Origin and distribution
Native to China, Hanyuan, Luding and Huili in Sichuan, and wild loquat in Changyang and Enshi in Hubei. According to the records of Zhou Li (3rd century BC), loquat has been cultivated for at least 2000 years. According to Tao Yiqing's "Different Records" in Song Dynasty, 10 century was widely planted in the Yangtze River basin. Loquat was introduced to Japan in Tang Dynasty, to France in 1784, to Britain in 1787 from Guangdong, and to America in 1889. China is mainly distributed in the provinces (autonomous regions) south of the Yangtze River, with Yuhang and Huangyan in Zhejiang, Dongting Mountain in Jiangsu, Putian and Xiao Yun in Fujian, Shexian in Anhui and Taichung in Taiwan Province as the main producing areas. Loquat is distributed in Japan, India, Israel, the United States (California and Hawaii), Italy, Algeria, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Australia and so on. , cultivated in Nagasaki, Kagoshima and Chiba in southern Japan.
Features and characteristics
6 ~ 10 meter high. The trunk is grayish brown and rough. The top of the central main branch of the young tree has obvious advantages, only the terminal bud and several adjacent axillary buds sprout long branches, and the crown layering is obvious. The root system is shallow and narrow, vulnerable to drought and wind damage; Absorbing roots are mainly distributed in the soil layer 10 ~ 50 cm above the ground, and horizontal roots are mostly concentrated around the trunk1~1.6 m. Shoot 3 ~ 4 times a year, and the new tip has dense hair. The leaves are obovate or oblong, the leaf margin is serrated and notched, and the back of the leaves is densely rusted and almost sessile. Panicle has fragrant florets, 5 sepals and 5 petals, many stamens, 5-forked pistil stigma, 5-loculed ovary, and usually 2-6 ovules develop into seeds. The fruit is round, oblate, oval to broadly obovate. The peel is orange-red and light yellow, the flesh is white and light yellow to orange-red, and the meat is dense, soft and juicy (see figure).
The growth and development of loquat need higher temperature, which is generally above 65438 02℃, and more suitable above 65438 05℃. Low temperature in winter and early spring has great influence on flowering and young fruit development, and the low temperature should not be lower than -3℃. The annual precipitation is required to be1000 ~ 2000mm. Because of the large leaves and fear of wind, it is advisable to plant and build shelter forests in coastal areas where typhoons frequently occur. Wide adaptability to soil, deep soil layer, loose soil, not easy to accumulate water, and can be cultivated at pH 5 ~ 6.5.
principal item
There are many varieties of loquat, which can be divided into red meat (red sand) and white meat (white sand) according to the color of pulp. The former is orange red or orange yellow, the latter is white, and there are some red and white hybrids close to white. Generally, red meat is vigorous, easy to cultivate, high in yield, thick in skin and fleshy, and suitable for canning. White meat is weak in growth, difficult to cultivate, low in yield, thin in skin, easy to crack when it rains at maturity, fine in meat quality and good in quality, and suitable for fresh food.
Red meat
Excellent varieties are: ① Dahongpao. Produced in Tangqi, Yuhang, Zhejiang. The fruit is round, weighing about 37 grams, with thick orange peel, thick fruit powder, long fluff, thick and tough skin and easy peeling. The pulp is thick, orange-yellow, sweet and sour, dense, rough and medium juicy. The local area matured in the first half of June. 2 pinch your feet. Produced in Tangqi, Yuhang, Zhejiang. The fruit is ovoid or ovoid, oblique, weighing about 33 grams, with straw yellow skin, thick and tough, and long and dense hair. The pulp is thick, light orange-yellow, thick, sweet, less sour and rich in flavor. The local area matured in the first half of June. Three big clocks. Main cultivated varieties in Putian, Fujian. The fruit is obovoid with a sharp base and weighs about 50 grams. The pulp is thick, orange-yellow, medium density, sweet and slightly sour, rich in taste and above medium quality. The local area matured in early May. 4 liberation bell. The big clock was born and selected. The fruit is large, weighing about 6 1g, obovate to long obovate, with orange-red peel, medium thickness and easy peeling. The pulp is thick, orange-yellow, delicate, moderately sweet and sour, with rich flavor and ripe in the first half of May. 5 Fuyang. Main varieties in wuxian county, jiangsu province. The fruit is round, weighing about 30 grams, with orange-red peel, much fluff, thin and easy to peel. The pulp is orange-red, dense and delicate, and the juice is sweet and light. 6 glory. Main cultivated varieties in Shexian County, Anhui Province. The fruit is short oval, weighing about 45 grams, and the peel is orange. The pulp is thick, orange-yellow, thick, sweet, slightly sour, juicy and of medium and high quality. Mature in late May.
