Ganzi County is located in the northwest of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in the upper reaches of Yalong River. It is located at 99 08 ′-100 25 ′ east longitude and 3124 ′-32 54 ′ north latitude. "Ganzi" is the name of the temple, which means a white and beautiful place. It has a history of 1300 years, and is named after the first Gruba Temple founded here by disciple Huo Qujiang Weng Pengcuo. Up and down for thousands of years, from ancient times to the present, Ganzi has "the right time" and "the right place", with beautiful mountains and rivers, many heroes and outstanding people. Kangding, Chengdu, Qinghai, Tibet and Gansu are connected to the outside world. As the transportation hub of Kangbei, merchants have always gathered and business is prosperous, and it is worthy of being the economic and trade center of Kangbei. Ganzi has a vast territory, fertile land, boundless pastures, abundant water plants, abundant grains, and fat sheep in Mazhuang, which is called "the pearl of the snowy area".

Tibetan "Ganzi" means white and beautiful. The natural scenery there is beautiful, surrounded by Geliang Mountain, bayan har Mountain, Guolalang Mountain and Shaluli Mountain, and the Yalong River flows slowly through the vast and fertile fields like a green ribbon. It has beautiful scenery and is said to be one of the 24 sacred mountains inspired by the master of lotus and peanut in Tibetan areas, as well as the mysterious Zhari Yongkang Mountain, a good place for adventure tourism, and the vast pastoral scenery of Datong Caoyuan Ma.

Ganzi is an outstanding man. For thousands of years, the hardworking and brave Tibetan people who have lived and multiplied in this land for generations have written brilliant history with their amazing wisdom and extraordinary creativity, which deserves the pride of the whole Tibetan nation. 43 famous ancient temples, such as Ganzi Temple, Dajin Temple, Degombo Temple and Donggu Temple, add luster to this bright pearl of Ganzi. Complete five sects of Tibetan Buddhism, unique temple architecture, folk architecture, Tibetan paintings, handicrafts, simple folk dances, literature and art, etc. Especially the world-famous tap dance in Ganzi has laid a solid cultural foundation for Ganzi, which is called the cultural capital.

Ganzi is full of talented people and the stars are bright. There are legends and ancient ruins of Gesar. In that ancient and magical land, Du Ba, the founder of the Kagyu Sect, drepung monastery Ong Pengcuo, the French king who advocated building thirteen temples in Hormuz, Arvengas Cuo, a famous patriot, and Geda V, a famous religious patriot, once gave birth to the eternal ode of "military and civilian support for the army" between the Commander-in-Chief and Geda V in Ganzi County, and also gave birth to General Yang, the first Tibetan general trained in New China, and the first Tibetan doctor, Dr. Golmud.

Local customs and practices

Jue 'an Qinba, which means "Fifteen Sacrifices", is also called "Butter Sculpture". It is a superb hand-painted plastic art with ghee as the raw material and people, flowers, birds, animals, trees and other people and things as the theme, with a long history. According to legend, 1300 years ago, when Princess Wencheng, the daughter of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, married the 32nd generation Tubo Za Gambo, the Tibetan people presented a bunch of butter sculptures in front of the 12-year-old Buddha statue brought by Princess Wencheng from the capital Chang 'an to show their respect. Since then, this has become the custom of the Tibetan people. In the early days of butter sculpture, lotus was the main theme, and the theme was relatively simple. Later, this custom spread to major temples, and the theme and technology of ghee sculpture have made new development, becoming a superb oil sculpture art unique to major temples in Tibetan areas.

The production of ghee carving in Ganzi County is unique in Tibetan areas. Its production process is exquisite, exquisite, realistic and diverse, involving figures, flowers, Buddha statues, trees, birds and animals. Moreover, it pays attention to the content renovation every year and forms various kinds of storylines, which is a must in Tibetan areas.

One month before the Spring Festival every year, artists who make butter sculptures will knead pure butter with various dyes and start making butter sculptures. Every year, on the first day of the first month 15, artists will display elaborate butter sculptures in the courtyard in front of the Grand Sutra Hall of the temple, which is an annual activity. These ghee sculptures are deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups because of their vivid shapes, realistic expressions, novel patterns and bright colors.

