With the development of society, new design styles and techniques are constantly emerging in the ancient art of flower arrangement. Since the Second World War, a modern plastic flower arrangement with free composition only using plant materials has gradually formed, which is called modern flower arrangement.
Section 1 Characteristics of Modern Flower Arrangement Art
First, the extensiveness of the theme content.
In traditional flower arrangement, people often think that this art form of flower arrangement appears indoors to appreciate the beauty of nature, so flower arrangement works are intended to express the natural plant landscape, and other aspects are less involved. However, modern freestyle flower arrangement only takes plant materials as elements of artistic creation, and its performance content has been greatly expanded. Many things in life can be used as the theme of flower arrangement, such as life emotion, space display, everything in the universe and so on. This kind of works is favored by people because of its profound connotation and novelty.
Second, the combination of tradition and modernity, East and West.
With the development of the times, international cultural exchanges are increasing day by day, which makes various cultures penetrate and merge with each other. Oriental traditional flower arrangement art, which pays attention to artistic conception, and western flower arrangement art, which advocates rationality and decorative beauty, complement each other. On the basis of retaining their respective advantages, various modern application types of flower patterns are constantly emerging, which makes the traditional flower patterns glow with new vitality.
Third, the diversity of modeling.
After World War II, the art of flower arrangement, like other arts, pursues a free and abstract artistic style. The unchangeable "flower shape" of classical flower arrangement thought was broken by some avant-garde flower arranging people, and an abstract flower arrangement with free appearance and rich styles appeared.
Fourth, the development of forms and skills.
In the long history, due to the influence of culture and other arts, different styles of works have appeared in the art of flower arrangement. Up to now, there are round style, pastoral style, line style, European style, Japanese style, experimental style and so on. Design methods have also been greatly enriched, such as paving, framing, binding, grouping, weaving and so on.
Section 2 Performance Skills of Modern Flower Arrangement Art
Modern flower arrangement art has few restrictions on the selection and application of flower materials, flower devices and accessories; At the same time, the composition and modeling methods are flexible, emphasizing decoration, pursuing novelty, freedom and curiosity, and highlighting the artistic creation beauty of the works.
I. Selection and use of materials
1. Selection and treatment of flower materials
Modern flower arrangement has a wider choice of plant materials, not only flowers, but also roots, stems, leaves and fruits of plants. In addition, the concept of plant materials has been broadened from fresh plants to dried flowers and artificial flowers. At the same time, there are more and more ways to deal with plant materials, such as cutting, weaving, painting, painting and so on.
2. Selection and utilization of flower equipment
Traditional oriental flower arrangement uses oriental classical flower devices, while western flower arrangement does not attach importance to flower devices. In modern flower arranging, the flower arranging device is a part of the work. Because the appearance of modern flower arrangement is free and abstract, the matched flower arranging device is generally unique in shape, wide in material selection and rich in color.
3. Selection and use of other materials and accessories
Modern freestyle flower arrangement only takes flower arrangement materials as creative elements. In the eyes of designers, they are just points, lines, surfaces and bodies. Therefore, a large number of non-plant materials, such as metal, cloth, plastic and so on, are used; In addition, the role of accessories is attached great importance to in the works, which plays the role of finishing touch.
Second, the expression technique
Modern flower arrangement is unique and novel, and its artistic expression is the key. To create excellent modern flower arrangement works, we must master the following flower arrangement design methods:
Avantgarde method
1. The building is both a modelling technique and a flower arrangement style (Figure 4- 1). There is a frame made of branches in the work as a basic outline, as a processing skill, or as a decoration. Such works are often large in size and rich in expression techniques.
Figure 4- 1 Architectural Flower Arrangement
2. Tie or twine branches or stems together at one or more points to play a decorative role or as a treatment skill, which can increase the sense of quantity and strength of flowers (Figure 4-2). Only one or several lanes are bound, and winding requires several lanes to reach a certain width. The winding is tight, regular and tidy, and the winding is loose and disorderly.
