Source of works
From Confucius' book "The Analects of Confucius for Politics". The content of "Being a Politics" includes 24 chapters. The main content of this article involves Confucius' thought of "ruling by virtue", the basic principles of how to seek official positions and be an official in politics, the relationship between learning and thinking, the process of Confucius' own learning and self-cultivation, the new learning methods of reviewing the past, and the further elaboration of moral categories such as filial piety and filial piety.
Original work
1. Confucius said, "To govern with morality, for example, Beichen, who lives in his place, is surrounded by many stars."
2. Confucius said, "The Poetry is 300 yuan. In a word, it says,' Think innocently'."
3. Confucius said: "If the Tao is governed by politics, it will be punished, and the people will be exempted and shameless; "Virtue is the rule, courtesy is the rule, shame is the rule."
4. Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five times out of ten, standing at thirty, not confused at forty, knowing my destiny at fifty, obeying my ears at sixty, and doing what I want at seventy, without overstepping the bounds."
5. Meng Yizi asked filial piety. Confucius said, "There is no violation." Fan Chi told him, "Meng Sun asked me about filial piety, and I answered it, without violating it." Fan Chi said, "What is also?" Confucius said, "When you are born, you should treat things with courtesy; When you die, you should be buried with ceremony and sacrificed with ceremony. "
6. Meng Wubo asked filial piety. Confucius said, "Parents only worry about their illness."
7. Ziyou asks filial piety. Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means being able to support. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised; "If you are disrespectful, why not?"
8. Ask filial piety in the summer. Confucius said, "Color is difficult. If something happens, the disciple will take care of it; "When you have food and wine, do you think Mr. zhuàn and Mr. céng are filial?"
9. Confucius said, "I talk back to you all day, and I don't violate it, like a fool." "It's enough to retire and save your privacy, but it's not stupid to return."
10. Confucius said, "Look at what it is, what it is, and what it is safe for. How are you (s not u)? How can people be embarrassed? "
1 1. Confucius said, "You can learn new things by reviewing old ones."
12. Confucius said, "A gentleman is not a tool."
13. Zi Gong asked the gentleman. Confucius said, "Say what you say first, and then follow it."
14. Confucius said, "A gentleman is not good at comparison, but a villain is not good at comparison."
15. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous (dài)."
16. Confucius said, "If you attack heresy, you will harm yourself."
17. Confucius said, "What do you know about it? Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also knowing. "
18. Zi Zhang Xuegan Lu. Confucius said, "If you are suspicious, you will be cautious, but you will be rare. See more dangers, be cautious (xìng), and regret less. "If you say nothing, you will regret it, and Lu will be among them."
19. Aigong asked, "What is the people's service?" Confucius said to him, "If you make mistakes, the people will obey you; "If you raise the wrong things, the people will not accept them."
20. Ji Kangzi asked, "What about persuading people with respect and loyalty?" Confucius said, "When you are near a village, you should respect it; Filial piety is loyalty; "If you can't teach by advocating kindness, you should advise."
2 1. Or Confucius said, "Does Zi Xi not govern?" Confucius said, "The Book says,' Filial piety is just filial piety, friendship with brothers, and administration.' Is it also a government, and it is a government? "
22. Confucius said, "People who have no faith don't know what they can do. "If a big car has no track (ní) and a small car has no track (yuè), what can it do?"
23. Zi Zhang asked, "Do you know the tenth generation?" Confucius said, "Yin gained and lost because of Xia Li. It is clear that Zhou gained and lost because of Yin Li. "It's possible to know whether it's the successor of Zhou, though it's immortal."
24. Confucius said, "It's not a ghost but a sacrifice, and it's flattering (ch m 4 n). If you don't do what you think is right, you'll have no courage. "
Translation of works
1. Confucius said: "(Zhou Jun) will govern politics with moral education, and he will live in a certain position like Polaris, and the stars will surround him." ?
