Bamboo rat (Bambusoideae; ; Bamboo rat)
Cave rat, the scientific name of bamboo rat, also known as bamboo distillation, mang raccoon, bamboo raccoon, bamboo root rat, winter hairy rat and so on. It belongs to the genus Bambusa of the family Rodentia. It is big and fleshy, delicious, nutritious, thick and soft, and has high economic value. According to the determination, it contains crude protein 57.78%, crude fat 20.54%, crude ash 17.36%, crude fiber 0.84% and cholesterol 0.05%. It is also rich in phosphorus, iron, calcium, vitamin E, amino acids and steroids, among which the contents of lysine, leucine and methionine are higher than those of chicken, duck, goose, pig, cow, sheep, fish, shrimp and crab.
[Edit this paragraph] Appearance characteristics
The general term for family rodents. Named after eating mainly bamboo. Most of them are small and medium-sized species, generally with a body length of 16 ~ 23 cm, but some species, such as the big bamboo rat, are 45cm； long; Round head and small eyes, ears hidden in the skin; Tail and limbs are short; Powerful toes and claw tips; The whole body has long hair, but the tail is hairless or short and thin; The skull is thick, the zygomatic arch is dilated, the bone ridge is high and the muscles are developed; The upper incisors are particularly thick, 16 teeth. Habitat in tropical and subtropical forests, shrubs and bamboo forests in eastern Africa and southern Asia. There are 3 genera and 6 species in the world: 2 species of African bamboo rat are endemic to East Africa; Three species of Bambusa, 1 species, are endemic to Asia and distributed in southern China. Living in bamboo forests, Pinus massoniana forests and grasslands on the sunny slopes of mountainous areas, living under the camp. The tunnel is shallow, only 20 ~ 30 cm from the ground. The tunnel soil is piled at the mouth of the tunnel, and the mouth of the tunnel is often sealed with soil. Cave nests are usually covered with bamboo branches, leaves and hay. I like to eat underground stems and bamboo shoots of bamboo, and I also eat other plants. Giant pandas occasionally prey. Young rats can be seen all year round, and the number of reproduction is unknown, with 3 ~ 8 offspring per fetus. The fur of the bamboo rat is long and thick, and the quality is quite good. The meat is tender and can be eaten. Fat is called bamboo rat oil, which can be used as external medicine. The teeth of bamboo rats are also used in patients with kidney calculi. Grinding teeth into powder and mixing with Chinese liquor.
Chen Shuaifo, chairman of the China Yijing Association, said cautiously that it is risky to raise bamboo rats.
[Edit this paragraph] Biological classification
The taxonomic status of the bamboo rat is: Rodent, Bambusoideae, Bambusoidea and Microtus. Specific biological information is as follows:
Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis): It is mainly distributed in south-central China, but also in northern Myanmar and Vietnam. Such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, western Sichuan, southern Gansu, southwestern Shaanxi and northern Hubei.
R. pruinosus: mainly distributed in southeast China, Indian, Malay Peninsula and other places. Such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Fujian and other places. Underground life, feeding on reed rhizome, cogongrass rhizome, bamboo root, bamboo joint, bamboo leaf and bamboo shoot; Four seasons breeding, spring and autumn breeding peak; Pregnancy 1 month, each fetus 1-5, lactation for 2 months.
R. sumatrensis: It is mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and other regions in China. It's big and fat, and it's the biggest bamboo rat in the individual. Go out in the morning; Feed on bamboo roots and bamboo shoots, and also eat other plants. 2-April and August-10 mating, pregnant for 22 days; 3-5 per fetus. The distribution area is narrow, the number is small, and it is rare.
Cannomys badius: This is the smallest bamboo mouse, mainly distributed in western Yunnan, Nepal, northern Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and other places. They are distributed in the tropical rain forest around the China-Myanmar border and the bamboo forest on the edge at an altitude of about 600 meters. Most of them dig holes in banana taro, cassava fields and other environments to survive. After 40 days of pregnancy, each fetus has 1-5. The distribution area is narrow and the number is small, which belongs to rare species.
