Grape is one of the most effective fruit trees with the advantages of high and stable yield. Under normal operating conditions, there is generally no phenomenon of large and small years, and the rate of return is quite stable. The benefits of growing grapes are considerable. In order to better help fruit farmers manage grapes, Shandong Yimeng Seedling Base has carefully organized outstanding technicians to write a grape management guide for new and old customers. Shandong Yimeng seedling base is located in Pingyi County, Linyi City at the foot of Yimeng Mountain. There are more than 5,000 mu of grapes with high quality and good benefits. Now the planting management technology of high-quality fresh grapes is popularized. (Shandong Yimeng Seedling Base website)
First, the basic common sense:
1, grape growth period 150 days-160 days (it takes about 30-40 days to raise seedlings), and the life span and economic cultivation period of grapes can generally reach 30 to 50 years.
2, the role of grapes: the grape fruit is bright in color and the juice is delicious;
Rich in nutrition: its sugar content 10 ~ 30%, organic acid 0.5 ~ 1.4%, protein 0. 15 ~ 0.9%, inorganic salt 0.3 ~ 0.5%, and contains many vitamins and amino acids needed by human body. Wine-making: grapes can be used for wine-making besides raisins and grape juice; Beautifying and shading: planting grapes on the platform at the top of the house can not only beautify the roof, but also shade the sun;
4. Rational allocation of horticultural grapes:
1) If it is a courtyard, the overall arrangement of planting or breeding grapes and other fruit trees, flowers and trees can be comprehensively considered according to its size, lighting conditions and environmental conditions, so as to make full use of the ground and space.
2) If there is a spacious roof platform, in addition to greening (beautification) and eating, its sunshade function accounts for a large proportion;
5. Planting season: it is suitable for planting in spring when the temperature is between 15-25℃, such as early March and April; Stratification can begin in early April;
Second, the preparatory work:
1. Selection of improved varieties: There are many varieties of grapes, such as Kyoho, Fujiminori and Goldfinger. Early maturity, strong adaptability, can choose high-quality varieties according to local climate and fruit use.
2. Selection of soil layer: Sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose soil (good air permeability and quick ground temperature recovery) is the best soil.
3. Land preparation: land preparation in autumn and winter in the first year. Before soil preparation, apply about 1.500 kg of decomposed fertilizer per mu, then dig deeply about 30 cm, and finely knock the soil into a seedbed with a width of 80 cm and a height of 50 cm.
Three, grape management and planting skills:
Before planting, apply decomposed base fertilizer, cover the soil and compact it, then pour enough root-fixing water, cover the soil to the depth outside the long roots, and there are 3 ~ 4 buds on the ground.
1, fertilization:
1) (base fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late March in the south and the middle and late April in the north) Apply 50 kg of high-quality farmyard manure-100 kg, 0.3 kg of urea and 0.8 kg of calcium superphosphate. The applied base fertilizer should be mixed with soil and then covered with soil. Grapes need a lot of fertilizer, and base fertilizer should be applied before defoliation or germination in winter; Topdressing before flowering for the first time;
2) Topdressing to accelerate germination: topdressing when the bud eye begins to swell and the temperature is stable at 65438 00℃: according to the plant size, shallow ditches with a depth of 30 cm-40 cm and a width of 30 cm are opened near the root end, and the fertilizer mixed soil is buried in the ditches, and then watered and covered.
3) in the early stage of young fruit growth, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and plant ash are applied appropriately;
4) When the fruit begins to color, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main ingredients. After reasonable watering and basic fertilizer application, water 1 time to make the fertilizer penetrate into the lower layer, which is beneficial to the absorption of grape roots;
5) Fertilizer control and water control: Generally, it is not appropriate to water fruits within 65,438+0 weeks before and after flowering. After the fruit is set, it can be watered with big water and applied with large fertilizer to promote the growth of the fruit. The rainy season will cause the loss of fertility. According to the loss of soil fertility and the growth of grapes, increase the amount of fertilization, use less meals, eat more and use less.