plain unseasoned boiled pork
Excellent varieties are: ① Soft branch white sand. Produced in Tangqi, Yuhang, Zhejiang. The fruit is ovoid and round, weighing about 25 grams, and the peel is light yellow, extremely thin and easy to peel. The pulp is yellowish white or milky white, with good quality. The local area matured in early June. According to the seed. There are the most cultivated varieties in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. The fruit is round or slightly flat, weighing about 30 grams, with light orange peel, thick fruit powder, thin and easy to peel. The flesh is yellow and white, juicy, delicate in texture, with more sugar and less acid, and excellent in quality. The local area matured in mid-June. ③ Pak Lei. Main cultivated varieties in Putian, Fujian. The crown is half-open, with many branches. The fruit is round, flat at the top and dull at the base, weighing about 30 grams. The peel is light yellow, with a lot of fruit powder, thin and easy to peel. The pulp is milky white, delicate in texture, juicy, sweet and rich in flavor.
Key points of cultivation techniques
Grafting is often used to raise seedlings, such as cutting, abdominal grafting, splitting grafting and embedding. Use an anvil. Seeds should be washed, dried in the shade and lightly sown. After sowing, roll the seeds into the soil with a wooden stick and then cover them with straw. Seedlings like shade, so build a shade shed or intercropping crops for shade. Sowing in May, transplanting between seedlings in September, grafting can be done when the height of seedlings is more than 70 cm, and the best time is around the sprouting of spring shoots. Planting in autumn or spring, with row spacing of 3× 4m. Fruits need potassium most, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and potassium were applied to 65,438+095 ~ 225 kg/ha for adult trees, and phosphorus was applied to 65,438+050 ~ 65,438+095 kg/ha for 3 ~ 4 times, with emphasis on fertilization in the sprouting period of summer shoots, before flowering and the rapid growth period of young fruits after fruit picking. Too much rain when the fruit is ripe is easy to cause serious fruit drop, so pay attention to drainage; Fruits with strong sunshine and easy to burn can be sprayed with water at noon; The dry ears become smaller in summer and autumn, so pay attention to irrigation or tree cover. The shape of the trunk often changes, and pruning mainly removes dense branches, dead branches and long branches. In order to adjust the ratio of leaves to fruits and improve the quality of fruits, it is necessary to thin flowers and fruits. Varieties that are easy to crack are suitable for bagging when the peel turns light green. The main pests and diseases are loquat foot rot, which harms the trunk and lateral branches, anthracnose and fruits; Caterpillars, longicorn beetles, moths, grubs, etc. Harm leaves, branches and roots respectively. In addition to clearing the garden in winter, strengthening management and strengthening tree vigor, the diseased spots of foot rot should be scraped off, and Bordeaux solution or 1∶4 soda water should be applied. For anthracnose, 50% thiophanate-methyl solution or 50% erysipelas solution 1000 times can be sprayed in the young fruit stage after flowering.
economic value
Loquat fruit really matures in late spring and early summer, which is the off-season of fruit. Its pulp is soft and juicy, sweet and sour, and has a good flavor, so it is very popular in the market. Besides being eaten fresh, fruits can also be canned, brewed, made into puree, fruit dew and so on. Has the effects of moistening lung, relieving cough, invigorating stomach and clearing heat. Leaves are used as antitussives and diuretics. The crown is neat and beautiful, with evergreen seasons, flowers in winter and fruits in spring. It is an excellent ornamental tree species for landscaping and a nectar source plant in winter.
Loquat germplasm resources
The general name of plants with certain genetic material and valuable for loquat production and breeding. There are more than 20 known varieties of loquat, most of which are distributed in warm temperate Asia. Among them, 14 species are produced in China (see table).