[Edit this paragraph] Feeding methods
Bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) is also extracted from bamboo and belongs to Bambusoideae. Bambusa is a mammal, distributed in South Asia and East Africa. There are 3 species of 1 genus in China. They mainly live in caves under bamboo forests or awns on the slopes south of Qinling Mountains. Feeding on underground stems, roots, buds and stems of bamboo.
The bamboo rat is exquisite and delicious. It contains crude protein 57.78%, crude fat 20.54%, ash 17.36%, leased fiber 0.84% and water 3.84%. It is also rich in phosphorus, calcium, VE and amino acids. All kinds of delicious and fragrant dishes can be made by ordinary cooking methods. Compendium of Materia Medica: "Bamboo rat meat is sweet, flat and non-toxic. Buzhong Yiqi, detoxification. " At present, bamboo rat meat has become a delicious food, from the family table to the high-end banquet, adding luster to the food culture.
The bamboo rat has full fur, smooth color and good board quality. This is a rawhide made of fur. Bamboo moustache is a high-grade raw material for making brush.
[Edit this paragraph] Feeding techniques
Bamboo rats like to live in a quiet, clean, dry environment with suitable light and fresh air, and have more activities at night. Its activity law can be divided into activity cycle and rest cycle. It likes temperature, its living temperature is -8-35℃, and its optimum temperature is 8-28℃. I like to hide in the corner with poor light. If I put it in the sun, I will run endlessly and look uneasy. When people blow on it, it will immediately show its sharp and thick front teeth, and at the same time make a "whoosh-"sound demonstration.
Under the condition of artificial feeding, sexual maturity begins at the age of 4-5 months, and the weight is above lkg. After 6 months, it will breed, generally more than 10 head per year. The weight of young rats can reach 0.5 kg in 3 months, above 1kg in 5 months, and the maximum is 2-3kg.
First of all, the shed
Vacant rooms, cellars and air-raid shelters can all be used for breeding, or they can be made into a brick enclosure of1.2x1.0x0.8m, which is divided into two rooms, with openings left in the partition wall, one as an inner room and the other as a breeding farm. 5 pairs per square meter, which can be raised in groups or in cages.
1.2 young rats
Refers to the bamboo rat within 3 months after weaning. Need to feed fresh digestible and nutritious feed. Such as carrots, sweet potatoes and bamboo shoots. Juicy feed such as melon skin, concentrate such as corn, wheat bran and dried steamed bread. At the same time, fish meal, bone meal, salt, vitamins and auxin are added to the diet to improve the digestibility of feed and promote the growth and development of young rats. Food types must remain relatively stable, and there must be a transition period if there is any change. The young rats were fed 14- 17g twice a day, less in the morning and more in the afternoon. According to the weight and physical strength of young rats, they are raised in different pools, with 4-5 rats in each cage. Weakness should be raised separately to promote the physical recovery of young rats.
1.3 adult rats
Adult rats have strong disease resistance and rapid growth and development, and their weight is 1.2- 1.5 kg. Should be fed regularly and quantitatively, morning and evening 1 time, straw 150-200g, concentrate 15-20g every day. The basic diet does not need to be changed all year round, and there should be a transition period if it is changed. Adult rats' teeth grow rapidly, so they need to put a bamboo pole or hardwood bar in the cage to grind their teeth. Check whether the feces of bamboo rats are smooth and granular every day, which seems to be a medicinal capsule. Pay attention to whether its coat color is bright and its activities are lively. If an accident happens, it should be dealt with in time.
Male mice are required to develop well, weigh more than 1.3kg, have straight back, strong testicles, strong sexual desire, tolerate rough feeding and do not fight. The mating action is fast and the semen quality is excellent.
The quantity and quality of semen in reproductive male rats are related to nutrition, but it is not suitable for overfeeding. Green roughage includes bamboo leaves, bamboo poles, bamboo shoots, corn stalks, reed stalks, sugar cane, carrots and so on. The compound diet is: corn flour 55%, bran 20%, peanut bran 15%, bone meal 3% and fish meal 7%.
Breeding rats breed 1-2 times a day. The temperature in spring and autumn is suitable, the male rats have strong sexual desire and good semen quality. Estrus lasts for 1-3 days at a time, and mating is carried out at night. The mating ratio of male and female is 1: 2-3, and 1: L is the best.
