First, the preparation of mushroom wood
1. Selection of Mushroom Wood There are many tree species suitable for the growth and development of Lentinus edodes, such as millet, oak, oak, birch, walnut, elm and alder.
As the trees used to produce mushrooms, mushrooms can grow from young trees of 78 years to old trees of over 100 years, but the trees of 15 ~ 30 years are the most suitable. /kloc-small diameter wood under 0/0 years old, due to thin bark. Soft materials and other factors, although the mushroom comes out early, the mushroom wood is easy to rot, so the production cycle is short, and the produced mushroom body is small and thin. Older trees, on the other hand, produce mushrooms late, but they are persistent and can produce many high-quality mushrooms. However, the trunk diameter of old trees is generally large, which is not convenient for management. So the diameter of mushroom wood is 5 ~ 20 cm.
2. Cut down the selected trees in time, preferably in late autumn and winter. At this time, the tree is rich in nutrition, the sap flows slowly or stops, and the bark is not easy to peel off. Because the cells of the cut trees will not die immediately, they should not be inoculated immediately. They should stay where they are for a few days. After the trees lose some water, they can be shaved and transported to the mushroom farm. In the process of cutting and handling, the bark must be kept intact and must not fall off. Wood mycelium without bark is difficult to colonize, and it is also difficult to form primordia and mushroom buds.
3. The logs cut and transported to the mushroom farm should be naturally air-dried for a period of time. The length of air drying time should depend on the water content of different tree species. Inoculation is most suitable for mycelium growth and development when the moisture content of mushroom wood is 35% ~ 45%. The water content can be judged according to the cracks in the cross section of mushroom wood. Generally, when the fine cracks reach 2/3 of the diameter of mushroom wood, the water content suitable for inoculation is reached. At this time, the mushroom wood can be cut into wood segments of about 1 m, and the length of the mushroom wood should be consistent, which is convenient for stacking and erection.
Second, the choice of mushroom farm
The mushroom farm should be selected in a place with rich mushroom tree resources, convenient transportation and management, sunny ventilation and good drainage. It is best to set the mushroom farm under sparse broad-leaved forest or artificial shade shed, which requires four yang and six yin, and flowers and plants refract sunlight to penetrate. Too much sunlight makes the mushroom Mu Yi dry and peel, while too much shade is not conducive to the growth of mushrooms. There should be streams and other water sources near the mushroom farm for water management. The annual average air relative humidity is about 70%. The soil of mushroom farm is the best sandy soil, which is full of gravel, which can make the environment of mushroom farm clean and the mushroom wood is not easy to be infected with pests and diseases.
Third, vaccination.
1. Inoculation time can be arranged according to the cutting time of mushroom wood, different tree species, fungus age and production scale when the temperature is 5 ~ 20℃. The temperature is about 65438 05℃, which is the best time for inoculation. Although the temperature is low and the bacteria are slow, there is little chance of contamination by miscellaneous bacteria.
2. Mushroom cultivation species prepared by inoculation method include sawdust species and cork species, so there are two inoculation methods.
(1) Before the sawdust inoculation method, drill holes in mushroom wood, with the depth of 1.5 ~ 2 cm, the aperture of 1.5 cm, the row spacing of 6 ~ 7 cm and the hole spacing of 10 cm, which are arranged in a zigzag manner. When inoculating, take a pinch of sawdust and fill it in the inoculation hole, then cover the prepared bark on the inoculation hole and gently knock it flat with a hammer. Corn cob can also be used as a sealing cover. Knock the corncob into four petals with a hammer, and knock one petal into the inoculation hole one by one with a hammer.
(2) Cork seed inoculation method This method generally adopts frustum-shaped cork seeds and cylindrical cork seeds, and the seed wood should be prepared according to the size of the inoculation hole. Before inoculation, make a hole in the mushroom wood, then put a piece of cultivated cork strain into the hole and knock it flat with a hammer.
Fourth, the accumulation of fungus.
Hair fungus is also called culture fungus. The process of spawning is to pile the inoculated mushroom wood together according to a certain format, so that the mycelium can quickly colonize and spread into the mushroom wood under suitable temperature and humidity conditions. When laying eggs, the stacking method of mushroom wood should be adapted to local conditions.
Generally, there are the following methods:
1. Well shape is suitable for flat terrain, high site humidity and insufficient water content of mushroom wood. First, lay sleepers on the ground, pile the grafted mushroom wood into a well-shaped pile about 1 m high, and cover the top and the periphery of the pile with branches or thatch for sun protection, heat preservation and moisture retention.
2. The horizontal mushroom farm has moderate humidity and good ventilation, and can be used. When stacking, first place the sleepers horizontally, and then stack them in the same direction on the sleepers. The pile height is about 1 m, and the top or sunny side is covered with thatch.
3. Tile cover type is suitable for dried mushroom farm. First, put a thick sleeper horizontally on the ground, and put 4-6 mushroom trees obliquely and vertically on the sleeper, then put a sleeper horizontally on the mushroom tree, and then put 4-6 mushroom trees obliquely and vertically, and so on.
In addition to the above three placement methods, there are archways, vertical trees and triangular placement methods, and each mushroom farm can choose flexibly according to the actual situation.
V. Bacterial management
After the mushroom and wood are stacked, they enter the stage of fungus growth management. Fungal growth management mainly refers to how to take appropriate measures to control the environmental conditions of mushroom wood, so as to promote the growth of mushroom wood as soon as possible.