2. Confucius said: "The Book of Songs has 300 articles, which can be summarized in one sentence, that is,' pure thinking'." ?
3. Confucius said: "Using legal prohibitions to guide the people and using criminal law to restrain them, the people just seek to avoid being punished for crimes, but they lose their sense of shame; Using moral education to guide the people and using the ritual system to unify the words and deeds of the people, the people will not only be ashamed, but also obey the rules. " ?
4. Confucius said: "I am determined to study at the age of fifteen, I can stand on my own feet at the age of thirty, I can not be confused by external things at the age of forty, I can understand my destiny at the age of fifty, I can treat all kinds of speeches correctly at the age of sixty, I don't feel uncomfortable, and I can do whatever I want at the age of seventy without breaking the rules." ?
5. Meng Yizi asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "Filial piety means not to break the ceremony." Later, Fan Chi drove Confucius, and Confucius told him, "Meng Sun asked me what filial piety is, and I replied that I should not violate the ceremony." Fan Chi said, "What do you mean, don't break the ceremony?" Confucius said: "when parents are alive, they should be served according to the ceremony;" After the death of parents, they should be buried and sacrificed according to the ceremony. " ?
6. Meng Wubo asked Confucius about filial piety. Confucius said: "parents should be especially worried about their diseases." (Doing so can be regarded as filial piety. ）”?
7. Ziyou asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "Today's so-called filial piety only means that it is enough to support parents. However, even dogs and horses can be raised. If you don't care to honor your parents, what's the difference between supporting your parents and raising dogs and horses? " ?
8. Zi Xia asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "The hardest thing is to be kind to parents. Just having something, children need to do it for their parents, and having wine and rice, let their parents eat. Can you think that this can be regarded as filial piety?" ?
9. Confucius said, "I give lectures to Yan Hui all day, and he never raises objections or questions, like a fool. After he retired, I inspected his private remarks and found that he played a part in what I taught, which shows that Yan Hui is not stupid. " ?
10. Confucius said: "(To understand a person), we should look at his motives of words and deeds, observe the road he takes, and see what he is doing with peace of mind. How can this person hide?" How can this man hide? " ?
1 1. Confucius said: "When reviewing old knowledge, you can have new experiences and discoveries, and you can become a teacher." ?
12. Confucius said: "A gentleman is not like a utensil (it has only one purpose)." ?
13. Zi Gong asked how to be a gentleman. Confucius said, "Do what you want to say first, and then say it, (this is enough to say that you are a gentleman)." ?
14. Confucius said: "A gentleman is gregarious without colluding with others, and a villain colludes with others without being gregarious. ?
15. Confucius said: "If you only study and don't think about problems, you will be ignorant and gain nothing; If you only dream without studying, you will be confused and not sure. “?
16. Confucius said: "Attacking those incorrect remarks can eliminate the evil." ?
17. Confucius said, "If I teach you how to do it, do you understand? Know is know, don't know is don't know, this is wisdom! " ?
18. Zi Zhang wants to learn how to get an official position. Confucius said: "Listen more, put aside the doubts first, and speak the rest with caution, so that you can make fewer mistakes;" Read more, put aside the doubts first, and do the rest carefully, so as to reduce regrets. Speak less mistakes, do less regrets, and the official salary is here. " ?
19. Lu Aigong asked, "How can we make the people obey?" Confucius replied: "The people who are upright and selfless will be promoted, and the evil people will be put aside, and the people will obey;" If the wicked are promoted and the upright and selfless are put aside, the people will not obey the rule. " ?
20. Ji Kangzi asked, "What should be done to make the people respect and work hard for those in power?" Confucius said: "If you treat people with a solemn attitude, they will respect you;" If you are filial to your parents and kind to your children, the people will be loyal to you; If you choose people who are kind and have poor educational ability, the people will encourage each other and redouble their efforts. " ?
