On the basis of unified tone, tree species strive to change. Create a beautiful canopy line and break the monotony and rigidity of the building group. Pay attention to the selection of plants with different tree shapes, such as tower, column, sphere and weeping branches, such as cedar, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, cypress, Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ginkgo biloba, Sophora japonica, weeping peach, etc., to form a canopy line with strong changes; Plants with different heights form a canopy line with moderate changes; Using the change of terrain height difference, different plants are arranged to obtain the corresponding change of canopy line. By planting flowering shrubs near the edge, short and dense plants such as Begonia, Pittosporum, Rhododendron and Hypericum are used to form a natural curve.
In planting, the combination of regular and natural plant configuration methods can be adopted. In general, 1 to 2 rows of street trees are planted on both sides of roads in the area, and some shade-tolerant shrubs can be regularly arranged, and the bare ground is covered with lawn or ground cover plants. Other green spaces can adopt natural plant configuration techniques and combine into a patchwork plant landscape with different seasons.
In the planting design, make full use of the ornamental characteristics of plants, carry out TINT and coordination, and arrange plants according to the changes of colors displayed by leaves, flowers, fruits, branches and dry skins throughout the year to create seasonal landscapes. Do a season, or a season, or a group, a season. Such as the spring landscape composed of winter jasmine, peach blossom and clove; Summer landscape composed of Lagerstroemia indica, Albizia Albizia and pomegranate; Autumn landscape composed of osmanthus fragrans, red maple and ginkgo; Winter landscape composed of Chimonanthus praecox, Lonicera japonica and Nandina domestica.
Configuration design of garden waterscape plants
Water is an indispensable and most attractive garden element in garden art. The ancients called water "blood" and "soul" in gardens. Gardens at all times and all over the world attach great importance to the use of water bodies. In all kinds of gardens, water plays an irreplaceable role. As early as the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, water became the content of garden amusement in China. In the traditional gardens in China, it was almost "no garden without water". With water, the garden will add more lively vitality, and also add the beauty of sparkling and Shui Ying swaying. Therefore, in the planning and construction of gardens, paying attention to the landscaping function of water bodies and handling the landscape relationship between garden plants and water bodies can not only create fascinating landscapes, but also reflect the charm of truth, goodness and beauty.
Water plays an important role in landscape architecture, among which mountains, stones and water are the most closely related. The basic form of traditional gardens in China is landscape garden. "One pool with three mountains" and "mountains and rivers depend on each other" have all become the basic laws of China Landscape Garden. The Kunming Lake, as big as the Summer Palace, is dependent on Wanshou Mountain, and as small as a "one-spoon garden", it must be set off by rocks. The so-called "stones of crystal in its brooks" is also a landscape because of the interdependence of mountains and rivers. Therefore, the ancients said that scenery must be called mountains and rivers, and Li Qingzhao said: "Mountains and waters are close to people." Garden water can be enjoyed, swam and cola. A large water body contributes to air circulation. Even if a bucket of clear water reflects the blue sky, it can also make people's sight infinitely extended and expand the space in sense. All kinds of water bodies in the garden, whether they are the main scenery or the scenery in the garden, all use plants to enrich the landscape. The posture, color and reflection of garden plants in the water and beside the water all enhance the beauty of the water.
The sages attributed the anthropomorphic evaluation of the nature of water to virtue, benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, kindness and integrity. Confucius believes that water is selfless to all things, "like virtue"; Wherever you go, there is life growth, "like benevolence"; Dirty twists and turns follow its logic, "like righteousness"; Shallow people are popular, deep people are unpredictable, "like wisdom"; There is no doubt about going to the valley of a hundred miles, "like courage"; Its ten thousand folds must be "like meaning" in the east. At the same time, water can "not be clear about people, fresh and clean", wash away the filth and be kind to others; It is the most "fair" that the amount of water will be even. Different water structures can produce different water states; Surrounding buildings with water can produce the taste of "flowing water around the house"; The pavilion floats on the surface of the water, like a fairyland in the pavilion; When architectural sketches and sculptures stand in the water, they can be empathetic; When water flows, it rubs against rocks, banks and ponds, making various sounds. "There is a clear sound in the rocks" is a pleasant aesthetic feeling; "Surging the waves and rolling up thousands of piles of snow" is magnificent. Underwater sound adds natural rhythm and rhythm, and shows the beauty of music in the space.
In a word, water is an important factor that constitutes garden landscape and adds garden beauty. Throughout today's landscape design and construction, all of them rely on natural or artificial waterscape to improve the grade of landscape and add practical functions. The plant configuration of all kinds of water bodies, whether static or dynamic, can not be separated from flowers and trees to create artistic conception.
