I. What is wine? Simply put, wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes.

And according to the provisions of the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV, established in 1996) and China's national standard GB/T17204-1998 "Beverage Wine Classification" and other adopted definitions, wine is a beverage obtained from crushed or unbroken fresh grape berries or grape juice by complete or partial alcoholic fermentation, and the alcohol content can not be less than 7.0. 1971 a European ***A 1971 official European document defines wine as "wine is an alcoholic product obtained by the full or partial fermentation of the pulp or juice obtained by pressing the berries of grapes."

Key words to remember: grape, grape juice, fermentation, alcoholic beverage or product. Second, the origin of wine Grape varieties first originated in the Mesopotamian plains (8000 years ago) ...... 6000 BC, Egypt and Phoenicia had grape cultivation ...... 3000-2000 BC, grape cultivation and winemaking spread to Greece ...... 1000 BC, introduced to Italy, Sicily, and North Africa ...... 500 BC, introduced to Spain, Portugal, and southern France.

...... Thereafter, it spread to northern Europe and southern Russia with the expansion of the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, French monks made winemaking move to a new stage ...... III. Classification of Wine 1. According to the color of the wine Red wine: grapes fermented with the skin, the color of the wine is divided into rosy red, ruby red, ruby red, purple red, deep purple red and so on.

White wine: made from white grapes or red grapes without skin fermentation after juicing, light yellow or golden yellow color, clarified and transparent, with unique typicality, the color of the wine is divided into slightly greenish white, light straw yellow, straw yellow, gold and so on. Rosé: In recent years, rosé wine has become quite popular in the international market, and the color of rosé wine is between red wine and white wine.

2. According to whether it contains carbon dioxide points Still wine: CO2-free wine is still wine. Sparkling wine: Wine containing CO2 is sparkling wine, which is divided into two kinds: Natural sparkling wine: CO2 is produced naturally in fermentation, such as the champagne produced in Champagne province of France.

Artificial Sparkling Wine: CO2 is added to the wine by artificial means. 3、According to the sugar content within the wine Dry wine: the sugar in the raw material (grape juice) is completely converted into alcohol, the amount of residual sugar is below 4 grams/liter, and you can't feel the sweetness when you taste it, only the sourness and the pleasant and refreshing sensation, and the dry wine is the main wine varieties consumed in the world market.

Dry wine has very little sugar, so the flavor of the grape variety is most fully reflected through the tasting of dry wine is the main basis for identifying the advantages and disadvantages of grape varieties. In addition, dry wines are low in sugar, so they do not cause yeast re-fermentation and are less likely to cause bacterial growth.

Semi-dry wines: with a sugar content of between 4 and 12 g/l, they are consumed more often in Europe and the Americas. Semi-sweet wine: sugar content between 12-40 g / liter, slightly sweet flavor, is more consumed in Japan and the United States varieties.

Sweet wines: wines containing more than 40 grams of sugar/liter, mouth evaluation can feel the sweet taste is called sweet wine. High-quality sweet wines are made from grapes with high sugar content, and fermentation is stopped before it is complete so that the sugar is retained more fully.

Sweet wines are consumed more in China and some Asian countries. The special classification of Champagne Natural Champagne (Brut in French): Extra-Sec or Extra-Dry: 12.1 g/l Sec or Dry: 20.1 g/l Semi-Sec or Semi-Dry: 35.1 g/l Sweet Champagne. Sweet, with sugar> 50.1g/liter of wine.

4, according to the brewing method of classification Natural wine: completely fermented with grapes as raw materials, without adding sugar, alcohol and spices of wine. Specialty wines: Specialty wines are wines made from fresh grapes or grape juice in the harvesting or brewing process using special methods, and are also divided into: Liqueur wines: wines made from natural wines with the addition of brandy, edible distilled alcohol or wine essence, concentrated grape juice, etc., with an alcohol content of 15% to 22%.