Tibetan opera is a comprehensive performance form in which Tibetan people express their literary content and real life in the form of song and dance. It was formed on different artistic soil such as Tibetan religious ceremonies, offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, folk songs and dances, and rap performances.

First, the process of germination, embryonic form, revival and popularization of Tibetan opera

According to Tibetan history books, before the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty, the earliest primitive religion-Silly Wave Religion appeared in Tibet. Judging from its content, it is a belief in all gods. The activity is mainly through the wizard as the incarnation of the gods, and it is the intermediate medium to communicate the relationship between man and god. Wizards let the gods bless all beings by dancing, thus avoiding disaster. In this way, all kinds of sacrifices, prayers, witchcraft and other ceremonies pray to the gods, and wizards naturally become dancers who hold religious ceremonies and divination prayers in Benbo School. With the progress of society and the development of religion, Tibetan folk art entering slavery has been continuously developed and improved. For example, the "Lu" folk song combined with dance and the "witch dance" of the foolish religion that worships the gods and silently teaches the Tao have continuously developed and changed, forming a "strong wood" to entertain the gods, exorcise ghosts and avoid disasters. In a word, "Qiang Mu" is a religious dance that evolved from the primitive religion of Tibet "Benbo" wizard ceremony, absorbing folk dances, praying for Khanh My and drumming noisily.

Sambo Chisong Dêzain (7 18-785) of the Tubo Dynasty in the 8th century A.D. sent his ministers to Afghanistan to welcome Master Lian Peanut, a monk, to Tibet to preach Buddhism. In the Year of the Sheep (AD 779), the first Tibetan Buddhist temple, Sanye Temple, was built in Shannan. After Master Lian Peanut arrived in Tibet, he vigorously promoted Buddhism, tried his best to integrate Buddhism and stupid religion, and combined Buddhist teachings with stupid wave religion, sorcerer's blessing ceremony and folk dance according to Buddhist scripture stories, and adapted it into a new form of Tibetan Buddhist sacrificial dance. Although this religious dance has a strong Buddhist ritual color, it is a vivid embodiment of various thoughts, feelings and wishes at that time, and it is the original representative form of Tibetan folk songs and dances and folk performances. It is recorded in the Biography of Lotus Peanut; "After the translator (Lotus Peanut) finished translating the scriptures in cishi of Sanye Temple, the elders walked around Wuzi Temple for three weeks with scriptures in their hands, lined up, put on masks, danced with the drums and lit up the translated scriptures." After that, this ceremony was followed down, forming the so-called "jumping god" held in Tibetan temples now. It is recorded in the Tibetan history "Baxie"; "Tibetan Zanba Chisongde built Sanye Temple, and Master Lotus Peanut took the lead in using the dance in a track instrument to subdue the evil soul." This is the beginning of the Tibetan dance "Qiang Mu". The forms and contents of these dances are recorded in Arthur, a Tibetan medical book written by Edith Sanjigyatso. At the inauguration ceremony of the temple, the subjects carried out literary and artistic activities such as "Zhuo", "Lu" and "Xie". Zhuo' is the inspiration for wearing a mask; Lu just sings and doesn't dance; "Xie" means singing and dancing. "At this time, the actors were all monks, sometimes accompanied by chanting, forming a new pantomime form, chanting Buddha and praying for blessings.

It is recorded in the History of Saga Clan Collection: "During the Mugou period (1034), there was a big temple fair in Zhuo Di (near Saga Temple in Tibet today). In all kinds of acrobatics, there are many wizards, 28 women with masks and weapons, and other women with long braids playing drums. They dance with drums, which is really a spectacle. " That is to say, in the 11th century, the art forms dominated by religious worship and dance were mixed with various acrobatics, and there were scenes of men and women dancing together, and there were free women, wizards and other dramatic figures. This further shows that "Qiangmu" has developed from a simple religious ceremony to an attractive and entertaining art form, which is closer to secularization.