1.Waterfront plants should pay attention to artistic composition. In Chinese gardens, weeping willows have been planted by the waterside since ancient times, which causes the soft strips to brush the water. At the same time, planting Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus densiflora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Ficus microcarpa with drooping air roots at the waterside can play a role in line composition. However, the arrangement of waterside plants should not be equidistantly planted, shaped or trimmed, so as not to lose the meaning of painting. In the composition, pay attention to the application of branches and trunks that explore the water surface, especially the large trees by the water that seem to have fallen down, so as to increase the level of the water surface and be rich in wild interest.
2. Plant disposition of revetment The revetment is divided into soil bank, stone bank and concrete bank, and its plant disposition principle is that it can not only integrate the mountain with the water, but also play a leading role in the spatial landscape of the water surface. The arrangement of plants on the soil bank should be combined with the layout of topography, roads and coastline, which is near and far, sparse and dense, intermittent and continuous, winding and naturally interesting. Stone bank lines are stiff and boring, and the principle of plant configuration is Mei Lu, covering up ugliness, making it soft and changeable. Generally, willows and spring flowers are arranged on the bank, so that slender and soft branches hang down to the water surface to cover the stone bank, and at the same time, flowering shrubs and lianas, such as iris discolor, calamus, swallow flower and Parthenocissus tricuspidata, are used to partially cover it (avoiding full coverage, regardless of beauty and ugliness) to increase the lively atmosphere.
3. Plants on the surface of the water are arranged. The water landscape is lower than people's sight, echoing the waterside landscape, and the reflection in the water is the most suitable for viewing. The plants in the water are equipped with lotus flowers to reflect the artistic conception of "the lotus leaves are infinitely bright in the sky, and the lotus flowers are different in color when reflecting the sun". However, if there are pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, towers and other garden buildings on the shore, or when designing flowers and foliage trees with beautiful tree posture and colorful colors, the plant configuration in the water should not be congested, leaving enough empty water surface to show the reflection.
4. Plant arrangement of dikes and islands Setting dikes and islands in water bodies is the main means to divide water space, and dikes are often connected with bridges. The plant configuration of dikes and islands not only increases the level of water space, but also enriches the color of water space, and the reflection becomes the main landscape. There are many types and sizes of islands. Around the island, willows are the main plants, and arborvitae, Albizia Albizia, wisteria, Lagerstroemia indica and other trees and shrubs are planted alternately, which are dense and orderly, increase the level and have good guiding function. In addition, a pool of clear water can be used to expand the space, break the closed environment and create a natural and lively landscape. For example, small waterscape gardens can be built in some scenic spots in parks, gardens in residential areas, roof gardens, gardens in exhibition greenhouses, and gardens in large hotels, etc., with aquatic plants to create paintings of clear pools and full moons.
Garden plant configuration
planting arrangement
Author/Zhu Junzhen
According to the ecological habits of plants and the requirements of garden layout, all kinds of plants in the garden (trees, shrubs, flowers, turf and ground cover plants, etc.) should be rationally allocated to give play to their garden functions and ornamental characteristics. The arrangement of garden plants is an important link in garden planning and design.
The configuration of garden plants includes two aspects: on the one hand, the configuration of various plants, considering the selection of plant species, the combination of trees, the composition, color, seasonal phase and garden artistic conception of plane and facade; On the other hand, it is the configuration between garden plants and other garden elements such as rocks, water bodies, buildings and garden roads.
Selection of plant species
Selection of Plant Species Plants have life, and different garden plants have different ecological and morphological characteristics. Their stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are different in posture, size, shape, texture, color and phenology. They (mainly trees) have quite different landscapes in childhood, maturity, old age and all the year round. When arranging plants, it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions and time, so that plants can grow normally and give full play to their ornamental characteristics. The selection of garden plants should be mainly based on native tree species, so as to ensure that garden plants have normal growth and development conditions and reflect the plant styles of various regions. At the same time, we can't ignore the introduction and domestication of excellent varieties.
Plant configuration mode
Plant disposition mode The plant communities on the hills and hills and beside rivers and lakes in nature have natural plant composition and natural landscape, and are the source of artistic creation of natural plant disposition. In China's classical gardens and larger parks and scenic spots, plants are usually arranged naturally, but in some areas, especially near the main buildings and along the main roads, they are also arranged regularly. The arrangement methods of garden plants mainly include solitary planting, opposite planting, row planting, cluster planting and group planting.
isolated planting
It mainly shows the individual beauty of trees and often serves as the main scene of garden space. The requirements for solitary trees are: graceful posture, bright colors, slightly larger body shape, long life and distinctive features. Other trees should be arranged around, and a suitable viewing distance should be maintained. Other trees and shrubs should not be planted around precious ancient and famous trees to maintain its unique charm. Solitary trees used for shade require a wide crown, dense branches and leaves, large leaves and few pests and diseases, and spherical and umbrella crowns are better.
