I. Phonics.
1. The rules of short vowels, the pronunciation of the vowel letters a, e, i, o, u in stressed closed syllables.
a mat mat map map bag bag cat cat hat hat fan fan bat bat apple apple
e egg egg well well red red pen pen net net bed bed bell bell
i lick lick six six bib bib pig pig pin pin kiss kiss ink ink hill hill
o ox bull on on ...... octopus octopus box box socks socks short socks operate operate ostrich ostrich
u sun sun umbrella umbrella cup cup bus bus** car nut walnut gun gun uncle *automobile nut walnut gun gun uncle uncle under under in ......
2. long vowel rules, pronunciation of vowel letters a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e in stressed relatively open syllables.
a-e cape cape, cape name name tape tape (in -ation, a-y, a is also pronounced with an a-e sound, e.g. station station, baby baby)
e-e these these
i-e bite five five kite kite
o-e rose tail tail rain rain paint paint pain pain jail jail prison nail nail rail railroad track maid servant
ay bay ray ray ray way way say say hay hay pay pay May May lay place
e be is he he she she me me we we ye this, that (Old English definite article)
ee reeds reeds eel eel bee bee peel peel peel jeep jeep feel feel see see teeth teeth
ea sea sea meat meat peanut walnut peach peach eagle leaf leaf pea pea
ey key key
i I I tie tie pie pie die die lie lie
o no no go go
oa road road toast toast toad toad coal coal goat goat boat boat coat coat soap soap
ow rainbow rainbow pillow pillow yellow yellow window window hollow bowl bowl row row row low low
u mu Greek letter μ nu Greek letter ν Sue Sue glue glue blue blue
ui suit suit juice juice fruit fruit sound
y with long vowels: sky sky fly fly dry dry type Typing spy shy cry cry my my
y in short vowels: rainy rainy sunny sunny puppy dizzy dizzy dirty dirty pony happy happy baby baby gym gym
4. The rules for curled vowels, the vowel letters ar, er, ir, or, ur, are pronounced in the stressed, unstressed, and unstressed positions. , ur in stressed, unstressed r syllables.
or porch porch pork pork horse horse fort flood wall horn horn morning morning corn corn fork fork
ar arm armchair armchair car car card card cart cart two-wheeled horse-drawn wagon farm farm park park garden garden
4. p>ur turtle turtle surf surf turkey turkey fur fur hurt pain purse purse nurse nurse
er mermaid mermaid
ir birthday birthday dirty dirty circus circus bird bird circle circle girl girl dirt dirt <
5. vowel letter combinations: au, aw, oo, ea.
au applause applause August August naughty naughty sauce sauce sausage sausage
aw draw draw lawn lawn paw paw saw saw saw, see (past tense of see) straw strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry strawberry
oo boots boots food food moon moon roof roof room room rooster rooster spoon medicine spoon zoo zoo
oo book book cook cooking cookie cookie foot foot, foot hook look look wood wood wool wool
ea bear bear feather feather head head lead lead leather leather pear sweat sweat sweater sweater
6. double vowel letter combinations: ou, ow, oi, oy.
ou count count fountain house house mountain mountain mouse mouse mouth mouth out shout shouting
ow brown brown clown clown cow cow cow crown crown flower flower owl owl towel towel tower tower
oi boil boil coil coil, coiled coin coin noise noise oil point poison poison soil soil
oy boy boy cowboy cowboy oyster oyster soy soy toy toy
7. Consonant letter combinations: ch, sh, wh, ph, th.
ch beach beach bench bench chair chair cheese cheese cherry chicken chicken chair cheese cheese cherry cherry chicken chicken church church lunch lunch
sh sheep sheep shirt shirt ship ship fish fish shoes shoes dish dish push push shovel shovel
wh whale white white wheel wheelchair wheelchair wheat whip wheat. wheelchair wheelchair wheat wheat whip whip whistle whistle whisper whisper whisper
ph alphabet alphabet alphabet pharmacy pharmacy photo photo telephone telephone trophy trophy
th brother brother father father feather leather skin mother mother feather feather leather fur mother mother
th bath bathmat bathmat mouth mouth teeth teeth thief thief thirsty three three
8. Unpronounceable letters:
b thumb crumb crumbs lamb lamb comb comb bomb bomb numb numb
c pick pick lick scene scene indict indict indict
g gnash sign sign mark design design
gh bought bought caught caught right right tight tight light night sigh sigh high high light light night night sigh high high fight fight sight see see
h rhyme rhyme khaki khaki oh oh hurrah hurrah shepherd hour hour honor honor exhaust exhaustion
n column column
p psychology pneumonia pneumonia receipt receipt
s island island aisle walkway Arkansas debris debris
t fasten castle castle depot bus stop, train station ballet ballet
w wrap wrap wrinkle wrinkle wrinkle p>w wrap wrap wrinkle wrinkle wreath wreath wrist wrist write write two two answer answer sword sword
9. tr and dr:
train train
tray tray
tree tree
triangle triangle, trigonometry
trunk, trunk
trolley, trailer
dream, dream
drum, drum
dry, dry
drop, to make fall
draw, draw, paint
draw draw draw
drive drive drive
dress dress dress
drink drink
10. rules of prosody:
sp spoon spoon spider spider spaceship spaceship spinach spinach spell spell spell
st stockings stockings store store star stamp stamp stick stick student stand stand
sc scarf scarf scooter scooter scanner scanner scarecrow scarecrow scale scale scorpion scorpion scoop scoop small spoon
< p>sk skunk weasel skis snowboard skirt skirt skates skates11. Other vowels: al, ew.