According to legend, in the14th century, Tang Dongjiebo (1385- 1464, a legendary figure in post-Tibetan areas) was a reformer and innovator of Tibetan opera, and he introduced religious ceremonies such as "Qiangmu" from temples to the people. Tang Dong Jiebo is bent on making profits for all beings and is determined to build a cable bridge in the snowy river. In order to raise funds for the construction of Tiesuo Bridge, he absorbed folk art performances from all over the country at that time and invited seven singing and dancing sisters from a poor county in Shannan to form a performance team. Two of them played hunters, two played princes, two played fairies and one played cymbals. Tang Dongjiebo personally directed the program, designed the lyrics, and used the dance form of the temple gods to infiltrate the bunsen burner of Buddha. Seven Sisters's "Binton Sheba" is the earliest school of white flour in Tibetan opera, which gradually dramatizes the simple dance "Qiangmu" in the past, and begins to speak and sing in the pantomime dance. With the continuous strengthening of performance means, this new form of artistic performance gradually broke away from religious ceremonies, forming the embryonic form of Tibetan opera art. This reform conforms to the current situation and is widely welcomed by the people, thus making the reformed form of artistic performance more popular, completely realizing the transition of Tibetan opera from temples to folk, and making it a secular song and dance art in Tibetan areas.

Ngawang Luoronggyatso, the fifth generation, established Gandanpozhang (the local government in Tibetan areas at that time). After Tibet's reunification, the song and dance teams from Ladakh came to Lhasa to congratulate. Dancing and melodious music fascinated him, so he chose a boy (Little Zaba) aged 12 and 13 to study singing and dancing in Ladakh. When V 0 met the emperor shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing, he often attended banquets and enjoyed optimistic plays, inspired by the art of Han opera and court songs and dances. After the fifth generation returned to Tibet, on the basis of Tibetan folk opera, it enriched and improved the content and form of Tibetan opera, making Tibetan opera a unique performing art independent of religious activities and various folk arts. In order to professionalize Tibetan opera performances, V separated actors from monasteries and became full-time artists, and formed the first professional Tibetan opera troupe in western history-Juemulong. At the same time, the songbook used by artists developed from narrative style to first-person narrator, forming the performance "script" that was later seen. With the development and popularization of Tibetan opera performances in Tibet and Shannan, professional troupes have sprung up all over the country. According to the records of Tibetan history, there were 12 troupes participating in the Snow Festival organized by Gaxia every year, thus forming two major schools of early Tibetan opera: white face and blue face.