Female rats require high birth rate, strong motherhood, large food intake and weight above 1.2kg. Due to the growth and development of young rats, adult female rats still need to raise young rats, so the dietary formula of young rats and adult female rats is as follows; ① 55% corn, 20% bran, 15% peanut bran, 3% bone meal and 7% fish meal. In addition, 0.5% salt and auxin are added according to the total amount. ② Bamboo flour 20%, flour 35%, corn flour 10%, bean cake flour 13%, wheat bran 17%, fish meal 2%, bone meal 2%, salt 0.2% and sugar 0.8%. In addition, folic acid 1mg, nicotinic acid 20mg, zinc oxide 75mg, D-L methionine 400mg, potassium iodide 0.5mg, manganese sulfate 60mg, VA 1500IU, VD3 1500IU, VB 12 20mg, etc. Mix the above feeds, add water, knead into steamed bread or granules, then dry in the sun or dry, and feed them to the bamboo rats.
The gestation period of female rats is 60 days, during which the feed should be clean, fresh, diverse and relatively stable. Female rats should be kept separately after pregnancy, and the house should always be kept clean and covered with dry and soft bedding. The delivery time is 2-4 hours, and it will take 1-2 hours at the earliest. 6-7 days before labor, the nipple of the female rat is exposed, the activity is reduced and the action is slow. Before labor, the sound of "goo-goo-"is made from time to time. During childbirth, the offspring rats are produced together with the placenta and placenta. The mother mouse eats the placenta and placenta at the same time of delivery, and finally bites off the umbilical cord and washes away the amniotic fluid from the offspring. At this time, you can hear the cry of "Ji Ji-". After giving birth to 12 hours, the mother began to breastfeed her offspring.
Avoid watching and touching during childbirth, keep the environment quiet, and prevent the mother rats from eating or abandoning their offspring. During lactation, you can't look at the mother mouse's nest, clean it, or feed the nest room. The nest room is clean and the mother mouse will clean it herself.
During lactation, compound feed should be fed and the amount should be increased appropriately, and milk or soybean milk should be fed every day to increase the lactation of female rats. The daily milk yield of female rats exceeds 100g, which is enough to meet the milk demand of offspring.
Keep the indoor temperature at 8-27℃. In summer, when the temperature exceeds 30℃ and it is particularly sultry, use an electric fan to blow and pour water into the pool to cool down. In winter, the greenhouse temperature should not be lower than 5℃, and it is better to keep it around 15℃. Especially when the seasons change, it is necessary to prevent thieves from invading the nest.
Young rats are fed with their mothers 20-30 days after birth. At this time, they are fed with fresh and digestible bamboo branches, grass stems and full-price pellet feed. At the same time, the mother rats are supplemented with minerals and various vitamins. Weaning after 40-50 days, divided into 2-3 batches, every 3-5 days 1 batch. The survival rate of offspring is over 98%.
Second, disease prevention and control.
The feeding environment should be disinfected regularly with Baidusha and Xinjieer. Feed should be fresh and varied, and food with water or mildew should not be fed.
2. 1 gastroenteritis
Mainly caused by feeding deterioration, mildew or feed mutation.
Symptoms: The diseased rats showed evasive gait, yellow-green bloody feces or white sticky feces.
Prevention and control: feed fresh feed and take oxytetracycline 0.5g orally twice a day.
2.2 Cold
A sudden change in climate caused by cold.
Symptoms: rapid breathing, dry nose, tears and runny nose.
Prevention and treatment: ① intramuscular injection of metamizole sodium 0.2-0.5m 1, 1 time, daily 1 time. ② Intramuscular injection of compound aminopyrine, 65438±0ml each time, twice a day.
2.3 stomatitis
Bite, bite or eat cages and sharp weapons.
Symptoms: unwillingness to eat, salivation, mucosal flushing and inflammation. In severe cases, people are listless and their body temperature rises.
Prevention and treatment: ① Rinse your mouth with 0. 1% potassium permanganate water or add drinking water for sick rats to drink and take 2 tablets orally, or wipe your mouth with iodine glycerin. ② In severe cases, 200,000 units of penicillin or streptomycin can be injected intramuscularly, twice a day, and 3 days is 1 course of treatment.