Figure 4-2 Binding or Winding Flower Arrangement
3. Weaving is a technique of expression, which combines soft and flexible materials at appropriate angles to create a special surface, which is similar to the weaving of traditional bamboo mats and sweaters (Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-3 Weaving Flower Arrangement
4. Stick the leaves or petals together piece by piece to form a face or body with different textures, so that the original monotonous floral works have different textures on the surface, reflecting the beauty of handiwork in nature (Figure 4-4). Generally, cold glue is used for flowers, and hot glue can be used for branches and dried flowers.
Figure 4-4 Paste flower arrangement
5. Puncture stitching refers to the stitching of materials with iron wires in the design, generally referring to twigs, flower stems or other heterogeneous materials such as metal wires and glass rods, which can play a decorative role and can also be used as processing techniques (Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5 Puncture and Suture Flower Arrangement
6. Decomposition is to decompose a plant organ, so that its branches, leaves, fruits and flowers are separated or dissected, and then reassembled in another form to create new modeling materials and produce strange effects (Figure 4-6).
Figure 4-6 Decomposition of Flower Arrangement
7. Curling is a technique for curling plant organs (Figure 4-7).
Figure 4-7 Curled Flower Arrangement
(2) Modern technology
1, a method of gathering groups or inserting the same materials together (Figure 4-8). A single flower loses its meaning, forming a large color block plays the role of composition, and it is the group that can clearly see the characteristics of the flower. Group aggregation can be divided into block aggregation, spiral aggregation, ring aggregation, parallel aggregation and so on. There are ladder groups, overlapping groups and so on. The same materials are clustered together to form platforms, and between platforms, there is a sense of hierarchy and a ladder effect. Lamination is a technique to create texture by grouping, and the space between materials can be different to create a three-dimensional texture.
Figure 4-8 Group Party or Group Flower Arrangement
2. Edge banding is a design technique that uses green leaves or other materials to process a circle of lotus leaves on the periphery of the work, and the outer circle or all of it is hidden after the work is completed (Figure 4-9).
Figure 4-9 Edge Flower Arrangement
3. The skill or method of progressive design is to insert flowers in order according to color, shape and size to form a progressive artistic effect (Figure 4- 10).
Figure 4- 10 Progressive Flower Arrangement
4. Insert the same material in different positions of the reflection type to produce the reflection effect of the mirror (Figure 4- 1 1).
Figure 4- 1 1 reflective flower
5. Picture frame: add a frame to the outer edge of the flower arrangement to play a decorative role (Figure 4- 12).
Figure 4- 12 Photo frame flower arrangement
6. Covered with various materials, inserted in a layered way, with visually lighter materials on the outer layer, covering the main viewing surface to show the hazy and light feeling and transparent covering effect, forming a creative space (Figure 4- 13). The materials used in masking technology usually choose thinner branches and subdivided leaves.
Figure 4- 13 Shadow Flower Arrangement
7. Stairs are made of the same material and clustered together to form platforms, creating a sense of layering between platforms and forming the effect of steps (Figure 4- 14).
Figure 4- 14 step flower arrangement
8. Helically inserted flowers show a clear unidirectional linear flow, extending upward, downward, inward and outward in a circular direction (Figure 4- 15).
Figure 4- 15 Spiral Flower Arrangement
(3) Traditional methods
As a standard insertion method, it can be divided into directional, natural and parallel.
1, a performance skill of inserting natural formula as flower material according to the growth of natural plants (Figure 4- 16). Leaf wood is not only used to cover flower mud, but also used to make shadows, groups, layers, lines, gradient sequences and reflect texture.
Figure 4- 16 Natural Flower Arrangement
2. Parallel flower arrangement. It can be divided into vertical parallelism, horizontal parallelism, oblique parallelism and curve parallelism (Figure 4- 17).
Figure 4- 17 Parallel Flower Arrangement
3. The insertion direction of the directional flower can be that the flower faces the flower face and the flower back faces the flower back, or it can be the same direction. This insertion mode and posture directly affect the personality of the work. It can be divided into photography, rejection, equality and strength (Figure 4- 18).
Figure 4- 18 Orientation type
The above introduction is a common expression technique in modern floral design. Of course, with the change of modern life style and the renewal of people's aesthetic concept, the expression techniques of modern floral design are becoming more and more abundant, which requires the constant exploration and creation of floral designers. Only in this way can floral design have a broader development prospect.