Second, the types and origins of Ganzi Tibetan Opera

Ganzi county is known as the "hometown of singing and dancing", and "you can sing if you can talk, and you can dance if you can walk", which is a true portrayal of Ganzi people's ability to sing and dance. Tibetan opera performances in this county are very popular. At present, Tibetan operas in this county can be divided into four types: Qiangmu, Ramjie, Xie and Xia Zhuo, which are briefly described below. 1. Qiangmu: It means jumping from the temple. It is the product of the combination of religious consciousness and folk dance, and it comes from the sacrificial dance of the early Tibetan silly wave religion. In the eighth and ninth centuries, the Qiang people of Ganzi were introduced from Tibet. The time and frequency of jumping depends on the specific situation of each temple. The location is usually in the square in front of the temple. It is a dance art with strict procedures. Whether it is the combination of movements or the change of formation, each temple has certain standardized procedures, which are passed down from generation to generation by dancers who are specially responsible for dance training according to their own words and deeds. Musical instruments mainly include drums, cymbals, trombone, conch, French clock, suona and so on. Drum is the most important rhythm instruction in dance, which can be roughly divided into exorcism, blessing, blessing, exorcism, offering sacrifices to entertain gods and dancing with birds and animals. 2. Association: also known as "black boy". There are Kongsa Sechin, Zhongsa Sechin, Geda Sechin and Langza Sechin in Ganzi County, among which Geda Heizai, founded by Bailisi V, is particularly famous. At first, this kind of song and dance was used to sacrifice the dead, cross the soul and avoid famine. Later, it gradually enriched the content and spread among the people. When performing an unaccompanied instrument and dancing, the men's and women's teams dance in a circle and stand opposite each other. The actor looked up, the actress bowed her head, along the arc, first slowly and then quickly, singing and dancing. The dance steps are vigorous and have the charm of "Xia Zhuo". It is said that Geda-wrote twenty-four poems and taught actors to sing, thus forming a unique folk dance in which Geda Heizi sang and danced. 3. Xia Zhuo: commonly known as "tap dance". Ganzi tap dance was first introduced from Tibet as a dance form. About 300 years ago, monks from Ganzi Temple and Dajin Temple learned from Xigaze, Tibet. At first, it mainly praised the guru, parents and local officials in the form of poems and prayed for good luck. When Xia Zhuo was introduced into Ganzi, he was mastered by temples. Performers are all men. They usually perform in autumn every year. Later, Xia Zhuo entered the folk, without time or gender restrictions. There is no limit to the number of tap dances, ranging from one person to hundreds. During the performance, dancers wear costumes but don't wear waist knives, and 1 strings of bells are hung on their feet or waist to add acoustic color. After liberation, tap dancing inherited and used for reference the dance steps of amateur and professional dancers, widely adopted the rhythmic advantages of various dance steps, and formed unique technical movements such as graceful dance rotation and sideways prancing, which enriched the expressive force of dance and formed "Ganzi Tap Dance" with local characteristics. Ganzi tap dance 1964 was invited to Beijing to participate in the national amateur cultural performance of ethnic minorities and won the excellent program award; 1980 participated in the national amateur farmers' literary performance and won the excellent program award; 1990, won the first prize for performance in the first provincial minority art festival; It has also won many awards from the state and counties. 4. Sister Ram: Ganzi Tibetan Opera. -The Year of the Iron Rat (1780) was introduced from Tibet. At that time, Abaza Cangjialuoleba of Ganzi Temple went to Gadan Temple in Shigatse, Tibet to study "Jiongba" Tibetan opera, brought back the script and music score of "Gaer" (sacrificial dance) and made a beautiful and vivid mask. The following year, he was awarded the Tibetan opera art ambassador of Ganzi Temple Abaza Cangzang Troupe. -The Year of the Iron Dog 1790), the third generation Langza of Ganzi Temple, rebuilt the troupe to Bakzhu. -In the Year of the Water Monkey (1932), Riga took over the troupe and performed the Tibetan opera "Langsawingbo". Since then, Tibetan opera has developed in Ganzi and formed its own unique style. Before liberation, from July to July every year, after a large-scale Buddhist activity was held in Ganzi Temple, Zenizacang Theatre Company and Abaza Cang Theatre Company of the temple performed Tibetan operas for 3 to 7 days respectively.

Ganzi Tibetan Opera has made great contributions to enriching people's cultural life and inheriting excellent traditional culture. In Ganzi, Tibetan opera is one of the necessary repertoires for Jiaqing Festival cultural activities. Ganzi Tibetan Opera not only performed in counties and townships, but also participated in many performances inside and outside the province:

1986, Tibetan Opera in Ganzi Prefecture participated in the cultural performance of "Autumn in Happy Valley".

1989, Ganzi Tibetan Opera was invited to participate in the performance of "China Shanghai International Dance Art";

1990, Ganzi Tibetan Opera Performance Team won wide acclaim for its outstanding performance in the second cultural performance in Ganzi Prefecture and the 40th anniversary celebration of the founding of Ganzi Prefecture.

1991September, Ganzi Tibetan Opera participated in the performance of Sichuan International Television Festival in China.

1August, 1993 to 10/October, Ganzi Tibetan Opera Performance Team performed for two months in Badaling, Beijing and other places.

1994 Ganzi Tibetan Opera participated in the performance of the second minority art festival in Sichuan Province;

1June 1995 to165438+1October, Ganzi Tibetan Opera was performed in Beijing and Beidaihe.

1June, 1996 to1June, Ganzi Tibetan Opera participated in Dalian and Zigong Art Festival.

Ganzi Tibetan Opera Performance Team won a high honor every time with its unique and wonderful performances, and was well received by guests and audiences at home and abroad, provinces, prefectures and counties.

Datong Horse Prairie is located in the northwest of Ganzi County, where the sky is high and the clouds are light, the air is fresh and the sun is shining. Looking around, the vast grassland is like a huge green carpet under the blue sky. Flocks of cattle and sheep are like flowers dotted on them, and the vast and distant beauty is fascinating and lingering. In addition to the beautiful scenery, there are also famous ancient temple wonders, mysterious religious customs and little-known folk customs on the grassland, waiting for people to explore and explore.