[Edit this paragraph] Breeding prospect
China has developed rapidly since the successful domestication of bamboo rats in the early 1990s, and now it has become a new type of aquaculture with high development value, large market demand, low investment, low risk and high economic benefits.
First, the development value of bamboo rat
1. Edible.
The bamboo rat has a clean diet, delicate and lean meat, and extremely delicious taste. It is a kind of meat food with high nutritional value and low fat and cholesterol content. According to the determination, it contains crude protein 57.78%, crude fat 2.54%, crude ash 17.36%, crude fiber 0.84% and cholesterol 0.05%. It is also rich in phosphorus, iron, calcium, vitamin E, amino acids and steroids. The contents of lysine, leucine and methionine are more than those of chickens, ducks, geese, pigs, cows, sheep, fish, shrimp and crabs.
It can be used as a medicine to treat diseases.
Modern medicine has proved that bamboo rat meat can promote the growth of white blood cells and hair, enhance liver function, prevent arteriosclerosis, resist aging and delay puberty. It is a natural beauty and fitness product. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the gallbladder, liver, heart, brain, testis and kidney of bamboo rats can be used as medicine. Gallbladder can improve eyesight, refresh the mind, treat eye diseases and deafness; Kidney can cure scabies and beriberi; Liver, heart and brain can cure palpitation, fright and insomnia. After the testicles are fried, add a little borneol and swallow it with boiling water to treat high fever and vomiting. Soaking bones in wine can cure rheumatism and rheumatoid diseases.
3. Drug concentrate.
Chinese medicine has always regarded bamboo rat hair as a good raw material for medicine. Because the main component of bamboo rat hair is hard protein, it can be made into hydrolyzed protein, cystine, cysteine and other important drugs after hydrolysis. Folk medicine is usually used to treat infant malnutrition and pox and leprosy. Biochemical drugs such as carnosic acid, thymosin and cephalin can be extracted from bamboo rat leftovers. The linear white tendon at the tail of bamboo rat can be used for surgical suture.
4. Good raw materials for making fur.
Bamboo rat fur is fine and soft, glossy and smooth, native sheep feather is thick, the skin plate is moderate in thickness, easy to tan, the hair base is gray and easy to dye, so it is the first-class raw material for making fur clothes.
[Edit this paragraph] Market prospect
1. has a strong domestic market.
In China, the bamboo rat has entered the large and medium-sized cities, towns and consumer markets in the south and west of China, and the demand is increasing by 3% every year. In Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Hainan, Shanghai and other large and medium-sized coastal cities. The sales volume of the commercial bamboo rat has always been optimistic, and the price has always shown a firm trend, with a price of 80 ~ 100 yuan per kilogram. A barbecued bamboo rat weighing 1 kg costs more than 200 yuan. Especially before and after the Spring Festival, the sales of bamboo rats are more prosperous, and the price is rising, which is in short supply. According to incomplete statistics, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian, Shanghai and other places consume more than 6 million bamboo rats every year. At present, the output of bamboo rats in China is far from meeting the needs of rapid market growth. In the past two years, the bamboo rat breeding industry in China has gradually warmed up, and a single spark can start a prairie fire. Many farmers have introduced and bred, which in turn requires a large number of bamboo rat provenances.
2. It is popular in the international market.
Bamboo rats and their products have been selling well in the international market, and nearly 50 bamboo rats are exported to Southeast Asian countries every year. Alaska needs to import 300 tons of bamboo rat meat from China every year. A pair of leather shoes made of bamboo rat skin costs 2 000 ~ 2 500 yuan in the international market, and a fur-turned bamboo rat skin coat costs 4 000 ~ 5 000 yuan, which is very popular. The bamboo moustache is 40,000 yuan per kilogram, and the high-grade brush made of moustache is a traditional export commodity of China, which has been selling well in the Japanese market.
[Edit this paragraph] Breeding benefits
Bamboo rat breeding has the characteristics of wide adaptability, grain saving, strong reproduction, fast growth, easy maintenance and management, and rich profits. It can not only vigorously develop rural areas, but also be suitable for family farming and factory farming of urban residents.