6) loosen the soil in time to increase soil permeability;
After heavy rain, the surface of the vineyard will harden, resulting in hypoxia of the grape root system, decreased resistance and easy to get sick. Deep ploughing should be done once before the rainy season. In rainy season, we should pay close attention to intertillage between rainy days to increase soil permeability.
7) Clean the auxiliary tip to promote ventilation and light transmission:
Grapes are the easiest to grow in the rainy season, and the incidence of secondary branches is very high. Pick your heart in time and wipe off the vise tip. For plants with too many new branches, part of them should be thinned to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
2. Fixed shoot: Erase the overgrown and underdeveloped branches as soon as possible, leaving strong branches, so as to grow big grapes. Picking should be carried out when 4-8 leaves grow above the inflorescence. After coring, leave 1 leaf for coring, and leave 3-4 leaves for repeated coring except the top secondary branch.
3, thinning flowers, thinning fruits: the new shoots of grapes have skills: the new shoots of grapes must be picked. By removing the core, a large number of nutrients needed for the growth of new shoots can be preserved, which can promote the thickening of leaves and the fullness of flower buds. This is very important to improve the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of grapes. Here is a brief introduction to the practice. Picking time. For the new branches that bear fruit, they are usually picked 3-5 days before full flowering, and at the latest at the early flowering stage. Varieties with serious flower and fruit drop, such as Kyoho and Purple Rose, can collect seeds 8- 10 days before flowering. After the first coring, the leaves can not reach the required number of new shoots until the secondary buds grow out;
4. Remove tendrils: Tendrils not only consume nutrients, but also bring many diseases: annual seedlings should be bound in time after removing tendrils to make the plants grow upright. Insert a thumb-thick bamboo pole on the ground 15 cm away from the root of the seedling and tie the new tip to it. When binding, the new tips should be evenly distributed, and the binding rope should be tied into a loose slipknot on the new tips, leaving a thickened space for the new tips, and the other end should be tied to the diagram. When the new shoots of biennial and perennial seedlings grow to about 60 cm, the new shoots are arched. That is, the new shoots are leveled, so that the ears are at the highest position of the new shoots, and the new shoots are tied to the frame surface in order and at a certain distance. This is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and prevents fruit branches from being blown off by strong winds.
5. Intercropping: After the inflorescence appears, according to the load of the vines, the seedlings should be intercropped as soon as possible. Prolonged vines maintain 1 ~ 2 ears, all bearing branches maintain single ears, and weak branches do not maintain fruit ears. The second and third ears that grow again should be thinned out in time.
6. Key points of Fujiminori grape planting (planting in the same year, two-year income):
1) In winter, when its leaves are completely backward, the plant should be pruned, and each branch has about 3 buds. Weak branches, too dense branches, too prosperous branches and insect branches should be pruned to promote more branches and more fruits.
2) In early spring, deep ploughing and fertilization were carried out beside the grapes, and farmyard manure was the main fertilizer. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it, and loosen the soil once when the soil surface is slightly dry.
3) When several leaves grow, the weak buds should be erased and only the strong buds should be kept.
4) When tendrils grow in leaf axils, they must be pinched off manually to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption.
5) During the period, tie the branches tightly to prevent them from breaking at will, which will affect nutrient transportation.
6) The lower leaves should be removed during the ripening and swelling stages of grapes to avoid the light reaching the fruit and affecting the fruit color.
7) Don't apply fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, before flowering in spring to control the tree vigor, keep it moderate and avoid excessive growth.
8) Don't water or spray chemicals during flowering. Pinch the tip of the ear before flowering, generally pinching off the whole ear 1/5 and 1/4.
9) Before the grape blooms, leave 5-7 pieces of Ye Qiang above the inflorescence to pick the core, and smooth all the auxiliary buds except one at the top, so that the nutrients can be fully supplied to the fruit. Spraying PBO twice before and after flowering can greatly improve the fruit setting rate. After the physiological fruit drop is over, 8- 10 leaves are left for coring, and combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, high-yield and large-spike high-quality Kyoho grapes can be obtained.