Section 3 Modern Flower Arrangement in Various Styles
The so-called "design style" of artistic works refers to the characteristics that similar works or series of works created around a certain theme are accustomed to using one or more design principles and elements. In the development of modern floral art, the times, culture, region, history, aesthetic customs and other factors directly affect the popular style. Artists often freely use several techniques, choose some design elements and create specific styles according to their own pursuits and tastes. The purpose of our comparative analysis of modern popular flower arrangement and floral design styles is to communicate with designers or appreciators and consumers in the same language, increase the inspiration and appreciation atmosphere of floral design, and create more personalized and dynamic floral styles, even avant-garde works. This paper summarizes the following aspects.
First, the oriental flower arrangement style
Oriental flower arrangement, represented by China and Japan, is characterized by beautiful lines, profound artistic conception, simple flower materials and fresh and elegant color matching. The artistic effect is fresh and beautiful, elegant and refined, poetic and picturesque, forming a unique flower arrangement style of 1 and Japanese style.
It can be subdivided into four types: Lihua, Shenghua, Shenghua and Investment Flower.
(1) Li Hua
The representative flower pattern of pear blossom and red fragrant willow comes from the flowers enshrined in front of the Buddha for sacrifice, which means "standing flowers" Pear flower takes woody plants as the main flower material, with 7 or 9 branches as the skeleton, and is a symmetrical upright flower shape with upper, middle and lower sections interspersed. Rigorous structure, abstract artistic conception, focusing on natural landscapes such as mountains and streams (Figure 4- 19).
Figure 4- 19 Lihua
(2) Flowers
A raw flower is a "growing flower", and its pattern is an equilateral triangle composed of three main branches, namely, the front, the back and the body, representing "heaven, earth and people" respectively. The biggest feature of raw flowers is to express the natural beauty and color beauty of flowers with less flowers, beautiful lines and exquisite flower devices (Figure 4-20).
Figure 4-20 Flowers
(3) Blooming flowers
Huasheng was founded by Xiao Yuan Yun Xin at the end of 19. It is characterized by using a water basin to express the landscape layout and reflect the beauty of color, using sword hill, radiation insertion method and close radiation points. Flowers can be divided into vertical flowers, oblique flowers, drooping flowers, straight flowers and symmetrical flowers according to the angle of three main branches (Figure 4-2 1).
Figure 4-2 1 flowers
(4) Investing in flowers and plants
This flower was produced in the Edo period in the middle of17th century, and it is a flower type that is inserted in a tall bottle (high porcelain, glass, basket, etc.). ). Flowers are also planted with three branches as the backbone, and also represent heaven, people and earth. Branches are generally inserted obliquely, and flowers are supported by themselves or fixed through small bottle mouths, which requires high technical requirements (Figure 4-22).
Figure 4-22 Investing in Flowers
2. Chinese style
It is subdivided into two categories: vegetation type and landscaping type.
(1) Vegetation types
Vegetation is a simple and natural classical flower pattern, which expresses nature in the most direct way. According to the natural growth state of flowers, the design is usually expressed by grouping skills, using radial flower shape or parallel design. As a natural expression, the flowers are overlapped and staggered, the leaves are inserted according to the natural growth state, and the flower mud is covered with aquatic plants, stones and pebbles to maintain the natural style (Figure 4-23).
Figure 4-23 Plant Style
(2) Landscape style
Landscape style is a kind of design, which adopts radiation or parallelism or both. Flowers are used according to their natural growth state, and decorations (such as flowing water from small bridges) can be put into the design, but not too strong. Different from the planting style, the flowers used symbolize some natural landscapes, such as mountains and running water, and can also represent some gardens (Figure 4-24).
Figure 4-24 Landscape Style
Second, the western flower arrangement style
Western flower arrangement, represented by European and American countries, is influenced by western architecture, sculpture, chromatics, anatomy and perspective, emphasizing rationality and color, and taking regular geometric appearance as the guide. The flowers are lush, colorful, passionate, highly decorative and have obvious artistic style.