1. In the early stage of shading and temperature control stacking, the top and periphery of stacking should be covered with branches and leaves or thatch. In order to keep warm, the pile can be covered with plastic film when the temperature is low when the bacteria are inoculated in the early stage. If the temperature in the reactor exceeds 20℃, the film should be removed. When the weather enters the high temperature period, it is better to shade the pile surface instead of building a shed, which will help reduce the temperature of the mushroom farm.
2. Spray water to adjust humidity. In high temperature season, the moisture content of mushroom wood decreases correspondingly, especially when the moisture content of mushroom wood is below 35% and there are connected cracks in the section, it is necessary to replenish water. In hot season, water should be replenished in the morning and evening when the weather is cool. After flooding, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation in time, and avoid damp and sultry, otherwise not only miscellaneous bacteria and pests breed in large numbers, but also mushroom wood is easy to blacken and rot.
3. Different positions of mushroom wood and different temperature and humidity conditions will lead to different fungus growth effects. In order to make Trichoderma mushroom consistent, we must pay attention to turning the pile. Turning the pile is to change the position of mushroom wood up and down, left and right, inside and out. Generally about 20 days 1 turnover. Frequent pile turning can strengthen ventilation and inhibit the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. Don't damage the bark of mushroom wood when turning the pile.
Six, standing on a tree grows mushrooms
After about two months of cultivation, the mushroom wood has reached the mature stage, and the thinner mushroom wood has the conditions to produce mushrooms (the thicker mushroom wood often takes two summers to produce mushrooms). Mature mushroom wood often emits strong mushroom flavor or produces tumor-like protrusions (mushroom buds). Fully mature mushroom trees must be managed in time during the fruiting period.
The timber erected is herringbone. Four pieces of wood 1.5 meters high are divided into two groups and tied into two X-shapes. Put a long crossbar on the X-shaped wooden frame, and the crossbar is 60 ~ 70cm from the ground. Finally, the mushroom wood is staggered on the crossbar. The herringbone mushroom wood should be discharged in the north-south direction to make it receive light evenly.
Mushrooms should be treated with leaching water before they are erected. The soaking time should be based on the fact that the mushroom wood does not emit bubbles on the soaked ground (generally 10 ~ 20 hours), indicating that the mushroom wood has absorbed enough water. Mushroom wood should be treated carefully during soaking. Never damage the bark, and use clean cold water when soaking. When soaking in water, it is also necessary to prevent the mushroom wood from floating, spread a raft on the mushroom wood, and press heavy objects to make all the mushroom wood sink into the water.
For mushroom farms without soaking tanks and other equipment, you can also put mushroom trees on the ground to absorb ground moisture and promote mushroom growth. When it doesn't rain, spray a lot of water for several days until the primordium grows on the mushroom wood and begins to differentiate. This method can also achieve the effect of promoting mushrooms.
Seven, mushroom management
Technical measures during mushroom production management should focus on "temperature, humidity and vibration".
1. Mushrooms with vigorous mycelium development and mature physiology will produce a large number of mushrooms after soaking in water, which will promote mushroom production. Results The suitable temperature range was 10 ~ 25℃. In this range, the temperature difference is about 65438 00℃, which is beneficial to the formation of fruiting bodies. Large temperature difference can temporarily gather the nutrition of mushroom wood, twist it into fruiting body, then expand it into small mushroom camp at high temperature, and then make small mushroom buds develop into mushrooms needed by adults at a relatively constant temperature suitable for the growth of fruiting body.
2. Humidity The humidity at the fruiting stage of mushroom cultivation includes two aspects, one is the water content of mushroom wood, and the other is the air humidity. If the water content of mushroom wood is lower than 35% at the fruiting stage, no matter how ideal the mycelium development is, it can't be fruiting. The moisture content of mushroom wood should be 40% ~ 50% in the first year and adjusted to 45% ~ 55% in the second year. In the third year, the moisture content index of mushroom wood is that the weight of mushroom wood is close to or slightly heavier than that of newly cut wood. The water content of mushroom wood is higher in fruiting period than in non-fruiting period. The longer the mushroom, the higher the water content. In addition, when the primordia differentiate into mushroom buds, the spatial relative humidity of the mushroom farm should be kept at about 85%. With the growth of fruiting bodies, the spatial humidity should be reduced to about 75%. When the fruiting body develops to 7 ~ 8 minutes, the space humidity can be reduced to dry state.
3. Wood-cutting is the experience summarized by China mushroom people in their long-term production practice. There are two main ways to shake wood. The first method is to soak the wood. When the mushroom wood stands up after soaking in water, beat both ends of the mushroom wood with a hammer. After soaking in water, the oxygen of mushroom wood is relatively reduced, and the excess water in the cracks of mushroom wood can overflow after being impacted, which increases the fresh oxygen, makes the broken mycelium grow sturdily and promotes the explosion of a large number of primordia. The second is to scare the wood with water. In the mushroom farm without soaking equipment, the method of spraying water to scare the wood can be used to promote the mushroom. You can get the same effect by showering mushrooms once, knocking at both ends once, or knocking mushrooms when it rains naturally. When it snows heavily in winter in the north, you can bury the mushroom wood in the snow, and shake it open after the snow melts and soaks it, and the effect is also very ideal.