that year;
As soon as the light is hung, anyone can go shopping; Lighting candles in the light at night will attract more people. This advertisement is not vulgar. Dried fruit shops do a lot of omnivorous business during the Lantern Festival, so they often make all kinds of ice lanterns, or make one or two green dragons with wheat seedlings to attract customers.
Besides hanging lights, there are flowers in the square. A judge at the stake was lit in the Town God Temple, and the flame spit out from the mouth, ears, nose and eyes of the judge's clay sculpture. Hang sky lanterns in the park and fly into the sky like a superstar.
Men and women come out to step on the moon, watch lights and watch fireworks; The people in the street were crowded and motionless. In the old society, women were not easy to go out. They can get some freedom on the Lantern Festival. Children can buy all kinds of fireworks and set them off. Even if they don't run into the street to be naughty, they can still play sound and light at home.
There are also lights at home: lanterns-palace lanterns, all kinds of paper lanterns, and gauze lanterns, with small bells inside, which will jingle when the time comes. Everyone must eat dumplings, too. This is indeed a beautiful and happy day.
Blink of an eye, we arrived at the residual light temple. Students go to school and adults go to work as usual. The new year ends on the 19th day of the first month. The twelfth lunar month and the first lunar month are the most leisurely times in rural society, and pigs, cattle and sheep are also growing up. Everyone has to kill pigs and sheep after a year of hard work.
After the Lantern Festival, the weather turned warmer and everyone went to work again. Although Beijing is a city, it also celebrates the New Year with rural society. It's too noisy.
In the old society, Chinese New Year was inseparable from superstition. Laba porridge, Guandong sugar and jiaozi on New Year's Eve should be offered to the Buddha before people can enjoy them. Meet god on new year's eve; On the second day of the Lunar New Year, the God of Wealth will be sacrificed and eat Yuanbao soup (wonton). In addition, some people will go to the God of Wealth Temple to borrow paper ingots and burn them for the first time. On the eighth day of the first month, they will bring good luck to the elderly and pray for their longevity. So the biggest waste at that time was the money to buy wax paper horses.
Now that everyone is not superstitious, we can save this money and use it in useful places. It is particularly worth mentioning that today's children are only happy for the New Year and are not influenced by that superstition. They are only happy, not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. Perhaps, the Spring Festival is not as lively as before, but it is so sober and healthy.
In the past, people celebrated the New Year with the blessings of ghosts and gods. Now is the end of their labor, and everyone should have a happy New Year.
Extended data:
First, the creative background
This article was written in 195 1 1 after liberation, and published in the second issue of the first volume of New Observation that year.
At that time, New China was just established, and the author Lao She wrote "I Love New Beijing", which talked about the changes in Beijing from three aspects: sewer, cleanliness, lighting and water. Almost at the same time, he wrote the article "Celebrating the Spring Festival in Beijing", describing the custom and lively atmosphere of Beijingers celebrating the Spring Festival, and expressing his praise for the new China and society.
Second, the famous comments
(1) Thirty-eight Lectures on Lao She's Prose by Wu Xiaomei, a professor of Chinese Department of Lanzhou University and a doctoral supervisor of modern and contemporary literature in China;
"The Spring Festival in Beijing is about Beijing, which is actually the epitome of the Spring Festival in China, but it is more about local customs and more about local characteristics. It is worth appreciating that when the writer expounds the customs and feelings of the Spring Festival in Beijing, he euphemistically conveys his contradictory and complicated feelings around whether this custom is superstitious or not with his own affirmation of praise. "
(2) Li Hongran, Professor of Chinese Department of Hainan University College of Literature, History of Contemporary Minority Literature in China;
The Spring Festival in Beijing can be said to have written all the Spring Festival customs in Beijing in the first half of the 20th century. From Laba to the 28th of the twelfth lunar month, from New Year's Eve to the first day of the New Year's Day, to the grand occasion of opening a shop and celebrating the Lantern Festival in every household on the sixth day, all kinds of festival activities and festive atmosphere are clear, clear and meticulous in the works. "
(3) Xie, researcher of Lao She, Dean of College of Literature, Anhui Normal University, Thought, Creation and Criticism, 20th Century China Literature;
The Spring Festival in Beijing introduces the customs of the ancient capital, highlighting the changes that have taken place in Beijing with the changes of people's mental outlook. Children are only happy for the new year "and are not influenced by this superstition. They are only happy, not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. "This is a sober, healthy and beautiful Beijing. Lao She sang the greatness and light of the new China with ecstasy. " .
Third, the theme.
This article is a chronicle of folklore. In plain language full of Beijing flavor, the author depicts a folk picture of the Spring Festival in old Beijing, showing the solemnity and excitement of the Spring Festival, the warmth and beauty of China's holiday customs, expressing the author's love for traditional culture, and showing the great power of changing customs in the new era through comparison. Finally, the author affirmed the new fashion and praised the new society.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Spring Festival