(A) circular style
The early flower arrangement style used in religion was round. According to written records, at that time, people used to dedicate a bunch of blooming flowers to God or mother, which was the beginning of round flowers. Today's round flowers have their own names on the basis of continuing the classical round flowers, and can reflect the corresponding national characteristics. The main patterns are round, oval and conical. The design styles include Biedermeyer design, Colonia, small fragrant bouquets and thousands of flowers.
1, designed by Biedermeier
(1) History of "Piedmeyer Art"
The word "Biedermeyer" originated in Europe 18 15- 1848. At that time, people abandoned the luxury of Baroque and Rococo era and tended to a simple and pragmatic lifestyle. Round, simple and concise cultural characteristics, reflected in architecture, interior decoration, clothing and painting, have become a common practice and become "art better than Degmer"
(2) the type of "Biedermeyer design"
① Ring design (Figure 4-25): The most beautiful flowers are inserted in the center of the circle, and the rest are arranged in concentric circles to form a hemispherical flower shape. Ring design is concentric, the same ring must use block flowers of different sizes, and the color matching between rings should be harmonious.
Figure 4-25 Ring Design
(2) The spiral pattern (Figure 4-26) is made by inserting different flower materials into the top of the flower shape in a spiral way. The whole floral pattern should have at least three layers of spiral patterns, and each layer should continue to the edge of the floral device. The most important place to insert is that both sides of dark flowers should be arranged in light flowers to highlight the effect of spiral pattern. It can also be changed into a radial spiral (as shown in the figure) or a single-sided spiral (the downward flowers are arranged in parallel).
Figure 4-26 Spiral Design
③ Cluster design (Figure 4-27) Flowers are planted in groups according to their size. Different kinds and qualities of flowers should be used between groups, and a sense of color balance should be taken into account. With green leaves as the interval, the pattern will be more harmonious and elegant.
Figure 4-27 Cluster Design
④ Line design (Figure 4-28) takes the center of the flower pattern as the main axis, and divides the surface of the flower pattern into lines with the same size, different colors and textures, such as the petal-by-petal feeling of grapefruit and orange, or the irregular flowing feeling.
Figure 4-28 Line Design
⑤ Variant (Figure 4-29) Flowers, fruits, vegetables, leaves or other heterogeneous materials can be arranged in rows, circles or irregular color blocks in a square, rectangular, round or irregular container, and made into flat, round or irregular shapes. Using beautiful and harmonious colors and different texture changes to achieve the maximum visual effect in design, it can be used for interesting animal modeling, flowers and fruits, trademarks, cakes, venue layout and so on.
Figure 4-29 Variant Design
2. colonia
Originated in A.D. 1607- 1780, round bouquets without space were generally gathered in blocks by radial insertion method. The closed round flower shape is not as tight as the flower designed by Degmer, and the leaf material only plays the role of decoration or covering the flower mud here (Figure 4-30).
Figure 4-30 colonia
3. Smell this little bouquet
Aromatic plants and flower materials are combined by radial insertion method, which is generally a garden-style round bouquet, and the leaf materials only play the role of decoration or covering flower mud here (Figure 4-3 1).
Figure 4-3 1 Small bouquet of fragrant flowers
4. Thousands of flower types
Appeared at the end of 15 and the beginning of 16. It uses all kinds of randomly distributed small flowers instead of square flowers and colors; Using radial interpolation method, it is generally polychromatic, without prominent colors or flowers. Closed round and semi-circular flowers, but not as dense as Bedmayer or colonia (Figure 4-32).
Figure 4-32 Thousand Flowers Pattern
(2) Line style
It can be divided into three types: curve type, straight line type and compound line type.
1, curve style
The curve style generally takes the focus as the center, adopts radioactive insertion method, and has a strong sense of lines, so the choice of materials must include some materials with natural curvature; The size and shape of the selected flowers must have a gradual flow direction to avoid visual obstacles. The specific patterns are meniscus, waterfall, S-shape and so on.
Figure 4-33 Curve Style
2. Straight line style
Linear modeling style is generally designed in groups, and the flowers in each group must be parallel, and the flowers between groups can be parallel, vertical, horizontal, diagonal or mixed.