First of all, the wonders of the ancient temple

Because Datong Ma is located in the hinterland of Sichuan-Tibet Plateau, it has little contact with the outside world for thousands of years. Therefore, religious activities here are very developed, and many ancient and mysterious religious cultures are still preserved. Zhala Temple is a famous temple on the Caoyuan Ma of Datong, and the most famous of the eleven Ma Ning temples in Ganzi County. The temple is located in Chalong Township, Datong Ma District, with an altitude of 3,980m, 0/00km away from the county seat/kloc-and connected by Ganda Highway.

The origin of the name of Zhala Temple is that there are two ditches in Datong Horse, and the temple is built in the branch ditch, so it is named "Zhala Temple", which means "Zhigou Temple". According to the records of Tibetan Buddhist temples in Ganzi Prefecture, there is a Gajia holy mountain in Datong Ma, and two stupid temples (black religion) are built on the top of the holy mountain. One is called Della Temple, and the other is Zharao Renzhaga Temple. The latter temple was built by Qu, a disciple of Qiang Bolangjue (who died at 1 130), and the benefactor at that time was Su Ri Cuba (Mongolian, descendant of Su Ri Cuba family). -Brother Wusheng lit a fire in the Year of the Pig (1287). -Saigon changed Zharao Ren Zhaga Temple to Ma Ning (a red religion) and moved it to its current site, and named it Zhala Temple. Since then, the name of Zara Temple has been used to this day.

1, the temple building is majestic. The temple is located on a grassy beach, resplendent and magnificent. There is a statue of Master Lotus Peanut in the temple, which is about five meters high and golden yellow. The master was solemn and smiled. The majestic statue of Master Lotus Peanut is located in Tongshan Palace in Pure Land. There is also a Tantric training center in the temple, whose golden dome and glazed tiles shine in the sun. There are many flagpoles, prayer rooms and monasteries around the main hall. There are a large number of pagodas around the monasteries, and hundreds of herdsmen's tents are scattered. What is particularly striking is that the sacred mountain behind the temple is filled with countless prayer flags, which are blown by the breeze and hunted by flags, giving people a solemn feeling and awe-inspiring.

2. Classic sources and doctrinal characteristics of the red religion: From the perspective of classic sources, Ma Ning can be divided into two types. One is called "karma", also known as oral tradition, which is mainly based on the Tantric classics translated since the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., and passed down from generation to generation among the people, or the master takes the apprentice. The other is called "Made", also called Fuzang. It is said that Master Lotus Peanut and others buried Tantric Classics in the ground at the end of the eighth century, and it was hundreds of years later that they were excavated and taught. Strange religion: the doctrine pursued by Ma Ning School is mainly 0, which advocates that people's body and mind are pure, and the essence of body and mind is "away from dirt"; Pay more attention to secrets, less attention to the obvious, practice harder and purify the soul. It is very special in practice methods. They are used to setting up tents in deep mountains and dense forests or choosing secluded caves to practice the secret method alone. They practice Qigong to keep fit, nourish qi and keep fit, and eat less every month, trying to maintain the realm of life only by holding a few highland barley in their mouths. In addition, the yogi also intends to be naked in the heavy snow and scorching sun in the middle of winter, strive to practice and live with peace of mind, and get rid of all kinds of desires and thoughts in order to achieve the result of zero dharma.