Aromatized wines: wines made from original grape wines by macerating aromatic plants or adding the leachate (or distillate) of aromatic plants. Ice wine: delay the harvest of grapes, when the temperature is lower than -7 ℃, so that the grapes remain on the tree for a certain period of time, frozen, then harvested, pressed with ice, with this grape juice made of wine.

Noble rot wine: in the late ripening of the grapes, the grape berries are infected with gray botrytis cinerea, so that the composition of the fruit has undergone significant changes, and the wine made from this grape. 5、Classified according to the way of drinking Aperitif wine: drink before the meal, mainly some spiced wines, the alcohol content is generally more than 18%.

Accompanying wines: wines consumed with meals, mainly dry wines such as dry red wines and dry white wines.

In addition to the above categorization, there are also grape distilled wines (generally known as brandy) and flavored (add aromatic plants) wines, etc.

There are many other types of wines that are categorized according to the history of the producing countries. 6, according to the history of the producing country New World and Old World: In the wine world, " New and Old World" is widely popular.

Usually, the " Old World " refers to France, Italy, Spain and Eastern Europe, those traditional wine-producing countries, with a long history, old winemaking technology, highlighting the individual skills; " New World " refers to the United States, Australia, South Africa and Chile (sometimes also includes: Argentina and Brazil) and other emerging countries. New World" refers to the United States, Australia, South Africa and Chile (and sometimes Argentina and Brazil), which are emerging wine-producing countries. Old World wines focus on the original flavor of the wine, which is more sour and astringent, while New World wines, which focus on the aroma of the wine, are a little more fruity.

"New World" wine power is high school and low price of each grade ***. Among them, Australian wine is the world's newest wine, more than 200 years of history, excellent natural environment, rich product variety, more in line with Asian tastes and so on, are the reasons for the rapid rise of Australian wine.

"Old World" in terms of quality, France is the boss, more brand-name, often speculative wine investors focus on the protagonist; on the number of Italian wines occupy a dominant position, because the official permitted per acre of grape yield can be very high, the concentration of grape juice can be lowered accordingly; and Italy's opposite, Germany is more famous for its white wines, has the world's best and most expensive class. Germany, in contrast to Italy, is more famous for its white wines and has the best and most expensive wines in the world. Wine has a high nutritional value and is a good source of inorganic mineral nutrients and organic vitamins, as well as supplying the human body with a certain amount of calories. Thiamine contained within the wine.

2. Some tips about wine

Alcohol in wine.

Usually, the alcohol content of wine is between 7-16 degrees, this is because once it exceeds 16, degrees, the yeast of wine fermentation stops its activity.

The highest alcohol content of any wine producing country is found in the Southern Rh?ne Valley region of France.

Secondly, the winemaking process. The process is very simple on the surface, such as grape harvesting - grape pressing - juice extraction - sedimentation tank filtration - barrel fermentation - bottling.

Furthermore, for the latitude of grape growing. The requirements for grapes that can be used to make wine are quite strict, only to reach 15-42 degrees south latitude, 30-52 degrees north latitude geographic location can be, such as the French Bordeaux wine region.

Finally, about the world's major wine-producing countries, respectively, France, Spain, Italy, the United States, Australia, South Africa, Chile and so on. Recommended source: Wynn Wines.

3. It is said that wine has eight common sense misunderstandings, seek advice from people

The first misunderstanding: wine is called red wine The so-called wine refers to fresh grapes as raw materials, fermented and brewed alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of not less than 7.5 degrees.

According to the color, wine can be divided into red wine, white wine and rosé wine. As you can see, red wine is only one kind of wine, and you should not refer to wine as red wine.

The reason for this misunderstanding is probably because there are more red wines on the market! The second misunderstanding: the longer the year, the better in describing our national wine - white wine, people often use such a proverb: wine is the fragrance of the old. The longer it is stored, the better the quality of the wine, but this law does not apply to wine.

Winemaking is all about timing, right place, right people, and right people. The quality of wine depends on the raw materials and the craftsmanship. The quality of the raw materials is crucial to the quality of the wine, and the vintage is what determines the quality of the raw grapes.