Opposite planting
That is to say, roughly the same number of trees are planted symmetrically, which are mostly used on both sides of garden gates, building entrances, squares or bridges. In natural planting, absolute symmetry is not required, and morphological balance should also be maintained when planting.
Row planting
Also known as belt planting, it is to plant trees in rows and belts, which are mostly used on both sides of streets, highways or around regular squares. If it is used as the background of garden scenery or isolation measures, it should be planted closely to form a tree screen.
group planting
The combination of more than three different tree species is a widely used way in gardens. Can be used as the main scene or scenery, can also be used as a background or isolation measures. The arrangement should be natural and conform to the law of artistic composition, so as to not only show the group beauty of plants, but also see the individual beauty of tree species.
Group planting
The group combination of the same tree species has a large number of trees, which mainly shows the beauty of the group and has the interest of "forest formation"
Artistic techniques of plant configuration
The artistic technique of plant disposition in garden space, no matter whether plants are the main scene or plants and other garden elements are isomorphic into the main scene, should emphasize the main body in the selection of plant species, the determination of quantity, the arrangement of position and the adoption of methods, so as to make the primary and secondary clear, so as to show the characteristics and style of garden space landscape.
Contrast and contrast
Using the different morphological characteristics of plants, using the comparative techniques of height, posture, leaf shape and color, flower shape and color, we can express certain artistic ideas and set off beautiful plant landscapes. When combining trees, we should pay attention to the coordination between them, and it is not appropriate to combine tree species with great differences in shape and beauty.
Dynamic potential sum equilibrium
All kinds of plants have different postures, and some are relatively regular, such as heather and Ailanthus altissima; Some have a dynamic trend, such as pine, elm and acacia. When configuring, we should stress the harmony between plants or between plants and other elements in the environment; At the same time, we should also consider the changes of plants in different growth stages and seasons, so as not to create an unbalanced situation.
Fluctuation and rhythm
In the arrangement of plants on both sides of the road and in the narrow strip, attention should be paid to the vertical three-dimensional contour line and spatial transformation, so as to achieve high-low collocation, ups and downs, produce rhythm and rhythm, and avoid rigid layout.
Hierarchy and background
In order to overcome the monotony of landscape, trees, shrubs, flowers and ground cover plants should be arranged at multiple levels. The layered arrangement of plants with different colors and flowering periods can make the plant landscape rich and colorful. Generally, the background tree should be higher than the foreground tree, the planting density should be large, it is best to form a green barrier, the color should be dark, or there is a big difference in color and chromaticity with the foreground to enhance the foil effect.
Color and season
The stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of plants are very colorful. The color composition of garden scenery can be realized by using different configuration methods, such as monochrome expression, multi-color matching, contrast color processing and layer-by-layer transition of hue and chromaticity. Grading leaf color and flower color is helpful to organize beautiful plant color composition. It is necessary to reflect the plant seasons in spring, summer, autumn and winter, especially in spring and autumn. In the same plant space, the seasonal phase of one or two seasons is generally reflected, and the effect is more obvious. Because the flowering period or the change period of color leaves of trees usually lasts only one or two months, there is often a phenomenon of partial dryness and partial glory. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt layered arrangement of flowers and trees with different flowering periods to prolong the flowering period; Or mixed planting of flowers and trees with different flowering periods and flowers and trees showing seasonal phases; Or use vegetation flowers (especially perennial flowers) to make up for the short flowering period of woody flowers.
Large-scale gardens and scenic spots often show the characteristics of a season, giving visitors a strong sense of seasonality. People in China have a tradition of enjoying a certain flower at a certain time and place, such as "exploring the plum in Lingfeng" and "Red Leaves in Xishan", which are very popular. In small gardens, there are also cherry blossom forests and magnolia forests, which produce artistic effects with seasonal characteristics.
Garden plant space
Garden Plant Space Garden takes plants as the main body, and through artistic layout, it forms a space environment that meets the requirements of garden functions and beautiful plant landscape.
design
The creation of garden plant space is to divide the space by plants according to the terrain and landform conditions, and create a certain landscape or special environmental atmosphere. This kind of creation, like other artistic creations, "puts ideas first". The design of the forest edge line and the canopy line on the plane composition is the necessary means to realize the garden conception.
Through the design of forest edge line, lots with the same area can be divided into large or small spaces for plant formation; Or divide a small space in a large space, or organize perspective lines to increase the depth of field of the space. Through the design of canopy line, colorful three-dimensional contour lines can be organized; In the trees with little fluctuation of canopy line, such as highlighting an extra-high isolated tree, it can play the role of symbol and guide. At the same time, because the branches of trees are high or low, in the design of canopy line, open or closed plant space can also be created according to the height of human body.
