First of all, you need to know what emphysema is, so that you can analyze it from the pathological condition and how to treat it.

1

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease. At the stage of chronic bronchitis and bronchitis, patients suffer from bronchial stenosis due to infection and chronic inflammatory stimulation, and some mucus is secreted, which blocks the airway. When people inhale, bronchi and bronchioles expand and gas enters alveoli. When people exhale, the bronchi and bronchioles contract with the chest. Originally, the bronchi are narrow. After the contraction, some bronchi become narrower and some are completely blocked. In this way, a part of carbon dioxide can't be exhaled and stays in the alveoli. Over time, the alveoli become bigger and bigger by these gases, which is called emphysema in medicine.

Professionally speaking,

Emphysema is an obstructive disease caused by chronic bronchitis or other reasons, such as bronchiolitis, over-inflation of the air cavity at the distal end of the terminal bronchiole, expansion and rupture of the air cavity wall, resulting in over-inflation of the lung and increased lung volume.

2

Matters needing attention in the treatment of emphysema

Emphysema is a progressive disease. Without treatment, it will deteriorate into cor pulmonale, that is, pulmonary heart disease. There are three keys to treatment.

First, pay attention to expectoration.

The trachea and bronchus of patients with emphysema are stimulated by chronic inflammation, and some mucus is secreted every day. If it cannot be discharged, it will block the airway and affect ventilation. On the other hand, sputum accumulation is easy to breed bacteria, leading to infection and acute attack. The accumulation of sputum, adhering to the tracheal wall, will also cause inflammatory lesions in trachea and bronchus.

How to expectorate:

There is a lot of sputum in the patient's respiratory tract, just like a sewer full of garbage. If you want to dredge the sewer completely, it is futile to spray more drugs. Only by throwing and shaking, the garbage in these pipes will be cleaned up hard, which is the key to solve the problem. Therefore, it is the most important to use the oscillating airflow with negative pressure pulse to help draw sputum out of the lungs.

Second, pay attention to exhaust (carbon dioxide).

Carbon dioxide retention is the key factor for the progressive deterioration of COPD. Carbon dioxide occupies alveoli, which makes the air pressure in the lungs rise and oxygen can't enter, leading to the symptoms of hypoxia in patients. The accumulation of carbon dioxide leads to the rupture of alveoli to form spontaneous pneumothorax, which is life-threatening. Hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention can also cause damage to pulmonary vessels, leading to pulmonary hypertension, right heart hypertrophy and pulmonary heart disease.

Carbon dioxide retention will also flow back into the blood, causing the arterial blood carbon dioxide level to rise, which is called hypercapnia. Hypercarbonation causes increased cerebral blood flow, increased permeability of tiny blood vessels, and water in blood leaks out of blood vessels, causing brain edema and increased brain tissue pressure. Patients are characterized by headache, dizziness, changes in sleep patterns, excessive sleep during the day and excitement at night, as well as restlessness, irritability, insanity and nonsense. With the increase of carbon dioxide level, brain edema is aggravated and neuropsychiatric symptoms are aggravated, which are manifested as apathy, muscle tremor, intermittent convulsions, lethargy and coma. Traditionally, the above symptoms are collectively referred to as "carbon dioxide anesthesia". Once the patient falls into a coma, his breathing changes from fast to slow, from deep to shallow, until he stops breathing, and then he dies of cardiac arrest.

Therefore, the discharge of carbon dioxide gas is the key to control the disease and prevent further deterioration.

How to exhaust:

Use negative pressure to exhaust the air. Negative pressure is the outward pumping, and negative pressure pulsation is the oscillating airflow that regularly pumps out like a pulse, which can help patients expel carbon dioxide from their lungs, relieve high pressure in their lungs, and allow oxygen to enter well, thus alleviating hypoxia. Simple lung-clearing instrument to expel phlegm and exhaust gas.

Recommended reading:

Emphysema: The lungs are filled with gas and look swollen. Dare to ask where the gas comes from?

Third, we should pay attention to stable treatment.

Emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease with persistent airflow limitation and progressive development, so it needs long-term treatment in a planned and comprehensive way, including quitting smoking and avoiding pathogenic factors, expectoration and exhaust, exercise, nutritional support, psychotherapy, etc., and needs to be adjusted according to the condition and evolution. Only by insisting on treatment in the stable period can we reduce the acute aggravation of the disease and slow down the deterioration of the disease. If you wait until the illness gets worse before receiving treatment, it will only increase the pain, increase the cost and even endanger your life.

three

Dietary considerations for patients with emphysema

Suitable food:

1, choice of staple food and beans:

Steamed bread, flower rolls, rice, noodles, wonton, rice porridge, sweet potato, etc.

2, the choice of meat, eggs, milk:

Lean pork, beef, chickens and ducks, eggs, milk, etc.

3, the choice of vegetables:

Rape, spinach, amaranth, celery, lotus root and other fresh vegetables.

4, the choice of fruit:

Sugarcane, orange, grapefruit, pear and loquat can clear away heat and phlegm, moisten lung and relieve cough; Apricot moistening lung and relieving asthma; Bananas, sesame seeds and other laxatives are all suitable for eating.

Taboo food:

1, avoid fishy smell.

Foods such as yellow croaker, hairtail, snakehead, mandarin fish, shrimp and crab are fishy, which can produce phlegm and make emphysema patients cough up phlegm and asthma, so they are not suitable for eating.

2, avoid greasy, sweet and greasy food.

Lard, cream, fat, roast chicken, roast duck, fried dough sticks, fried cakes and other greasy foods; Cake, ice cream and candy are sweet and greasy products, which are easy to produce phlegm, so they are among the fasting.