The better the vintage of the growing season of the grapes used to make wine, the higher the quality of the wine. For Bordeaux, 1982, 2000, 2005, etc. are all recognized as perfect vintages, so the quality of wines made in these years is superior, and the price of the wines is also higher.

The third myth: wine as medicineThe health benefits of wine are well known, it can not only lower blood pressure, blood fat, prevent cardiovascular and heart disease, but also play a beauty, slow aging effect. When you have a cold, a cup of hot, good red wine eggs can also let you quickly restore health.

Despite the fact that wine is associated with so many benefits, it cannot be regarded as a medicine. Wine is just a drink with health benefits, and drinking it over a long period of time will definitely have a health effect on your body.

Never drink wine as medicine when you are sick, and here we need to emphasize that although wine is good for the body, but if you drink too much of it, it will cause a burden to our body, so although wine is good, don't be greedy! Myth 4: The longer the storage time, the better the quality of the wine Wine also has a shelf life, have you ever heard of it? Generally speaking, the alcohol content of wine is between 10-13 degrees, although alcohol has a certain bactericidal effect, but in this degree range, many bacteria can still grow in this environment, therefore, after opening the bottle of wine should be drunk as soon as possible, otherwise the infection of bacteria will become corrupted and spoiled. In addition to this, wines are generally sealed with oak corks.

The gaps in the corks allow air to circulate in and out of the bottle, so that on the one hand, the right amount of air enters to promote maturation, and on the other hand, impurity gases produced by the wine when it breathes can be discharged out of the bottle through the gaps in the corks. Although well-preserved wines will not be corrupted, the alcohol in the wines is slowly becoming less and less with the passage of time, and the wines have lost their drinking value at this point.

Fifth mistake: put the wine in the refrigerator to store every wine drinker will encounter such a problem: buy back the wine in the end where to store it? Wine storage environment requirements are very strict, not only to have a stable and appropriate temperature, humidity, but also requires that the storage space is clean, no vibration, no odor. Putting it in a professional wine cellar or wine cabinet is the best storage method, but if there is no such condition, how to store it? At home, we can put the purchased wines in a cool, light-protected, non-humid corner etc.

Storing in the refrigerator would be a huge detriment to the wine. The temperature of the refrigerator is too low, the odor is too strong, and there are vibrations, so it is not suitable to store wines in the refrigerator, whether they are opened or unopened.

Sixth mistake: Drinking wine with carbonated beverages is often seen as a way to mix cola or Sprite with wine. However, this method is not only unprofessional, but can also cause a burden on our body.

Wine is a heavenly creation, and all its components are in a state of balance, and any addition of substances will disrupt this balance and affect the original taste of the wine. In addition, the carbonic acid in Coke or Sprite can cause serious damage to the stomach.

The seventh myth: the more obvious the hanging cup, the better the quality of the wine in the shaking of the wine, will leave a string of wine tears on the inside wall of the glass, we call this phenomenon for hanging cup. The reason for this phenomenon is that when the wine falls along the glass, the different components of the wine liquid fall at different speeds, so there will be a wine column or wine tears.

Hanging is obviously one of the manifestations of good wine quality, but it is not possible to judge the quality of a wine solely from the condition of the hanging glass. You have to decide for yourself whether a bottle of wine is good or bad.

The eighth myth: all wines can be collected not all wines have collection value. Wine has a certain shelf life, the average wine can only be stored for about 10 years, only a very few wines have the value of investment.

Such as France's top wineries, Lafite Rothschild, Chateau Latour, Mouton Rothschild, Chateau Margaux, Chateau d'Aubignan, Chateau Petrus, etc. These wines are not only of excellent quality, but also of high yield. These wines are not only of excellent quality, but also rare production, is the most potential investment, stored for decades still have excellent quality.

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4. want to know about wine knowledge, the more detailed the better, thank you

Wine small knowledge

- WINE English WINE: Wine is made from the juice of fresh grapes, after fermentation, its basic components are tannins, alcohol, sugar, wine acid, etc..

- TANNIN: Tannin content determines whether the wine is durable. A wine with high tannins is durable, while a wine with low tannins should be drunk as soon as possible, usually not more than 3-5 years.

