In the middle of the Meiji era, the first staplers imported into Japan from the United States by Itoki Shoten (now Itoki Co., Ltd.) were the products of the E.H. Hotchkiss company. The stapler was sold under the name of "Hotchkiss Automatic Stapler", and the word "Hotchkiss" came to be used as a synonym for "stapler".
Foreign languages:
1. Chinese and Sanskrit words introduced to Japan through China before the Muromachi period are called Hanyu (Chinese) words, and they are not included in the foreign languages. Words derived from Asian languages other than Western languages are also regarded as foreign words.
2. Words that are borrowed from the Chinese language, but are derived from dialectal sounds such as modern Chinese pronunciation or modern Cantonese pronunciation, such as メンツ (面) and ワンタン (馄饨) are also considered to be foreign words. In addition, words such as "うま" (horse) and "うめ" (plum), which were introduced at an earlier period, are not categorized as either Chinese or foreign words, but are regarded as Japanese words.
3. The words "カササギ" (magpie) and "寺 (てら)" (temple), which are similar to the ancient Korean language, are considered as loanwords, but not as foreign words.
4. Words that come from the Ainu or Nyuhi languages, which are or were indigenous minority languages in Japan, are not considered foreign words (ラッコ (sea otter), トナカイ (reindeer), クズリ (wolverine), etc.).
5. Although it is a phonetic translation of the English word, but borrowed from the Chinese character is not generally regarded as foreign words, such as gallery (from gallery), bookkeeping (from bookkeeping or booking), etc. In addition, the earlier entry into Japanese, the Japanese word "トナカイ" (reindeer), "クズリ" (貂熊) and so on. In addition, words that entered the Japanese language earlier or are closely related to the life and culture of Japanese people are not regarded as foreign words ("tabaco" (tobacco), "ikura" (salmon roe), etc.).
6. In the 16th century, there were the words "tabaco" (tobacco) and "pane" (bread) from Portuguese. In the Edo period, there was the Dutch word "galas" (glass). However, it was after the Meiji Restoration that Western words were introduced on a large scale. As a result of the introduction of technology from Germany, England, and the United States, and then from France, foreign words came from a variety of sources. For example, railway vocabulary is mainly from British English, medical vocabulary is mainly from German, and a lot of art vocabulary is from French.
7. Japanese vocabulary borrowed from foreign languages is called "layman's language", as opposed to "foreign language".
8. There are also examples of foreign words being used as Japanese surnames. In Yamaguchi Prefecture, the family name Tabakotani (たばこたに)is found.
9. In post-war Japanese, there are cases in which Japanese or Chinese words were replaced by foreign words with the same meaning, or foreign words with the same meaning were used more often than Japanese or Chinese words. For example, "乳→ミルク（milk）"(milk), "灰色? Gray/grey" (gray), "Wine" (ワイン) (wine), "Collection" (収集) (collection) (コレクション) (collection), etc. However, nowadays there is also "収集" (collection) (収集) (collection). However, nowadays, there are also "バスタブ"-「汤船」,「浴槽」(bathtub) and other words that are more powerful than Chinese words.
10. In post-war Japanese, there is also a phenomenon that English words are more dominant than the older Portuguese and Dutch words. The phenomenon of English words being more dominant than older Portuguese and Dutch words: "ズック (Dutch: doek) → カンバス? キャンバス (canvas)" (canvas), "ビロード (Portuguese: veludo) →ベルベット (velvet)" (velvet)