3, avoid nourishing drugs.

Do not eat nourishing Chinese medicines at will, such as ginseng, codonopsis pilosula, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Ophiopogon japonicus, etc., otherwise it will inhibit the normal expectorant ability of the body.

4. Avoid hot things such as peppers and peppers, and quit smoking and drinking.

Dietary principles:

1, increase the high-protein diet and reduce carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate will produce more carbon dioxide and water while producing energy, which will increase the ventilation burden of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Therefore, dietary nutrition should reduce carbohydrate intake, increase the amount and proportion of fat and protein, and choose foods that are nutritious and easy to be utilized and absorbed by human body. Bean products made from soybeans, such as tofu, soybean milk and bean sprouts, are cheap and easy to digest and absorb. Soybean, together with animal proteins such as milk, eggs, meat and fish, is called high-quality protein.

2. Take more vitamins and eat fresh fruits.

Supplement sufficient vitamins and trace elements necessary for human body. Vitamin C and carotene in fresh fruits and vegetables have a protective effect on the lungs. Eating vitamin C and vitamin A every day can enhance the defense ability of bronchial mucosa epithelium, maintain normal bronchial mucus secretion and ciliary activity, improve the symptoms of respiratory tract infection, promote the repair of bronchial mucosa and increase lung ventilation.

3, should avoid using too cold, too hot, spicy, blunt food, avoid stimulating the trachea to cause paroxysmal cough. Theophylline drugs are easy to cause gastrointestinal adverse reactions and should be taken after meals. Care should be taken to avoid excessive drinking of coffee, tea and Coca-Cola.

Recommended reading:

The most complete diet remedy for emphysema, no need to worry about what to eat anymore!

four

Matters needing attention in exercise for patients with emphysema

For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema, the most important thing to pay attention to is to master the appropriate degree of exercise.

Excessive exercise will lead to shortness of breath and accelerated heart rate, and it will not recover after the exercise stops 15 minutes, and the whole body will be sore; When the amount of exercise is insufficient, there is no sweating, and the pulse is not obviously accelerated. Such exercise has no stimulating effect on the heart and lungs and will not produce sports effects.

Appropriate amount of exercise means a little sweating after exercise, relaxed and happy, good appetite and sleep. Although the muscles are a little sore, they can disappear after rest. Shortness of breath and heart rate also returned to normal within 5~ 10 minutes after exercise stopped. I feel energetic and have a desire to exercise for a few days after exercise.

Recommended reading:

Experts explain for you-four kinds of exercise therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(Q&A) The expert answered: Is exercise really effective for patients with emphysema?

five

Matters needing attention in breathing exercises for patients with emphysema

Breathing exercise is a kind of training method that enlarges the chest when inhaling and narrows it when exhaling, which promotes thoracic movement and improves ventilation function. It can effectively regulate the internal organs of the human body and achieve the purpose of improving health.

abdominal respiration

Abdominal breathing is mainly a way of breathing by contraction of abdominal muscles and diaphragm. Chest breathing efficiency of patients with emphysema is poor. Through abdominal breathing exercise, diaphragm activity can be strengthened and lung ventilation can be increased.

Specific practices:

Inhale through the nose and the abdomen bulges; Shrink your lips and exhale, feeling your abdomen sink. Keep the chest at a minimum range of motion or motionless.

Precautions:

When doing abdominal breathing exercises, we should pay attention to relaxing the whole body muscles. Because the external manifestations of abdominal breathing are the uplift and subsidence of the abdomen, we should pay attention to the activities of the abdomen during breathing. You can put your left and right hands on the upper abdomen and the front chest respectively, so as to observe the movement of the chest and abdomen. When exhaling, the abdomen sinks, and press the hand on the upper abdomen slightly to increase the intra-abdominal pressure and promote the diaphragm to lift. When inhaling, the upper abdomen rises slowly against the hand pressure. In this way, the patient can know whether the chest and abdomen activities meet the requirements through the touch and correct them in time.

Abdominal breathing exercise can be done twice a day at the beginning, each time 10~ 15 minutes. After mastering the essentials of action, you can gradually increase the number of times and the time of each time. When the condition permits, patients can exercise anytime and anywhere while lying, sitting and walking, and strive to form an involuntary habit of breathing.

Lip contraction breathing

Breathing with contracted lips can delay the decrease of airflow pressure during exhalation, increase the airway pressure, avoid the oppression of airway caused by the increase of intrathoracic pressure, prevent the premature closure of small airway, make the residual gas in the lung easier to be discharged, help to inhale more fresh air next time, increase alveolar ventilation and improve hypoxia.

Specific practices:

Breathe through the nose, mouth and lips, and exhale through the teeth or lips. The time ratio of inhalation and exhalation is1:2 or1:3.

Precautions:

When exhaling, the size of lip contraction is adjusted by the patient, which is whistle-like. The lip contraction is too small, the expiratory resistance is too large, and the expiratory time is prolonged, but the expiratory volume is reduced. If the lip contraction is too large, the purpose of preventing premature occlusion of small airway can not be achieved.

The size and expiratory flow of the lip contraction mouth should be appropriate to make the candle flame at a distance of 0/5 ~ 20 cm from the lip/kloc-incline with the airflow and not be extinguished.

Strictly speaking, lip-contraction exhalation is an integral part of abdominal breathing, which requires combining lip-contraction exhalation with abdominal breathing for exercise.

six

Other precautions

Recommended reading:

A flexible lung may be destroyed on one or two teeth!