- Alcohol content of the wine: Usually, the alcohol content of the wine is between 7 degrees and 16,2 degrees, because once the alcohol content exceeds 16,2 degrees, the yeast stops its activity. The wines with the highest alcohol content come from the Southern Rh?ne Valley region of France.

- Winemaking process: grape harvesting - grape squeezing - pressing - settling tank filtration - barrel fermentation - bottling - latitude limitations of grape growing: 30-52 degrees north latitude, 15-42 degrees south latitude. Shandong Province in China has the same latitude as the Bordeaux wine region in France.

- The world's major wine producing countries: France, Italy, Spain, the United States, Chile, Australia, South Africa and so on.

- There are 6 major factors that determine whether a wine is good or bad: grape variety, climate, soil, humidity, vineyard management and winemaking techniques. The same grapes, if planted on the slopes of the mountain is different from the foot of the mountain, for example, rising altitude, the temperature drops, the picking time will have to be delayed, in addition, the sunlight exposure time is also very important, too little will be acidic, too much will be sweet, the grapes of France *** stipulated by the blossoming of grapes from the time of picking between the number of hours of sunshine for 1300 hours; similarly, if the soil is different, the quality of the difference: the more infertile the land, the wine is better. The more fertile the land, the better the wine. The more fertile the land, the higher the sugar content of the grapes. Humidity is also important: good wines are made where you can see the river ......

- French wines are the best because France is blessed with the 6 factors mentioned above.

There are other on not one copy, you yourself to I love red wine network to see it Http:5ihongjiu/688

5. Protect the grapes of the knowledge

1. temperature

The temperature of the wine storage environment, it is best to maintain the temperature in the constant state of the 11 degrees or so is good, otherwise if the temperature change is too large, will not only damage the wine body, the cold shrinkage of the wine, but also the temperature of the wine. Wine body, under the action of cold shrinkage and thermal expansion, will also affect the cork and cause the phenomenon of wine seepage. Therefore, if the wine storage environment can be maintained at a constant temperature of 5 degrees to 20 degrees under the environment, which is acceptable range. 16°C

Brandy 5-15°C

Sparkling wines (i.e. champagnes) 5-10°C

2. Humidity

If the storage environment is too humid, it will easily cause rotting of the cork and the label, and if it is too dry, it will easily cause the cork to lose its elasticity, and will not be able to tightly seal the mouth of the bottle, so a humidity of about 70% is the best environment for storing wine. Below 40%, the cork will intensify the dryness and shrinkage of the wine will deteriorate quickly, but the humidity exceeds 75% when the wine label is easy to get moldy

3. Avoid light

Wine storage environment, it is best not to have any light, otherwise it is easy to make the wine deterioration, especially fluorescent lamps are easy to make the wine to produce reductive changes, and emit a strong and unpleasant taste.

4. Ventilation

Wine like a sponge, will be around the flavor sucked into the bottle, so in the wine storage environment, it is best to keep the ventilation state, but also do not in the same environment, but also placed in the taste of things too heavy, so as not to destroy the flavor of the wine.

5. Anti-vibration

Wine lovers will believe that excessive vibration will affect the quality of the wine, so the wine storage environment, it is best not to be often vibration of the place, but also need to try to avoid moving the wine to and fro, especially for the years of the old old wine, is a major taboo.

6. Placement

It is ideal to place the wine in a flat position so that the cork and the wine can come into contact with each other to keep it moist. Otherwise, if the wine is placed in a straight position for a long time, it will make the cork become dry and fragile, and it will not be able to close the mouth of the bottle tightly, which will result in oxidization of the wine.

6. Basic knowledge of red wine

Knowledge of red wine

1. How to taste natural dry red wine

Red wine is the soul of wine, ethereal in the inner life, but also to make the soul of the melting; she is alive, from heaven and earth, the sun and the moon glossy; her front such as wearing a soft mantle of the virgin, naive and refreshing, thick and thin.