Rinderle. Eriobotrya elliptica is unknown in Tibet, southeastern and southwestern Yunnan. Shrubs, dwarf rootstocks, Taiwan Province narrow-leaved loquat, Guangdong small-leaved loquat and Taiwan loquat. Age, Hubei people. Xiang, Yuan. Fujian Chunhua Qiuguo Hotel. Emei flower loquat Yunnan winter flower Bengal loquat leaf nan loquat Yunnan Chunhua Qiuguo loquat yue, Guidong flower Vidal Sharei loquat yue, Guangxi champion. Northwest Yunnan fragrant loquat spring flower autumn fruit Northwest Yunnan fragrant loquat spring flower autumn fruit Northwest Yunnan fragrant loquat. Loquat leaps in Shu, and autumn flowers in Langzhong, Xia Guo. ETWLS。 Oak leaf loquat, a tall tree in southeastern Yunnan, Malipo loquat, is said to be the winter flower in southern Xia Guo.
In addition, there is a kind of loquat in Dadu River, whose real name is Dahongzi, which is produced in Hanyuan and Shimian areas of Sichuan, and seems to be the middle type of Quercus leaf loquat and loquat. The fruit is obovate, golden yellow, edible, flowering in winter and ripe in early summer.
Loquat, Eriobotrya grandiflora and Eriobotrya elliptica belong to temperate loquat. It is distributed in areas where the annual average temperature is 14 ~ 17℃ and the winter low temperature is not lower than -4℃. Most other varieties are weak in cold tolerance, and the young fruit period cannot be lower than 0℃, which belongs to tropical loquat. In addition, Taiwan loquat (see photo), Dahua loquat and Daduhe loquat all have edible fruits, but they are not used in production. The fruits of wild South Asia loquat, narrow leaf loquat, fragrant flower loquat, oak leaf loquat, Nujiang loquat, tooth leaf loquat, Tengyue loquat, ellipse loquat and lobular loquat are all inedible.
Loquat has a long history of cultivation in China. More than 200 varieties have been cultivated in modern times. According to cold tolerance, it can be divided into two categories. White sand and green seeds planted in Jiangsu, soft white sand, Dahongpao and Luoyang green in Zhejiang belong to cold-resistant varieties; Fujian's Jiefangzhong, Pak Lei and Meihuaxia are not cold-tolerant varieties. According to the pulp color, it can be divided into white sand loquat and red sand loquat. For example, white sand, soft strip white sand and Pak Lei are all white sand varieties; Fuyang species in Wuxian, Dahongpao and Zhu Bao in Yuhang, Meixiaxia and Banhong in Pubu all belong to red sand species. Baisha varieties are generally crispy and juicy, with good flavor, which is most suitable for fresh food; Most varieties of red sand have compact pulp, moderate juice, rich flavor or slightly sour taste, and can also be eaten fresh, which is more suitable for processing and canning. Among the representative varieties in various places, there are soft-striped white sand in Baisha Line, Wuer white sand in Yuhang, Zhejiang, white sand and white jade in Wuxian, Jiangsu, Pak Lei and Wugongbai in Putian, Fujian, Li Bai in Lishui, Zhejiang, and white bag loquat in Liujiang, Guangxi, all of which are excellent varieties. The red sand series actually includes red meat species and yellow meat species, which are abundant everywhere. The main representative species are Fuyang species in Wuxian, Jiangsu Province, Dahongpao in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, Zhu Bao, Chihong, Luoyangqing in Huangyan, Glory in Santan, Anhui Province, Huabao No.2 and Huabao No.3 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, Haikou 1 in Yangxin, Zhuluo red sand in Anyi, Jiangxi Province, Xingyi red sand in Xingyi, Guizhou Province, etc.
Loquat grafting mostly uses seedling rootstock, but in some areas of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, Photinia rubra. Has been used for party consolidation. According to the local experience, the rhizome of Photinia can be dwarfed, which can increase the cold resistance and the ability to resist the harm of longicorn beetles. Taiwan loquat is used as loquat rootstock in Taiwan Province Province, which has the function of semi-dwarfing. China is rich in loquat germplasm resources. China has established a national loquat germplasm resource garden in Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and collected more than 200 cultivated varieties at home and abroad. The collection and preservation of loquat plants need to be carried out systematically and comprehensively.
