1.soil
Soil is the foundation of the growth of flowers and trees. It is not only the support for fixing the growth and development of plant roots, but also provides necessary nutrients, water and air for plant growth.
(1) Soil quality requirements
Fertile, harmless, loose, breathable, water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining.
(2) Pot soil materials
Pot soil materials for family flowers are not only commonly used soil, but also some mineral materials and biological materials, so the meaning of pot soil is not limited to soil. Therefore, the materials on which these plants depend for survival are often collectively referred to as substrates or media in cultivation. The commonly used substrates are: garden soil, mountain mud, pond mud, sand, earthworm manure, cinder, vermiculite, perlite, ceramsite, brick particles and chaff.
(3) Soil acidity
The pH of soil affects the growth and development of flowers, and most flowers are suitable for slightly acidic soil with pH value of 6.0-7.0 (soil pH7 is neutral soil). Camellia, rhododendron, orchids, pineapples and other flowers require a more acidic soil environment. Usually, the pH value is required to reach about 5-6. Therefore, these flowers should be cultivated with mountain mud (orchid mud) with more humus to grow well. Dianthus caryophyllus, Dali flower, cactus, Manla, pomegranate, grape and kiwifruit have a wide range of adaptability to soil acidity and can grow in an environment with pH of 6-8.
For soils with heavy alkalinity, sulfur powder, ferrous sulfate and aluminum sulfate can be added to adjust. Usually, the application amount of sulfur powder is 0.1-0.2% of the total soil. Lime powder can be used to adjust the soil with excessive acidity, and the application amount per square meter of land is 35-70 grams.
(4) Soil improvement
In the soil for planting flowers in the courtyard, all kinds of construction wastes within 40cm of the soil surface must be cleared, and the hole position of planting trees should be replaced with new soil with a hole depth of 60-80cm. For the green land with heavy soil, it is necessary to thicken sand and organic matter containing much fiber to facilitate drainage and increase the permeability and organic matter content of the soil layer.
The preparation of potted soil should pay attention to the permeability, fertility and suitable soil acidity of soil according to the requirements of planting plants. Usually, fertile pastoral soil (hot soil) and chaff ash are used to make the cultivation medium according to the ratio of 2-3:1. However, urban flower cultivation is limited by conditions, and it is not easy to obtain high-quality culture soil. Therefore, urban domestic wastes such as fallen leaves, sawdust, peanut shells, bean shells, eggshells, bagasse, poultry feathers, fish bones and shrimp shells can be collected and chopped. Add rice washing water, put it in an old jar or a plastic bag, ferment and decompose it for a long time, then dry it, sieve it, and mix it with some raw mud (earth excavated from roads and infrastructure) to prepare potted nutrient soil. The overnight soil replaced by turning over the basin can also be mixed with domestic waste and reused after being piled and retched.
Strict potted soil needs to be disinfected, and simple sunlight disinfection method can be used to raise flowers at home, that is, spreading the soil flat on a cement board in summer, covering it with a plastic film, and exposing it to strong light, which can kill a large number of pathogenic spores, hyphae, insect eggs and nematodes in the soil. In addition, heating disinfection and pharmaceutical disinfection can also be used if conditions permit.
Step 2 apply fertilizer
Fertilizer is the source of nutrients needed for flower growth, which directly affects the growth and development of flowers. For different plants, in different growth stages, timely and appropriate application of the required nutrient elements can make flowers flourish and flourish.
16 nutrient elements needed for flower growth
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (obtained in air and water)
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium
Iron, boron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum and chlorine
(1) Types of fertilizers
Organic fertilizer refers to the fertilizer formed by the processing, fermentation and decomposition of animal and plant residues or excreta. Organic fertilizer contains complete nutrients needed by flowers, and the nutrients are gradually decomposed after being applied to the soil. Although the effect is slow, the fertilizer effect is long, and it can also improve the soil, which is beneficial to the development of roots and the activities of beneficial bacteria in the soil. Commonly used organic fertilizers include: livestock manure, fish meal, bone meal, plant ash, various cake fertilizers and sesame oil residue.
Inorganic fertilizers (chemical fertilizers) are fertilizers made by chemical methods or natural mineral processing. It has the advantages of high nutrient content, quick response, convenient use, cleanliness and hygiene, but the nutrient composition is single, which is easy to harden the soil after long-term use. Commonly used are: urea, ammonium sulfate, nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and so on. And a compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after processing and compounding.