3. Unique Buddhist activities: The contents of Maningma Dharma Association in Datong City not only include monks gathering in the main hall to recite scriptures, but also organize monks to jump into the gods. Divine dance is a kind of dance with preaching and classic content. At the same time, it is also a festival activity that combines religion and national customs. The dancing monks are mainly young monks who have received special training in this temple in advance. There are complete and systematic dance movements and accurate and distinctive dance vocabulary. Wear masks of domestic animals and beasts such as horses, cows, deer, monkeys, Dapeng birds and lions when skydiving. Dance in front of the main hall from June 10 to June/5 every year, accompanied by the band of the temple. The main musical instruments are white snail, tuba, mini, suona, gong, drum and cymbal. "Sangdong" means burning incense in Tibetan. —— From June 10 to 15, Zhala Temple was very lively, with cigarettes all over the mountain. People held their heads high in the blue sky, facing the holy mountain, and lit a fire with cypress branches, highland barley, ghee, rice, Ciba and other things. It means offering sacrifices to God and praying for peace and good luck. Good men and women seem to see the majesty of the gods and the solemnity of heaven and earth. At this moment, the power of the gods seems to have replaced the individual will, and people have achieved psychological balance and satisfaction in such a unique atmosphere on the vast grassland. Divine dance in Tibetan Buddhism is not only a religious activity, but also a folk festival. On auspicious festivals, people will flock to temples in an endless stream, and good men and women will light butter lamps, burn incense and worship Buddha, and donate money and materials to the gods for good luck. After that, the temple will hold a dance, and good men and women will watch it quietly, immersed in the ups and downs of the plot. At this time, with the impact of good, evil, beauty and ugliness in the plot, people's hearts will be truly baptized and purified. In the skipping activities, young men and women wear colorful clothes, make love and make friends, which has become another highlight of the skipping conference. With the development of the times, traditional religious meetings have injected new contents. It is not only a religious conference, but also a traditional national festival that people love.

Second, what is peacekeeping? Stone piles, prayer flags and walls.

When you come to Tongma Prairie, you will find stone piles carved in Tibetan everywhere, which is called "horse" in Tibetan. It is the abbreviation of the six-character mantra of Tibetan Buddhism, "Eight Secrets of Armani". It is said that frequent meditation on the six-character mantra can eliminate disasters and avoid disasters, and make your life safe. Therefore, no matter where Tibetans go, they must express this desire, thus forming a religious landscape with manna stones everywhere in Tibetan areas. In order to pray for peace, people will take the initiative to carve Mani stones and pile them up. In this way, through the accumulation of generations of devout believers, the pile is getting bigger and bigger. Usually, when people pass the pile, they should take the initiative to add stones, read the six-character mantra and circle from left to right. It can be said that Manishi has become a place for Tibetan people to engage in daily Buddhist activities. Prayer flags: In the green hills deep in the Datong Horse Prairie, you can often see countless prayer flags flying on the banks of Qingxi in the holy lake. Especially on the sunny slope of the holy mountain behind Zara Temple, there are tens of thousands of prayer flags. These prayer flags around the warp wall in Jiaren Hall are all supported by yak rope or nylon rope, and dozens of layers of ring ropes covered with prayer flags are tightly around the warp wall, forming a great pyramid composed of prayer flags. On the vast grassland, the appearance of such a behemoth waving prayer flags naturally shocked the mood of the wanderer. If you come here to hang a prayer flag, you will make a wish for peace for yourself. Standing under the banners of the city wall or the holy mountain, people seem to feel the existence of a mysterious force.

Third, the place where the soul sublimates-Taiwan Province

-its source is different, and it is generally considered to be the performance of life dedication. -Taiwan Province is the place where Tibetans hold funerals after their death. -The platform is generally located on the sunny slope of the mountain. There are no special signs around, it is the last stop of life, and the dead will be sent here. -they will recite the scriptures and show the way to heaven for the dead. Soon, vultures, as the embodiment of the gods, will fly in droves, eat up the dead bodies and then fly to the distant sky. It is said that this can bring the dead to heaven and let their souls enter the afterlife. However, the terrace of Datong Horse is different from others. Terraced fields are located at the southern end of Zhala Temple, 1 km away, on a green hillside more than 350 meters high from the foot of the mountain. Dense grass and wild flowers give off a refreshing fragrance. It is ethereal, quiet and solemn. The prayer flags here are the highest in Tibetan areas, dense and overlapping, covering the sky. Strip-shaped Mani prayer walls, pyramid-shaped prayer flags and stupas seem to create a paradise, which makes people feel a spiritual shock and an imagination from this life to the next. This is the ancient heritage of nomadic culture.

Fourth, clothing.