al ball ball call call fall fall fall tall tall wall wall
ew dew dew a few few hew chop nephew nephew new new newspaper newspaper view view
Supplementary rules:
ai=e chair chair pair said said
ay=e says says
ai=i-e aisle walkway Taipei Taipei Taiwanese Taiwanese, Taiwanese, Taiwanese
ai=i-e aisle walkway
ai=i> is a word that is used in the English language. p>
ai=a weak vowel fountain certain certain curtain curtain mountain mountain mountain
ay=i Friday Friday Sunday Sunday
al=a half half calf calf
al=a(r) calm calm palm palm
a=o watch watch swamp swamp quality quality quantity quantity what what
a=e various various area area parents parents Mary Mary any any many many's
ar=or ward ward warn warning quarter quarter quarrel quarrel
a=i damage damage postage postage village village baggage luggage
ea=a-e break break great great, great steak steak
ea is a concentrated double vowel. Vowels: real really realize realize idea idea ideal ideal
ee=y coffee committee committee
ee=a-e fiancee fiancée (fiancé is fiancee, e is still pronounced a-e)
ear pronounce concentrated diphthongs: appear appear clear clear tear tear
ear=er/ir/ur earn earn pearl pearl earth earth search search
ear=ar heart hearty hearty
eer and ere are both pronounced as centralized diphthongs: deer here here
eau=a-e fiancee fiancee (fiance is still pronounced a-e)
eau=ew, u-e beauty beautiful beautiful
eau=o-e bureau closet, closet beau beautiful (French adjective, feminine belle)
ei/ey=a-e vein reign reign reign feign feign obey obey eight eight neighbor neighbor
ei=i-e height height
ei=ee ceiling ceiling seize seize receive receive receipt receipt either either neither neither
ei=e heir heir their their, theirs
eo=e leopard leopard jeopardy adventure, risk
eo=ee people people
ew is pronounced oo when the /j/ falls off in the following words: blew blew flew flew crew crew chew chew brew brew brew screw screwdriver
i=ee technique technique unique ant ee technique unique unique antique antique physique physique
ie=ee belief creed chief leader grief grief hurt siege siege series series
ie=e friend friend friendly friendly
ie three vowels: diet diet quiet quiet society society variety variety
oa=au broad broad broadcast broadcast abroad abroad
ow=o knowledge knowledge
oo=o-e brooch brooch
oo =u blood blood flood flood
o=u mother mother son son ton ton monk monk
o-e=u love love come come some some sponge sponge dove dove dove
o=oo tomb tomb whom who womb womb wolf wolf bosom bosom woman woman
o-e=oo prove prove approve approve improve improve improve lose lose
ou=au ought ought
ou=oo could could would would should should you you group group route route soup soup
ou=o-e=oo love come some some some sponge dove dove dove p>
ou=o-e soul poultry poultry
ou=u cousin double double touch touch trouble couple couple couple country country young young southern southern
our=er/ur/ir nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish nourish ur/ir nourish nourish courage courage courage courtesy courtesy
our=or course course mourn mourn source source pour pour
u=oo put place push push pull pull bull bull full full butcher butcher
u =i busy busy minute minute
u=e bury bury burial burial
u=w language language
u is not pronounced: liquor spirits conquor overcome
ui=i-e disguise disguise guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide guide
c, g in front of e, i, and y when they are not pronounced. When preceded by e, i, or y, they are pronounced softly, i.e., fricative /s/ and broken fricative /d?/, and in exonyms of French and Portuguese etymology, they are also pronounced /s/ when a soft note is added to the c.
c circle circle cent cent cent cycle cycle fa?ade positive
g gentle gentle giant huge gym gym
t, s, and c are pronounced with the fricative /? /.
action action ancient ancient mission mission
ch=k school school chemical chemical mechanic mechanic architect architect architect technical technical chorus choir orchestra orchestra Christ Christ echo to make an echo ache pain character word orchid orchid
ch=sh chef chef
ch=j spinach spinach
ch=qu choir choir
dg, dj=j bridge adjust adjust
d=j soldier soldier graduate graduate
gu=g league league guide guide
gh=g ghost ghost
gh is silent after vowels, and vowels are pronounced with long vowels: straight straight high high thigh
gh=ph cough cough laugh laugh enough enough
g is voiced sh in French in soft position: massage massage mirage garage garage
s is sometimes voiced sh: vision vision pleasure pleasure
th=t Thomas Thomas Anthony Anthony Thailand Thailand thyme thyme
wh=h who who whose whose whole whole
2. Grammatical knowledge
1. Number and case of nouns.
2. be verbs, formation of present tense of general verbs.
3. be verbs, formation of past tense of general verbs.
4. pronouns.
5. tenses of verbs - present tense, past tense and formation of general future tense.
6. Special interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences.
Hope I could help you in clearing your doubts.