(2) Preparation of organic fertilizer for family flower cultivation
Courtyard compost uses the shaded corner of the courtyard to control the pit, and accumulates the vegetable stems and leaves, bean shells, claw peels, herb residues, eggshells, shrimp and crab shells, poultry feathers, fish scales, fish viscera and weeds, fallen leaves, etc. It can be covered with mud or plastic film to prevent the odor from overflowing.
Household bottles are made by using small-mouth waste plastic bottles such as coke bottles and blended oil bottles as containers, injecting animal scraps such as fish scales, fish offal, eel and shrimp shells, and fermenting and decomposing to make high-quality liquid quick-acting fertilizer. You can also use bad soybeans to soak and rette. Attention should be paid to the preparation of organic fertilizer in bottles: ① The injection amount of fish waste is about1/2-2/3 of the bottle capacity. Add water to the bottle mouth (leave a certain gap).
(1) In order to reduce the odor of fertilizer fermentation, a part of orange can be put in at the same time. Generally, a 2.5-liter mixed oil bottle can put 3-4 orange peels. The orange peel can be torn or chopped and put down. You can use fresh orange peel or air-dried old orange peel.
(3) After preparation, the bottle cap must be backed up by 2-3 teeth to leave an air gap, otherwise, it is easy to rush out of the bottle cap due to fermentation and gas expansion in the bottle, resulting in the unbearable consequences of odor overflowing.
(4) It takes 4-15 months for bottle-made organic fertilizer to ferment in summer. Generally, it takes about one year to decompose, and its solution can be diluted with water to water the flowers.
Utilization of broad bean shells-Silkworm pods are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, which are easy to collect, clean and hygienic in cities. During preparation, the pods can be insolated and dried, ground and stored for later use, and can be mixed when making potted culture soil, or turned over in potted flowers and used as base fertilizer when planting.
(3) Rational fertilization
① base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar fertilization
Base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer with slow decomposition and long fertilizer efficiency. It can be used for flowers all year round. Garden flowers, in winter or early spring, in the main planting flowers and trees around the ditch or hole deep buried, or before planting soil ploughing at the same time. Potted flowers, used for mixing in the preparation of culture soil, or applied to the bottom of flowerpots before planting. Commonly used base fertilizers include compost made of animal and plant residues, dried livestock manure, decomposed cake fertilizer crumbs and so on. The city can use the oil residue from the small sesame oil, which has good fertilizer efficiency. Fried or cooked soybeans can also be injected into the middle and lower layers of potted flowers as supplementary base fertilizer.
The application of topdressing can get quick results and can be quickly absorbed and utilized by flowers, or the leaching solution after fermentation of organic fertilizer can be added when necessary in each stage of flower growth and development. Commonly used are urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.
Foliar fertilization, also known as topdressing outside the roots, is used to spray the plants after dissolving water with chemical fertilizer, so that nutrients can penetrate into the plants at the back of leaves, which is characterized by convenient operation and quick effect. Attention should be paid to the application: the concentration of chemical fertilizer should be controlled at 0.1-0.2%, and excessive concentration will cause damage to plants; Flowers planted on balconies and in the open air should be sprayed in the evening to prevent exposure to the hot sun after fertilization and increase the fertilizer concentration to cause fertilizer damage. The position of spraying should pay attention to the back position of leaves.
② Principles and methods of fertilization
Appropriate flowers, timely, appropriate situation, appropriate amount, thin fertilizer and diligent application.
Flowers-suitable foliage plants have more nitrogen fertilizer, while fruit-ornamental plants have more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
When the branches and leaves are pumped at the right time, nitrogen fertilizer is the main factor, flower buds differentiate and form buds, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main factors before flowering.
Appropriate situation-"four more, four less, four noes"
Apply more yellow and thin, before germination, before pregnancy and after flowering. Apply less fat, apply less when sprouting, apply less when flowering, and apply less in rainy season. Don't plant new crops, grow in vain, be sick and weak, and don't plant in midsummer.
Appropriate amount of thin fertilizer: 7-8 parts of water and 2-3 parts of fertilizer for organic fertilizer and 0.1-0.3% for chemical fertilizer.
Diligent application: once every 7-10 days in the growing season.
Three taboos for fertilization-avoid thick fertilizer, which causes cell fluid extravasation and dies.
Avoid hot fertilizer, the soil temperature is high at noon in summer, and topdressing hurts the roots.