Herdsmen's Tibetan clothes generally have the characteristics of long sleeves and wide waist. According to different materials, it can be divided into sheepskin Tibetan robe, fur Tibetan robe and cloth Tibetan robe. The fur Tibetan robe is tanned with old sheepskin, and the sewn leather coat is called "Zaba". The hem of women's fur coat is decorated with three patterns of embroidery, which is inlaid with red and black plain cloth. When wearing a fur coat, you should wear a semi-high-necked, slanted satin-stitched shirt, mainly purple, brown, yellow and white satin. The waist is tied with long red cocoon silk, the back is tied with a knot, and the side of the belt is tied with a silver breast hook embedded with coral. Milk hook was first used as a labor tool, and then gradually evolved into an ornament. Lamb skin Tibetan robe is made by tanning lamb skin and sewing it. Generally, the surface of clothing is made of red, yellow and green brocade. This kind of sewn Tibetan robe is called "Chari". Women's Tibetan robe is edged with otter skin. The edge of men's Tibetan robe is tiger skin or leopard skin. Looks beautiful and generous. There are two kinds of cloth and Tibetan robes, single and clip, which can be changed at any time according to climate change. When the belt is fastened, a big pocket is formed at the waist. Underwear with a white or other color shirt, it is very convenient to tie your sleeves around your waist when it is warm or at work. Herdsmen and women wear wide-brimmed hats in summer. In winter, you usually wear a fox fur hat, which is cylindrical, split at the back, with the brim upturned to expose fur and colored satin at the top. After wearing it, it shows the free and easy of grassland herders. Women in pastoral areas usually comb their hair into hundreds of thin braids, connect them with black silk threads, and decorate them with jewels such as agate, amber, coral and pine otolith.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) specifies diet.

Herdsmen usually eat Ciba, ghee, milk, yogurt, beef, milk residue and so on. As an essential drink, tea is indispensable for every meal. The herdsmen are hospitable, and guests can eat when they arrive. Treat guests with ghee soup, ginseng fruit, yogurt, sugar, steamed stuffed bun, Tibetan eight-treasure porridge, butter tea or milk. In case of major festivals and ceremonies, fresh ghee, ginseng fruit and yellow sugar are combined into squares, and various auspicious patterns are made of ghee, which is called "body" in Tibetan as a precious gift for entertaining and presenting VIPs.

Intransitive Verb Folk Sports Event-Horse Racing

Horse racing is the most important mass entertainment activity of Datong Horse every year. Herdsmen believe that horse racing is an important activity to avoid disasters and solve problems, ensure the prosperity of six livestock and ensure safety, and they all take part in it enthusiastically. Before the horse race, riders should lead their horses around the cypress pile for three times, and at the same time recite their wishes and shout "Laszlo" and "Tahildler" to show their blessings. Riders are usually teenagers around the age of fifteen. The host, the elder, led the horses and riders to the starting point of the racecourse. After they lined up neatly, a bell rang and the riders rushed to the finish line. The first three riders will get a Hada and different quantities of tea, and the rest will also get a Hada to congratulate and wish good luck. -There will also be competitions of riding and shooting, catching Hada and other difficult movements. During the competition, there will also be sports competitions, including yak dance, lion dance, wrestling, tug-of-war and weightlifting. Horse racing is a grand activity for grassland herders to show their bravery. During the horse race, the whole grassland will be immersed in a warm, auspicious and joyful atmosphere.

7. The beautiful Datong Caoyuan Ma is rich in resources.

Datong Caoyuan Ma has valuable medicinal materials such as Cordyceps and Fritillaria. Sesutang, which means "golden basin treasure land" in Tibetan, is rich in gold reserves. Ma Xiong, roe deer, rock sheep, deer, antelope and other wild animals also inhabit the vast Datong Caoyuan Ma, and have the reputation of "hunting roe deer and catching fish".

In April of 20021year, Ganzi county was selected as the second national top 100 cultural counties.

In April, 20021year, Ganzi county ranked 97th in the list of top 100 special foods in China.

202 1 and 1, Ganzi county was recognized as the third batch of food safety demonstration counties (cities, districts) in Sichuan province.

In June 2020, Ganzi County was included in the second batch of revolutionary cultural relics protection and utilization counties (Long March District (Red Second Army) and Long March District (Red Fourth Army)).

In February of 20 18, Ganzi county was included in the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education in China in 20 17.