Tasting red wine, with the heart. Wine is not expensive, but in the appropriate; drink is not more, but in the tasting. The "expensive" wine may not be "good" for you. "Drink more" and "do not seek to understand" and no progress, not only to use the "taste buds" to taste the wine, but also to use the brain to analyze and record their own feelings.

"Wine body" is an important part of tasting dry red wine. The so-called "body" means that when you drink the wine, you can feel the "lightness" in your mouth because of the alcohol and sugar and other substances that are melted in the wine, giving you a sense of weight. This sensation makes you feel that the wine is "full" in your mouth. There are two types of "body": full-bodied and heavy, medium-bodied and light-bodied. The full-bodied type usually contains more than 13% alcohol by volume. The medium-heavy type of wine has an alcohol content of between 12% and 13%, while those below 12% are of the light and refreshing type.

Secondly, it's a matter of "taste". Some people like to have a "powerful" wine in their throat, while others like to have a "smooth" wine in their throat. A good wine has a pure taste, with a balance of sweetness and acidity, a well-balanced flavor profile, and a light fruity aroma. When wines are aged in oak barrels for long periods of time, the barrels provide moderate oxidation of the wine, softening the tannins, stabilizing the structure of the wine, and incorporating the aromas of the barrels into the wine to give it creamy, vanilla, toasted bread, toasted almonds, and other flavors.

Of course, the dry red wine body is translucent and mellow, the wine is charming, the wine color is jewel luster, and the aroma of the wine is warm, which makes people's mind swaying, and the fragrance of the lips and teeth flowing.

2. Wine storage

● If you place a bottle of red wine in a place where the sun shines, it may be a day or two or even a shorter period of time, the bottle of wine will be reimbursed.

● Red wines are more afraid of heat than cold, and should be kept at a constant temperature of 13°C. Too much heat will cause the wine to mature prematurely.

● Shock is very harmful to wine, it disturbs the molecular structure of the wine and affects its flavor, so it's best to give it a rest when you've just bought it.

● In addition to being dark and cold, the place where the wine is stored should also have air circulation, and the room should be kept free of odors to prevent odors from soaking into the wine.

● The wine must be stored flat to ensure that the corks are always moist and not dried out, allowing air to enter.

3. How to choose dry red wine

● First of all, we should see whether the vineyard wine

● Secondly, we should see whether the manufacturer is well-known, because now there are a lot of brands of red wine, and many of them do not have their own brewing base, but are bottled or blended.

● Pay attention to the vintage of the wine, a good vintage can only have good grapes

● When you buy wine, you should pay attention to the height of the wine in the bottle, within 10 years of the wine, should be up to the height of the "neck bend", if the wine is too low, it may indicate poor storage. If the "water level" of the wine is too low, it may indicate that the storage is not good.

4. The health care value of wine

As long as you don't drink too much wine, it is medically proven that wine is good for your health. Drinking red wine can produce a kind of yeast called PST-P, which can prevent migraine, but the important thing is that it can promote more HDL in the blood, which has the effect of lowering cholesterol. And both red and white wine are good for digestion in the gut.

Simple common sense drinking, so that you can more indulge in the world of wine flavor.

● Drinking temperature

White wine should be refrigerated at 7 ℃ - 10 ℃, (can be placed in the refrigerator for 1-2 hours), and can be consumed after opening the bottle.

For red wines, drinking at room temperature of 15℃-18℃ can reflect its best flavor. If you can open the cork half an hour before drinking, so that the wine is in contact with the air, the aroma is more refreshing and long-lasting.

● Wine Glasses

The most basic equipment for wine tasting is a tall wine glass to identify the color of the wine and to avoid the hand temperature to be transmitted to the wine, and to be conveniently used to shake the glass to wake up, so as to make the wine give off the aroma and to show the characteristics of the wine.

●Storage

Winter: in a dark, airy place.

In summer: wrap it in newspaper and put it in the bottom of the refrigerator.

● Steps to open the wine

1. Use a razor blade to cut the aluminum foil package of the bottle.

2. Pull out the cork with the special corkscrew for cork.