Four, anti-freezing treatment of grapes:
When the ground temperature of grape roots drops to MINUS 6 degrees Celsius, their roots will be frozen to varying degrees. When it drops to MINUS 8 degrees Celsius, it will completely freeze. Therefore, the temperature of grape roots should be kept above MINUS 6 degrees Celsius during hibernation.
1, timely filling frozen water. Winter grapes should be watered with frozen water once every 0/0 day before being buried in cold-proof soil to prevent root freezing injury and drought in early spring.
2, pay attention to the soil location and soil sealing ditch. Cold-proof soil must be taken from the rows outside the two sides of the vine trunk, and it must not be too close to the roots to avoid damaging the roots and freezing them. After freezing, the soil ditch is filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also helps the roots to overwinter and prevent drought in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grape from freezing injury.
When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. From June+0, 5438 to February of the following year, especially when the weather is particularly cold, some cold-proof objects such as firewood or horse manure can be piled on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen. 6. Prevention of bird damage (when the grapes are about to ripen, birds will pick the ripe grapes and peck them): The bagging effect of grape newspapers is good, which not only reduces sunburn, prevents bacterial infection, prevents bird damage, but also facilitates bag making.
1. Bagging: each newspaper can be made into 4 paper bags, with a value less than 1. The bag is 27 cm long and 20 cm wide. Take 6-8 cm thin iron wire for standby. Roll up the side of the bag with a sewing machine, and nail the lower mouth to the middle with a stapler, leaving 6 cm air holes on both sides. If it is used in an orchard with high temperature and humidity in summer, it can enhance the moisture discharge performance without sealing.
2. Bagging: Bagging soybeans when they are small. Before bagging, prune the ears, thin the seeds and spray fungicides, pesticides and available calcium. Bagging time should be from morning dew to evening, and attention should be paid to avoiding the highest temperature period and direct sunlight when bagging at noon.
3. Bag picking: The bag picking time is determined according to the variety and time to market. For mid-early maturing varieties that are easy to be colored, the bags are picked 7- 10 days before picking; Late-maturing varieties should be bagged 10- 15 days before harvest. After picking the bag, you should pick the leaves and turn the fruit. Seven, prevention and control of diseases: before the grape bud eyes germinate, you can spray 50 times-100 times of Solibar or spray 3 Baume -5 Baume stone sulfur mixture (better with 0.3% washing powder). For orchards with serious diseases such as fruit rot last year, lime should be sprinkled before the disease occurs; Or spray 50% carbendazim 500-600 times under the frame to control the primary infection source from soil overwintering.
1, in case of priority, spray in time:
The drugs with residual efficacy 17-2 1 day should be sprayed every 15 days/time. If it rains halfway, shorten the next spraying days appropriately. If there is heavy rain after spraying, wait until it clears. If two adjacent drugs are alkaline or acidic respectively, the interval should be strictly controlled to prevent acid-base neutralization of the two drugs.
2, see the disease from the start, timely treatment:
Continuous rain, high temperature and high humidity are the most prone to illness, and should be observed every day and sprayed with drugs at the beginning. Downy mildew can be prevented by using 70% Cobo 600 times solution, 80% ethyl phosphate 300 times solution or L: 0.7: 1.80 times bordeaux solution;
3. Bordeaux mixture is the main drug, and other drugs are suitable. This method has a good preventive effect. Spray 1 time 1:0.5:240 times before flowering, 1 time 1:0.7:220 times after flowering, and 1 time 1:0.7:200 times during grape expansion. If white rot and anthracnose occur in the middle, it is necessary to spray the medicine. Most of these drugs are acidic, and the interval between them and Bordeaux mixture should be strictly controlled. 4. Clean up the garden in time to curb the spread of diseases;
If a disease occurs, it is most likely to spread because of high temperature and high humidity. Clean the garden at any time. Remove diseased leaves, branches and fruits from the garden, bury them deeply or burn them. Clear weeds in the garden in time. When cutting off diseased branches and fruits, always clean scissors and disinfect them to prevent cross-infection. Shandong Yimeng seedling base website
Five, potted grape management methods:
Potted grapes placed on the sunny balcony are not only very beneficial to the growth of grapes, but also can beautify and shade indoors.