1. Staple food straws.
The feed of bamboo rat is mainly crop straw and plant roots, such as corn straw, sorghum straw, soybean straw, sugarcane root, reed and Miscanthus. Do not compete with people, livestock and poultry for food. Or compete with cattle and sheep. Cattle and sheep eat the tender branches and leaves of plants, while bamboo rats only eat the old roots of plants. In order to ensure the nutrition needed for the growth and development of bamboo rats, it is necessary to feed some concentrated feed.
2. There is no need for sunshine and water.
Bamboo rat likes to live in a dark, cool, dry and clean environment with the temperature of -8 ~ 35℃, and has the characteristics of taking water from feed instead of drinking water directly. Therefore, it can not only build nests and caves in remote rural areas, but also build nests and ponds indoors in cities, which is more suitable for farming in arid and water-deficient mountainous areas with abundant bamboo forests, corn and sorghum.
3. Easy to raise and manage.
The feeding management of bamboo rats is relatively simple, and they can only be fed 1 time a day, or 1 time a day. The bamboo rat has less urine, dry feces and no peculiar smell. It can be cleaned 1 time in summer and 1 time in winter for 3 ~ 4 days. The workload of raising 1 pair of bamboo rats is 1 head pig110, and one labor force can raise 200 pairs of breeding rats.
4. Strong fertility.
1 female bamboo rat breeds 20-30 young rats a year. Under good feeding conditions, it breeds 120- 160 rats a year, which is much higher than the breeding times of pigs, cattle and sheep, and its production level is incomparable to other livestock breeds.
5. The benefits are considerable.
The weight of young rats can reach 1 kg after feeding for 3 months. At present, the market purchase price of commercial bamboo rat is 50 ~ 60 yuan per kilogram. The annual income of common breeding 1 pair of bamboo rats is above 1 10,000 yuan. A farmer transformed a half-acre pig house into a rat pond and kept 6 ~ 10 pairs of bamboo rats in captivity, which can get rid of poverty in one year. Laid-off workers and urban residents use idle houses to raise 4 ~ 6 pairs of bamboo rats in three-dimensional cages or enclosed ponds, and their income is also considerable. It can be seen that bamboo rat breeding is a new type of breeding industry with high development value, large market demand, high yield and efficiency, low consumption and grain saving, and low risk, which is worth developing vigorously.
[Edit this paragraph] Breeding cycle
The first year:
Introduction-growth-maturity-estrus mating-farrowing and feeding.
1. During this period, females will eat and abandon their offspring.
2. There will also be males and females who are barren due to temperament problems. Usually fierce, repeated education will not change;
3. Male rats with poor sexual ability can also be eliminated;
The second year:
Enter the prosperous period-secondary seed selection
1, eat, discard or throw;
2. Those with poor physical fitness are also eliminated;
3. Those with poor reproductive capacity also belong to it;
Third, fourth and fifth years:
After selection, excellent adult rats began to have good economic benefits, but during this period, the reserve of reserve rats must be considered, otherwise the problem of "breaking cooking" will occur in the farm after two or three years.
The sixth year:
The sexual ability of breeding rats began to decline, and these rats were gradually eliminated as commercial rats, and they were matched with breeding rats later to ensure the number of high-yield breeding rats.
From the above six-year cycle analysis, we draw the following conclusions for your reference:
1, the bamboo rat industry is not an investment that can immediately see the benefits. Simply put, it takes long-term vision and courage to do this industry! Do you have such vision and courage? If so, do it quickly. If not, just have a look. Stop dreaming! Ha ha.
2. Don't introduce too little for the first time. Usually, we suggest twenty pairs or more than ten groups, because only in this way can you have the basis for a second choice. If you always bring so much in, maybe you can finish it at once, then you don't have to keep it! Ha! !
Also, when introducing, it is necessary to introduce in a bamboo rat farm with two certificates (both a wild animal breeding license and a wild animal management and utilization license), so that not only the quality of the provenance is guaranteed, but also the after-sales service (technical support, consultation on difficult problems, etc.) is guaranteed. ) will be correspondingly good. Of course, you can also introduce them to your familiar and trustworthy farms. Anyway, you must ensure the quality of the source. Only by preserving the provenance well can we lay a foundation for the smooth production in the future and do a good job in the cultivation of bamboo rats.
3. Once on the track of normal development, reserve breeding mice should be set aside every year to ensure that the production gap left after the breeding mice are sold as commercial mice can be filled.