Avoid sitting on fertilizer. After applying base fertilizer to the bottom of pots, cover them with a thin layer of soil first.
Then plant flowers. Avoid roots sitting directly on fertilizer.
Step 3 water it
Watering is the main management work of family flower cultivation. Water is an important component of plants and an indispensable main substance for physiological activities.
(1) yard watering
In dry season, water must be replenished to keep the soil moist, and in rainy season, attention must be paid to drainage to prevent the roots from suffocating and dying due to stagnant water and lack of oxygen.
The water temperature and soil temperature should not exceed 5℃ when watering. Water should be done in the morning and evening in summer and around noon in winter.
(2) Water potted flowers
(1) the principle of watering a dry wet, dry not to water, see dry namely water, water to water thoroughly.
Dry, wet and wet means to make the soil dry and wet. It not only ensures the water supply of flowers and trees, but also makes the pot soil breathable and protects the root system development.
The standard of dryness is that the upper layer of basin soil is dry, the bottom soil still has moisture, the plants grow normally or the leaves wilt briefly at noon.
The water shortage of flowering plants first shows the wilting of petals. It is found that leaves and flowers lose water and must be replenished immediately. To restore life.
The principle of thorough watering means that water seeps from the bottom of the basin, and the half-waist water that is wet on the basin soil and dry on the bottom is a taboo in the management of potted flowers, which will cover up the essence of water shortage with the wetting phenomenon on the surface of the basin soil and cause the root to die of water shortage. Plants that have been cut off from water can hardly be revived after being watered again.
(3) The amount of watering is more or less.
Herbs are watered more, and woody plants are watered less; Water more flowers in the tide, and less flowers in the drought;
The leaves are big and soft and watered more, while the leaves are waxy and watered less;
Water more in the vigorous growth period and less in the dormant period;
Small pots of seedlings are watered more, while small pots of seedlings are watered less;
The balcony is watered more and the courtyard is watered less; Water more in summer and less in winter; Sunny, dry and watered; Less watering on cloudy days;
Water the pregnant buds more, and water the flowers less.
(4) Drought dehydration and rescue of waterlogged rotten roots
Due to long-term drought and dehydration, the stems and leaves of woody plants wilted, but the stems were still alive. It should be placed in the shade first to reduce the evaporation of water from plants. And spray water to keep the humidity of the environment above ground. After watering the roots, it is not advisable to replenish water continuously to prevent the roots from being deprived of oxygen. According to the principle of dry, wet and wet, keep the soil breathable, promote new roots and restore vitality. Plants with serious water loss should be properly pruned according to the growth state of the upper part of the base, which is beneficial to re-sprout leaves.
After a long period of rain, the soil in the basin accumulated water, and the plants were waterlogged, and the branches and leaves wilted and lost their minds. Therefore, the plants should be removed from the basin with the soil, put in a shady and ventilated place, and release the soil moisture at the roots. After 3-5 days, they should resume their growth and then go to the basin. Continuous rain, outdoor potted plants can turn the pot sideways. Avoid stagnant water. If the weather is rainy for a long time, it will suddenly clear up, and the sun will be strong. If the plants are exposed to the sun, they will die because of the damage of root growth and excessive transpiration of branches and leaves, resulting in serious water loss. Therefore, we should pay attention to strict water control, relocation and shade rehabilitation.
(5) Different watering methods
Potted flowers are watered, and most of them should avoid the head shower. The flowers and leaves of Erythrina macrophylla, African violet, etc. will rot after being drenched with water. The pineapple flowers need to be watered at the head, so that the leaf tube can be stored and stored to meet the growth needs. Orchids and arrowheads should be watered properly, so as to improve the air humidity of the cultivation environment.
Indoor foliage plants have different water requirements according to the different growth characteristics of their origin. Araceae plants such as Phyllostachys gigantea, Spring Feather, Calla lily, ferns, Eclipta prostrata, etc. belong to wet flowers, so watering should be "rather wet than dry", but don't accumulate water. Succulent plants such as Huwei Lan, Aloe Vera, Sedum, etc. and cactus plants are xerophytes, so it is necessary to master "rather dry than wet" when watering. To prevent excessive water from rotting the roots. Most other plants, such as asparagus, Cycas, Begonia, etc., belong to mesophytic flowers, and soil moisture is too dry or too wet, which has adverse reactions. Watering can master the principle of "dry and wet".