Figure 4-34 Linear Style
3. Compound line style
Double-line style combines eastern lines and western block flower shapes, generally adopts radial insertion method and binding and pasting method commonly used in modern floral design, creating shapes with lines and producing weight, emphasis and depth with blocks. Specifically, there are two kinds: rigorous line style and western line style. Strict line style is different from potted plant combination. Generally, the base is paved, and the upper part emphasizes the lines of natural materials and the shape of flowers. Traditional western-style line drawing takes triangles as shapes, and now there are inverted T-shapes and L-shapes. Their designs all have visual routes, and the sense of lines is often produced by the gradual arrangement of flowers (Figure 4-35).
Figure 4-35 Composite Line Style
(3) Garden style
Gardeners from all over the world often combine local plants with popular plants at that time to design gardens with strong characteristics of the times and regions, reflecting certain ideas and tastes; Gardens in different areas show different styles. Floriculture design is closely related to gardens. Floriculture designers often use flowerpots to express gardens, so garden-style floral works also have obvious characteristics of the times and regions, including ordinary garden styles and special garden styles.
1, common garden style
Ordinary garden styles can be subdivided into English garden styles, Williamsburg (American) styles, Provence (French) styles, American southern styles, Dutch exhibition styles and tropical styles.
(1) English garden style appeared in the Georgian period of 17 14- 1820, and was re-used by some gardeners and gardeners in the 20th century. This style uses radioactive inlays, classical gradient patterns, formal and elegant floral devices (ceramics, bronzes, silverware, etc.). ). The characteristic of this style is that the radian line emitted by the radiation point contrasts with the vertical line and horizontal line to express the natural feeling (Figure 4-36).
Figure 4-36 British Garden Style
(2) The style of Williamsburg (USA) is characterized by the mixed use of native plant materials and flower materials, and the square is inserted by radial insertion method; Use orthodox and elegant flowers, such as silverware and porcelain, and use dried flowers in winter (Figure 4-37).
Figure 4-37 Williamsburg (USA) Style
(3) Provence (France) style is an idyllic, natural and romantic style, which adopts radial insertion method and has multiple groups of radiation points. The arrangement of flowers is random distribution rather than grouping, showing original flavor and full of vitality. The choice of flower organs must have the characteristics related to Provence, climate and age. "Provence" exudes indelible and impressive sunshine and blue sky, so warm colors (yellow and orange tones) are just in contrast to the cool colors of blue (Figure 4-38).
Figure 4-38 Provence (France) Style
(4) American southern style has a feeling of nostalgia and luxury. Using radial insertion method, there are many groups of obvious radiation points, which causes the phenomenon of cross between flowers and stems. Flower group performance, deliberate performance can not be controlled. The design size must be oversized, and the flowerpot is a classical flowerpot, such as silver, copper or porcelain. A large number of native flowers are used, and the distribution of flowers is natural and random, showing strong southern garden characteristics (Figure 4-39).
Figure 4-39 American Southern Style
(5) The Dutch exhibition style comes directly from the Dutch Garden, and adopts the way of radiation or parallel insertion, which has strong group performance. Its purpose is to show the perfect cultivation of each artificially cultivated flower material; The performance of the design is large, gorgeous and impressive (Figure 4-40).
Figure 4-40 Dutch exhibition style
(6) Tropical style is intended to express tropical sentiment. Because tropical flowers are generally large in size and keep fresh for a long time, such works are generally used in public places. Through radial or parallel insertion, design each flower material in groups, and keep enough space to show the shape and characteristics of each flower material. Each design must maintain the original characteristics of its flower material, and the selection of flower devices must be robust and have enough capacity to match the weight of the flower material itself (Figure 4-4 1).
Figure 4-4 1 tropical style
2. Special garden style
The unique garden style is inspired by the decorative shapes of plants in European gardens. Generally, radioactive insertion method is used to insert it into novel shapes, such as circle, cone, animal shape and so on. Or bundle them into a radial bouquet at a binding point, and the choice of materials is not limited (Figure 4-42).
Figure 4-42 Special Garden Style
(D) the style of the times
In the long river of history, architecture and art in different periods have obvious characteristics of the times. The same is true of floral design. Floriculture in different periods has characteristics similar to other arts. The specific types are Dehlavi Biya style, Flanders style, Victorian (British) style and Williamsburg Christmas (American) style.