2 1. Someone said to Confucius, "Why don't you engage in politics?" Confucius replied: "The Book of History says,' Filial piety is to honor parents and love brothers.' How can we be a politician if we apply this principle of filial piety to political affairs, that is, engaging in politics? ”?
22. Confucius said: "It is absolutely impossible for a person not to keep his word. It's like a cart without a rump and a car without a rump. What does it walk on? " ?
23. Zi Zhang asked Confucius, "Can we know in advance the etiquette system of the next ten generations?" Confucius replied: "Shang dynasty inherited the etiquette system of Xia dynasty, and what was reduced and added can be known;" Zhou dynasty inherited the etiquette system of Shang dynasty, and the contents abolished and added can also be known. Those who inherit the Zhou Dynasty in the future, even after a hundred years, can be known in advance. " ?
24. Confucius said, "It's flattering to sacrifice a ghost that you should not sacrifice. It is cowardice to stand by when you see something that should stand up. " ?
Appreciation of works
At first glance, Confucius' answer really smacks of bull's head and horse's mouth. People ask what filial piety is. He replied that parents were worried about their children's diseases. However, if we have a little experience, we will find that the sage is really peaceful and unusual. His answer is actually very profound and subtle, and it is still a whisper of righteousness. He means, "Do you want to ask what filial piety is? Think about the mood that your parents worried about you when you were sick! Then you will know how to be filial. "After all, the so-called filial piety is nothing more than a return to parents' love. You just need to remember how anxious your parents are when you are sick, and treat your parents in the same mood. This is filial piety. ?
This kind of mood, this kind of warm experience of lying in a hospital bed and watching mom and dad lovingly feed soup and medicine for themselves when they were young, isn't it always lingering in our minds and flowing in the writer's pen? ?
Reflections on the Analects of Confucius for Politics
Compared with the first one, I personally think that the second one is much more difficult to read for politics. In fact, as long as you understand that learning refers to the truth of being a man, every sentence can understand its intention. But in the second article, except for a few sentences that really talk about politics directly, everything else seems to have nothing to do with politics. ?
To this end, I also went to check the meaning of the word Zheng. In ancient Chinese, politics is also used properly, so I was wondering, is this Confucius or talking about being a man? Talk about how to be an upright person. But soon I thought this explanation was far-fetched. In fact, being in power is about how to be in power, which is very clear. However, a note by Mr. Nan Huaijin is also worthy of our attention: The Analects is about politics, not politics. Confucius did not systematically put forward the concepts related to politics. According to this comment, it seems that some clues have begun to be understood as political sentences. ?
A * * * twenty-four sentences for politics. The first sentence is about the highest realm of politics, and then it is explained by the innocence in the Book of Songs that the most important thing to solve for politics is the ideological problem, and then it is explained by one's own life experience that politics needs rich life experiences. Next, I spent several words on filial piety, and then I talked about the cultivation of politicians. Finally, I summed it up in one sentence: politicians should have the courage to act righteously, and people should be drowned and hungry. In this way, the thinking of political articles is very clear. ?
Of course, this idea was put forward in the Analects of Confucius by Mr. Nan Huaijin. I have tried to doubt it, but I can't find a better explanation, so I still agree with this explanation. There are several words about filial piety in the political articles. It seems that it has nothing to do with politics, but it has a lot to do with it. In ancient China, filial piety ruled the world, so it is meaningful to talk about filial piety here. This point has also been confirmed in the 21st sentence:?
Or Confucius said: Zi Xi is not a politician? Confucius said: Shu Yun is filial to his brothers, and he is devoted to politics. Is it also a government, and it is a government? ?
In this sentence, Confucius made it clear that filial piety is politics. Therefore, it is not surprising that many people ask about filial piety in the middle of this article. ?
In addition, Confucius also talked about the basic requirements of a politician: to be comprehensive, that is, not to be partial; Otherwise, it means all-round development; It is necessary to review the past and learn the new, to learn and think, and not to delve into the dead end, and so on. ?