1. Potted soil preparation: The soil for potted grapes requires loose nutrient soil with good ventilation and drainage and high humus content.
2. Proportion of nutrient soil: 40% of edible mushroom residue (waste from mushroom production, shavings) or decomposed sawdust, humus soil or garden soil.
Add 40% (decomposed soil such as vegetable leaves), 65,438+00% mountain soil and 65,438+00% appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer into dry cake powder or chicken and duck manure, mix them evenly, and put them into a kiln.
It should be decomposed for more than 30 days in summer and autumn, doubled in winter and spring, and used after decomposition. 2. Enter from late February to early March every spring.
Replace the soil, replace 30% to 50% of the old soil, and cut off some old roots. According to the size of the basin, about 200 grams of cake powder is coated on the bottom of the basin.
Mix with soil evenly, spread a layer of nutrient soil on it, and replant the plants back into the pot. Finally, repair the scaffolding. Note: Be sure to change pots and soil every year. 3. Select the fruiting mother branch with a diameter of 1-2 cm and a length of 40-60 cm, pass the branch through the drainage hole at the bottom of the earthen basin, and connect the branch at the bud node to the bottom of the earthen basin.
Girdling is carried out below 2 cm, and then fertile and loose soil is covered. The flowerpot is hung in the air with a bracket. Pay attention to watering frequently, keep the basin soil moist, and the girdling place will take root in about one month. After two months, half of the fruiting mother branches can be cut off outside the drainage hole of the flowerpot, and all the mother branches can be cut off when the fruit is ripe, so that the fruiting plants with 3-5 ears can be obtained. The biggest advantage of this layering propagation method is that as long as it is carried out in March-April, new fruiting plants can be cultivated.
4. Place the basin on the sunny windowsill, with sufficient sunshine for more than 8 hours every day and good ventilation, which can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases;
In the hot and humid season from June to July, in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as black pox, the grape ears can be bagged with white plastic bags, and the bag mouth is closed.
Tie it tightly, and tie a few small holes at the bottom of the bag to let it breathe, which not only prevents disease, but also prevents bird damage, and the skin is tender and the fruit color is good. six
In August, the pruning characteristics of potted grapes should mainly include: bud setting, core removal, grain thinning, vine removal and new shoots tying. Because potted grapes (or other containers) contain limited soil, they can't contain too much fertilizer and water. Summer Pruning of Horticultural Grapes: Summer Pruning of Horticultural Grapes mainly includes: budding, fixing branches, picking cores, secondary branch treatment, pruning inflorescences, thinning ears, removing vines, tying new shoots, picking ears and picking old leaves. Similar to Daejeon, even more detailed. In spring, after the grapes germinate, the buds and adventitious buds at the base should be erased as soon as possible, and the secondary buds in the double buds (double buds) and triple buds (triple buds or multiple buds) sprouted on the branches should also be erased as soon as possible, and only 1 robust buds should be kept on each node.
5, fertilization:
1) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied 1 2 times in the early stage of germination to promote the vigorous growth of branches and leaves and facilitate flowering;
2) Before flowering, apply 1 ~ 2 times of thin fertilizer mainly containing phosphorus and potassium;
3) When the flowers wither and set fruit, dry cake water should be applied every 7 days ~ 10 to make the fruit swell. In order to reduce the evaporation of odor, dry cake water should be applied in furrow. First, dig a 2 cm to 3 cm ditch around the basin edge, put the cake fertilizer water into the ditch, and immediately cover the soil, so that the fertilizer will change from light to thick. You can also spread the decomposed cake powder on the surface of the pot soil, let it ripen again in the pot, and mix it evenly with the soil after 7 days to 10.
6. Watering and humidity control: Usually, watering depends on the soil and seedling conditions, so it is advisable to keep the soil moist and slightly dry. In hot summer, it is necessary to water every day. In the dog days, water 1 time every morning and evening. Move the basin to the inside of the balcony in rainy season to reduce rain.