Tighten; pressure
A type of variation that originated from the same ancestor but has not yet been named a variety. This variation type contains two meanings. One is a promising type with excellent performance in the process of variety breeding, which can also be called excellent single plant or excellent strain (excellent plant) before it has been identified and officially named. Excellent strains can be obtained through hybridization, seedling raising, bud mutation and artificial mutation. On the other hand, it refers to different types in the same variety, such as flaky red type and striped red type in apple Fuji variety; Large leaf type and small leaf type in local early-maturing citrus varieties. A strain is an unnamed fine strain or a different type of customary name that appears in a variety to show that it is different from the same variety. Although the International Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants points out that any selection line that shows enough variation with its parent variety should be given a veritable variety name; The breeding of cultivated varieties shall not be called works or use other similar terms. But this method of habit division is still used at home and abroad. The selected strain should be observed for many years, identified by variety comparison test (see variety comparison test) and regional test (see variety regional test), and its excellent performance can be confirmed before it can be named as a new variety. The pre-selected excellent plants with bud mutation need to be observed and screened in the re-selection and final selection stages, and can only be named and popularized after identification. Before the use value and suitable environmental conditions of the strain are clear, it is not named, but coded. Hybrid single lines are often numbered according to the year of hybridization and the number of combinations. The superior lines with bud mutation are often coded by the original variety name or numbered by the place where bud mutation occurs.
Variety comparison test
Methods The local adaptability and utilization value of introduced or bred excellent varieties or strains were determined. It is impossible to judge whether the primary superior lines or introduced new varieties have popularization value, and only through the field variety comparison test can the real situation be reflected normally.
There are many different characteristics between fruit tree variety test and field crops, mainly as follows: ① Fruit trees are tall and deep, which are easy to cause individual differences and are easily affected by differences in fertility, soil and other conditions between plots. (2) Fruit trees are perennial plants, and the development of one year is influenced by the development of the previous year, and also affects the development of the next year, so there are obvious differences between years. (3) Most fruit trees are propagated by grafting. The differences between rootstock types and rootstock individuals affect grafted varieties, and the quality of seedlings affects the growth and development for a long time. ④ Most fruit trees are cross-pollinated, and different pollinated varieties will also affect fruit setting and yield. Therefore, the comparative test of fruit tree varieties should be as follows: ① The tested varieties or superior lines must be typical and accurate, with the same rootstock and seedling age, consistent natural environment, cultivation conditions and various technical measures; (2) The test site should be located in a representative area of the area as far as possible; (3) Take the excellent varieties matured in the same period produced locally as the control; (4) Because the comparison of varieties focuses on yield, quality, adaptability and resistance, the test results should be positively evaluated. Therefore, it is necessary to take higher agricultural technical measures to fully display the variety characteristics.
The field design of variety comparison test should be based on the principle of biostatistics, and the test plot and repetition should depend on tree species, varieties, soil fertility differences and production conditions. The arrangement method can be comparison method, random block method or high connection comparison method. The living area should not be too large, and rectangular single row or double row planting should be adopted. Small plant type is less than 40m2, and large plant type is 40 ~ 80m2. There are 8 ~ 12 plants in the general community, and 4 plants in a few. For example, 6-8 apples and pears, 0/2-0/6 grapes/kloc, and 60-80 strawberries. Repeat 2 ~ 3 times when using the comparison method and 3 ~ 5 times when using the random block method. Standard areas and protection lines usually choose mature varieties produced locally at the same time. In the contrast method, a standard area is set for every two plots. In the random block method, each plot is independent, and the varieties are randomly arranged in each plot. The former requires the soil conditions of the whole test site to be consistent. As long as the soil conditions of the latter group are consistent, even different groups can be located in different sections. Grafting comparison method is to graft the selected new varieties on the same crown, the rootstock and tree age are the same, and the fruit is early. A high grafting is equivalent to a block, but the relative consistency of multi-head high grafting should be kept as much as possible, and the rootstocks should be branched in the same order, with similar thickness and angle, so as to narrow the difference, and the number of high grafting plants should be the number of test repetitions. According to the above test results, any excellent strain superior to the standard variety will become a new variety after being approved and named by the local variety approval Committee, and can be popularized locally.