However, although being a politician can't be translated into being an upright person, it can be seen that these principles of being a politician are also principles of being a man, which are also reflected in the following chapters. Therefore, I personally think that the Analects of Confucius is generally about being a man, or learning and speaking. Whether it's about politics or courtesy and benevolence later, Confucius' proposition is to start with being a man himself, just like the gentleman in the first chapter said that a gentleman is a solid foundation, and he is born from the foundation. I think this should also be the reason for learning and writing as the opening. ?
On the whole, I am not inspired by politics as much as by learning, perhaps because the topic of politics is not closer to us ordinary people. However, in the expert's explanation, I still realized the characteristics of the layout of the Analects of Confucius, and I still have some experience on some words in the middle. I think, as long as you can learn something, it is also a good thing.
Brief introduction of the author
Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC1year, that is, August 27th of the lunar calendar ~ April 479 BC1day, that is, February 11th of the lunar calendar), named Qiu, was born in Zhong Ni, Han nationality, and was an ancestor in the Spring and Autumn Period of Lu (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). Thinker, educator, politician and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius, a masterpiece of ancient Chinese culture, was known as the "Saint of Heaven" and "Mu Duo of Heaven" when he was alive. He was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time, and was honored by later rulers as Confucius' sage, sage, sage teacher and eternal teacher, ranking first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". Confucius' Confucianism has a far-reaching influence on China, the Confucian cultural circle and the world. Throughout China, there are also Confucius temples dedicated to Confucius.
Confucius' ancestors were originally aristocrats in the Song Dynasty, but later moved to Lu to avoid the troubles of the court. Confucius' father was a samurai, although he was among the nobles, but his status was very low. When Confucius was three years old, his father died, and he lived a poor life with his mother. When Kong was young, he worked as a "commissioner" (managing warehouses) and "riding fields" (in charge of cattle, sheep and animal husbandry). When Lu Dinggong was in charge, Confucius served as a general manager and a general manager (in charge of justice, alongside Stuart, Sima and Sikong). In the twelfth year of Lu Dinggong (498 BC), Confucius was "photographed by the general manager" and "with the general manager". Because of disagreement with Ji Sun's, Uncle Sun Shi's and Meng Sun Shi's political views, Confucius left Lu to travel around the world, hoping to realize his political ambitions in other countries. He has been to Wei, Song, Chen, Cai, Chu and other countries, and has not been reused. In his later years, he returned to Lu to give lectures wholeheartedly and collate ancient documents. He edited and edited The Book of Songs and Shangshu, and edited them according to the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded by Lu historians, making them the first chronological historical works of China. Confucius gave lectures, with as many as 3,000 students, of whom 72 were famous.
A Brief Introduction to The Analects of Confucius
The Analects of Confucius was written during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and was recorded and collated by Confucius' students and their retranslators. By the Han Dynasty, there were three versions of The Analects of Lu (20 articles), The Analects of Qi (22 articles) and The Analects of Ancient Chinese (2 1 article). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan took The Analects of Lu as the base book, compiled and edited a new book with reference to The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Ancient Chinese, and annotated it. After Zheng Xuan's annotation spread, The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Ancient Chinese Literature gradually disappeared. The editions of Annotations on The Analects of Confucius in later generations mainly include: A Collection of Annotations on The Analects of Confucius by He Yan of Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period, On Semantic Sparseness by Huang Kan of Liang Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Annotations on The Analects of Confucius by Xing Yan in the Song Dynasty, Annotations on The Analects of Confucius by Zhu Xi, Justice of The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, etc.
The Analects of Confucius covers many aspects such as philosophy, politics, economy, education, literature and art, and is the most important classic of Confucianism. In terms of expression, The Analects of Confucius is a model of recorded prose with concise language and vivid image. In terms of arrangement, the Analects of Confucius has no strict compiling style, each article is a chapter, and each chapter is a chapter. There is no close relationship between articles and chapters, but it is roughly classified and repeated chapters appear.