1, Dehlavi Biya style.
The style of De Harabiya is generally a series of single works, each of which has a fixed radiation point, and the flowers are arranged symmetrically, gradually and regularly. Materials are composed of flowers, leaves, fruits and ribbons, and are now mostly used in Christmas design (Figure 4-43).
Figure 4-43 Dehlavi Biya Style
2. Flemish style
The Flemish style was extended from16th century and17th century. Universal block design, radial interpolation method, multiple radiation points, symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns, and S-shaped lines are included in the work. Better flowers are inserted at the top of the work, which is 2-3 times the height of the flowerpot. Generally, there are drooping lines to set off the elegance of the flowerpot. In addition to flowers, there are fruits and shells, which are represented by different flowers in four seasons in a work (Figure 4-44).
Figure 4-44 Flanders style
3. Victorian (British) style
Victorian (British) style plate design, using radial insertion method, focusing on color expression, is a closed flower pattern. The height of flowers is 1 to 1.5 times that of flowerpots. This flowerpot is very luxurious. The choice of flowers includes green leaves and flowers cultivated in greenhouse. Roses are almost indispensable. Leafy materials, especially ivy and fern materials, are widely used, and the whole design seems to be overdone (Figure 4-45).
Figure 4-45 Victorian (British) Style
4. Williamsburg Christmas (American) style
Williamsburg Christmas (USA) style adopts radial flower arrangement, and the flowers are arranged neatly. Elegant flowerpots and no gradual arrangement (if the flowers are arranged neatly and in sharp contrast with the random combination of leaves) make the whole design present a lovely appearance (Figure 4-46).
Figure 4-46 Williamsburg Christmas (American style)
Third, free style.
Usually line design, planned flower selection and clear execution. Its shape is not a few geometric figures that can be seen by the naked eye (Figure 4-47). Flower material is an integral part of composition, which can be artificially treated or made of unnatural materials at will. Its shape is flexible, including natural shape, pictographic shape and abstract shape. It advocates personality development and respects its own style.
Figure 4-47 Free Style
Fourth, avant-garde style.
This kind of works are generally avant-garde and free in modeling. There are mainly architectural, fire phoenix, sculpture, environmental protection, abstract and other types.
1, architectural style
Architectural works generally use organic materials, branches, vines, or artificial materials as buildings, which can be purely technical treatment or part of the design. The appearance of the design depends on the architecture (Figure 4-48).
Figure 4-48 Architectural Style
2. Fire Phoenix Style
Fire phoenix style works use radioactive insertion method, and it is common to combine two geometric figures, but different bottom shapes can also be used. Tighten the vertical bottom to make the material sprint upward to the highest limit (Figure 4-49).
Figure 4-49 Fire Phoenix
3. Sculpture style
Sculptural works use flowers as materials to shape the appearance, which is called sculpture flower arrangement (Figure 4-50).
Figure 4-50 Sculpture Flower Arrangement
4. Abstract design
Abstract design has no special features, but it is bound to be influenced by facts. It is very important to abandon the conventional expressions. It is to express one's creation according to one's own aesthetic feelings and preferences. The design gets rid of the limitation of static concept and interacts with time (Figure 4-5 1).
Figure 4-5 1 abstract design
Nowadays, a new generation of floral designers are challenging the traditional idea of flower arrangement. For example, the avant-garde uses organic materials, metals, glass and other materials, adopts modern architecture and composition technology, and abandons the routine of floral design in the application of floral materials and methods. In this kind of floral design, some are accidental and timely, while others are purely experimental. However, they all have a common feature, that is, they adopt an exciting and dynamic new method, which adds a new thinking and choice to the traditional floral design concept. They stand at the forefront of floral design, which is both shocking and thought-provoking. This is the unique charm of avant-garde style.
To sum up, the modern popular flower arrangement and floral design styles can be described as colorful and varied. With the continuous improvement of people's material life and spiritual life, with the continuous development of cultivation technology, material technology and information technology, with the change of modern aesthetic concepts and the re-evaluation of consumption values, we believe that traditional or fashionable flower arrangement and floral arrangement will have a better future.