Variety renewal
Agricultural technical measures to maintain, restore and improve the excellent characters of original fruit trees and prevent degradation. In the process of variety rejuvenation, first of all, it is necessary to find excellent micro-mutations. Eliminating inferior propagation materials and inferior micro-mutations (see variety degradation) by selecting superior ones can not only prevent impurities and keep purity, but also improve seed quality, which is the key measure for fruit tree variety rejuvenation. Even in the orchard with serious variety degradation, the purpose of variety rejuvenation can be achieved by selecting the best individual plant. Secondly, the selection of heterogeneous propagation materials, scions and cuttings must be collected from typical female parents, and those with full branches, full bud eyes and no pests and diseases should be selected. Long branches, thin branches and pathological branches should not be selected. If virus infection is found, it should be eliminated immediately or detoxified by shoot tip culture and heat treatment. For the existing population of sexually propagated fruit tree varieties, it is necessary to select excellent individual trees as seed-collecting mother trees for breeding and control pollinated varieties, which is conducive to improving species characteristics. In addition, it is also a way to rejuvenate varieties by providing excellent agricultural technical measures, giving full play to their characteristics, improving their viability and enhancing their stress resistance.
Variety configuration
Rational planting techniques of main and auxiliary varieties in garden construction. Variety allocation should be based on the goal of garden construction and variety zoning, and according to the self-pollination ability of main varieties, suitable pollinated varieties should be selected and their suitable proportion should be determined.
As a commodity fruit production, we should first consider the market demand. At the same time, fruit trees will bear fruit for a long time after planting, so it is necessary to predict the development trend of market demand. In principle, the main varieties should be of high quality, high yield and storage and transportation resistance. However, considering the market demand, a certain proportion should be allocated to early-maturing varieties with slightly poor quality and low yield. In addition, the adaptability, pest resistance, storage and transportation resistance, cold resistance, drought resistance, alkali resistance, waterlogging resistance and other natural disasters, early high yield, life span and other factors need to be comprehensively considered. Among the middle and late maturing varieties, the best quality varieties suitable for local cultivation are selected as the main varieties. Specific to an orchard, the main varieties should account for about 80%. Auxiliary varieties also need to have some advantages, such as high yield, storage and transportation resistance or pest resistance, easy cultivation and so on. When planting, the same variety should be planted in rows, and the main varieties and auxiliary varieties should be planted at intervals in order to manage and prevent pests and diseases.
Pollen of one variety can fertilize another variety and set fruit, which is called pollinated variety. So whether varieties can pollinate each other is another important condition. Drupe apples and pears, drupe plums and sweet cherries, citrus grapefruit and nut chestnut all have self-flowering. The fruit trees such as Ginkgo, Torreya grandis, Myrica rubra and Kiwi are dioecious. Although some fruit trees such as pickles, oranges, longan, litchi and loquat can be self-pollinated, cross-pollination can obviously improve the seed setting rate, so there are also pollination problems.
Pollinated varieties should have the following characteristics: ① meet the flowering period of main varieties; (2) The growth potential and life span close to the main varieties; (3) It entered the fruiting period early, and there was no phenomenon of big or small years; (4) Large amount of pollen and high germination rate; ⑤ Fruits have high economic value. Pollinated varieties can be arranged as auxiliary varieties, accounting for about 20% of the total. 4 ~ 6 rows away from the main varieties, the farthest is not more than 50 meters. In order to seek higher economic benefits, small apples with many flowers and good pollination effect were selected as pollination trees in highly intensive apple orchards, so that the proportion of pollination trees was reduced to 5 ~ 10% and dispersed among the main varieties according to the distance that pollination could reach. In mountainous terraced fields or windy flowering areas, pollination trees should be planted in the upper part of terraced fields and windward areas. Myrica rubra, Ginkgo biloba, Torreya grandis and other fruit trees are wind-borne flowers, which have a large amount of pollen and a wide spread range. Male plants can be used as shelter forest trees and arranged around the orchard.