The designed plant space usually has a main view, and most of them are trees or shrubs with high ornamental value. When trees are used as the main landscape, they are usually planted alone, in clumps or in rows, and when shrubs are used as the main landscape, they are usually planted in groups or in clumps. There are also natural flower beds combined with buildings and rocks. In the plant space, paving the ground with turf can unify the tone of the whole space. Shade-tolerant ground cover plants can be planted in local areas or under trees.
The arrangement of plants on the edge of plant space should be dense and alternating, with twists and turns, high and low, and appropriate colors. Evergreen trees and deciduous tree towers can make both winter and summer scenery considerable. When it is necessary to form a quiet and closed space, evergreen trees and shrubs are arranged in multiple layers and planted closely to play an isolation role. In the larger plant space, in order to increase the interest of plants, various kinds of garden sketches can be set up appropriately. For example, on the lawn with slightly undulating terrain, half-buried stones or set up a exquisitely carved Taihu stone; In the dull season, potted flowers can be arranged to form various patterns.
example
A garden plant space in Huagang Fish Watching Park in Hangzhou, China, with an area of 2 150 square meters, the terrain is inclined to the southeast and surrounded by trees. The main scene is five acacia trees planted freely, located at the highest place in the space. There are nine Platanus acerifolia under the slope opposite to the main landscape tree, and there is a cypress forest behind the Platanus acerifolia. The southern part of the space is cherry blossoms, and the northern part is all kinds of spring flowers and shrubs. On the west side of Albizia Albizia is a triangle maple forest. In spring, there are cherry blossoms in the south and various spring flowers and shrubs in the north. In summer, among the surrounding green trees, the acacia tree, the main scene of red flowers, is particularly bright and dazzling; In late autumn, the leaves of Albizia Albizia fell, and the red leaves of the triangular maple forest and the yellow leaves of Platanus acerifolia reflected each other from afar. In winter, in front of a green cypress forest, nine white and green sycamore trunks are set off, which do not fade. Carefully designed plant configuration makes this space have a beautiful landscape in all seasons.
Landscape and plant configuration
Configuration of waterscape plants
The plant arrangement of various water bodies in the garden, such as lakes, rivers, pools, streams and branches, should meet the requirements of water ecological environment, and the creation of waterscape should pay attention to the role of dikes and islands in dividing the water surface and increasing the depth of field. Waterfront plants should choose trees and shrubs that are water-resistant and wet-loving, graceful in posture and bright in color, or form the main scenery, or decorate the revetment with flowers and lakes and rocks. Choose flowers and trees or colored leafy trees to enrich the waterscape. When planting tall trees beside large water bodies, we should pay attention to the ups and downs of canopy lines and the opening of landscape lines. It is not advisable to plant aquatic plants on the water surface with scenery, so as to expand the sense of space and form an "underwater painting" of distant mountains, nearby trees and buildings.
Roadside plant configuration
Attention should be paid to creating different garden road landscapes, such as mountain roads, bamboo paths, flower paths, and wild roads. In the natural garden road, the planting pattern of common street trees should be broken, and the same tree species may not be planted on both sides, but a balanced effect must be achieved. Plant spacing should be combined with roadside scenery, leaving a transparent line to create conditions for "moving from scene to scene". At the intersection, solitary trees or bushes with bright colors can be planted, or they can be used as scenic spots or signs to play the role of tour guides. In the secondary garden road or path pavement, turf can be embedded to enrich the garden road landscape. Regular garden roads should also have two or three kinds of trees or shrubs alternately, forming a sense of ups and downs.
Plant arrangement beside buildings
First of all, it should conform to the nature of the building and the theme to be expressed. For example, next to the pavilion of "Autumn Moon in Pinghu" in Hangzhou, a large autumn tree with a crown like a cover is planted; Next to the "Smelling Sweet Osmanthus Fragrant Hin", it is surrounded by osmanthus trees. Secondly, it is necessary to coordinate the building with the surrounding environment. If the amount of building objects is too large, the building form is rigid, or the location is improper, plants can be used to cover or make up for it. Thirdly, it is necessary to strengthen the foundation planting of the building, plant flowers or shrubs on the wall foundation, so that there is a transitional space between the building and the ground, or play a role in stabilizing the foundation. The corner of the house is decorated with a flower and tree, which can overcome the feeling of monotonous appearance of the building. Climbing plants can be planted on the wall, and evergreen trees with appropriate height should be densely planted next to the statue as the background. Shaded and fragrant flowers and trees should be planted next to the chair.