Variety zoning
Determine the areas suitable for the development of excellent fruit tree varieties. The most suitable variety combination in a certain region should be based on the most suitable ecological environment for each variety to develop, and variety zoning is to provide theoretical and practical basis for the reasonable combination of varieties in a certain region. Genotypes that control fruit tree traits have certain requirements and responses to environmental conditions. Only under suitable environmental conditions can their biological characteristics and economic value be fully exerted. So as to obtain higher income at lower cost. Similarly, the possibility and economic value of cultivating some fruit tree species and varieties in a certain area depends first on the adaptability of the tree species or varieties to the natural conditions and cultivation conditions in the area. Therefore, the role of variety zoning is an important basis for the development and modern cultivation of fruit trees.
Steps and methods of fruit tree variety zoning ① Divide natural areas, and divide ecological areas according to ecological conditions such as climate, soil and topography, combined with the distribution and response of existing fruit tree varieties. The adaptability of fruit tree varieties to natural conditions is limited. Exceeding the adaptation limit will lead to reduced production or loss of economic cultivation significance, or even failure to survive. For example, Yulutao performed well in the Yangtze River valley with high economic benefits, but it did not perform well when it moved to Guangdong or the north. Marshal Apple has done well in Shaanxi and Shandong, but it is difficult to achieve ideal economic results in the Yangtze River basin. Take tangerine as an example, and its requirements for ecological areas are shown in the table. ② Investigating the distribution of existing fruit tree varieties and their local responses, it is found that the existing varieties in a certain area will have different responses after long-term cultivation, including the responses of varieties to the ecological conditions in the distribution area; Local growth and development, product quality, maturity, yield and variety resistance; The evaluation of varieties by the masses, etc. If the comprehensive response of the cultivation area is good, the local area is the suitable cultivation area for this variety. If a new variety is similar to the original cultivated variety in the planting area, it can be preliminarily judged that the new variety can adapt to the local environment. (3) Investigate the results of introduction test, according to the observation data of introduction and cultivation performance of a variety in various places, make clear the suitable area of the variety, sort out and analyze the ecological conditions of the suitable area of the variety, and put forward the requirements of the variety for the main ecological conditions. (4) Inferring the suitable area of varieties through genetic analysis. Fruit tree ecotype is the specific need and adaptability to some ecological factors formed through genetic variation and long-term natural selection and artificial selection. Most of the same ecotype varieties were formed in similar environments and have many similar adaptability characteristics. ⑤ It is the most direct and reliable method to determine the suitable development area of new varieties through variety regional test. However, due to the limitation of time and place, it is impossible to carry out extensive experiments. Based on this, combined with the above aspects, the suitable area, sub-suitable area and unsuitable area of varieties were put forward. Putting forward the regionalization of new varieties, that is, putting forward the requirements of new varieties for ecological environment, is the last stage of new variety breeding. Because of the perennial characteristics of fruit trees and the wide range of experiments, this stage can often be gradually improved after new varieties come out for several years or even longer.
The requirements of new varieties for various ecological conditions are clarified. All localities can choose regional varieties and put forward reasonable variety composition according to local environmental conditions, management level, social conditions, processing and transportation. The composition structure of old varieties is constantly developing and changing with the continuous renewal of varieties. On the basis of variety division, arranging varieties by region can give full play to the potential of varieties.
Variety regional test
Variety comparison methods under different ecological regional conditions. The local production value of new varieties selected through variety comparison test has been determined, but the scope suitable for popularization and planting can not be comprehensively concluded. Therefore, regional adaptability tests should be carried out in different regions and under different ecological conditions to determine the ecological areas for planting new varieties. Some fruit tree varieties have a wide range of genetic reactions and strong regional adaptability. For example, in apples, the commander-in-chief variety and the golden crown variety; Citrus has a worldwide planting area in mandarin oranges. There are also some varieties with small genetic response norms and weak regional adaptability. Some new varieties in the variety comparison test, due to local conditions, can not play the inherent characteristics of this variety, performance is not outstanding, but due to changes in ecological conditions, thus fully showing the outstanding advantages of this variety. The above three aspects can be understood through regional testing. The regional test method can refer to the variety comparison test. The differences are as follows: ① there are few varieties tested, and they are all excellent varieties; ② The experimental area is large and there are many plants; ③ The experimental sites are distributed in different ecological regions. In practice, in order to speed up the popularization of new varieties, variety comparison tests are often carried out at the same time as regional tests.