Military food refers to all kinds of standard food produced and supplied according to the technical standards stipulated by the army. The military food of China People's Liberation Army can be divided into four categories: war food, voyage food, life-saving food and general food.
1, stage1(1949-1976)
Before 1949, China People's Liberation Army had no standard field food. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, due to the limited output and actual situation at that time, the main food supplied by wartime troops was portable fried noodles and fried rice. Until the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, although our country had prepared and studied military grain, it had few varieties, single taste, storage resistance and easy deterioration. The Institute of Health and Nutrition of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences studied over-cooked rice and instant noodles in 1953, when the shelf life was only 1 year. 1958, the General Logistics Department and Shanghai Food Industry Research Institute jointly produced four kinds of dry food. These include compressed salty biscuits, miscellaneous grains biscuits, compressed broad bean cakes and tortillas. Since then, the main research on field food has focused on compressed dry food. For example, 70 1 and 702 compressed dry food, canned food is mainly developed by local factories.
2. The second stage (1976- 1982)
From 1976 to 1982, our army developed the first generation of field food. Its basic content is "three masters" and "three pairs". The "three masters" include 76 1 compressed dry food, dehydrated rice and dehydrated noodles; "Three pairs" include canned diced meat for lunch, canned assorted stir-fry and canned diced meat with soy sauce.
The main characteristics of the first generation of grain are: first, both staple food and non-staple food are taken into account; Two, compressed dry food and canned food are tinned; Third, no dinner is formed, and the main and non-staple foods are packaged separately; Fourth, there is no rice spectrum.
The dehydrated rice in the first generation of field food of our army has a short shelf life, and the dehydrated noodles taste bad after rehydration, so it is not equipped with troops to form the support ability. The first generation of field food was indeed equipped by the army, and 76 1 compressed dry food was the guarantee. To1995,761compressed dry food is still the backbone of our army's field food.
3. The third stage (1983- 1994)
From 1983- 1986, our army began to develop the second generation of battlefield food according to the needs of battlefield food security. The main varieties of the second generation of field food are: ordinary individual food, ordinary collective food, frontier patrol food and tank soldier food. Among them, the food supply for ordinary individual soldiers is used when the frontline troops who are responsible for the main tasks are interspersed and circuitous, and the reconnaissance troops and the troops who are fighting fiercely and cooking unconditionally are used; Ordinary collective grain is mainly used for defensive positions, mountain guards, fortress troops and other teams and classes that are inconvenient to supply hot food; Tanker food is mainly used by tank soldiers and combat troops in special areas and conditions; Border patrol food mainly supplies border patrol troops and combat troops under corresponding conditions.
Its main technical and tactical indicators are as follows: ① 2-3 varieties of each food are developed, and the main and non-staple foods are packaged. Ordinary collective dishes serve 10 people per box, and tank soldiers serve 5 people per box. ② Good acceptability. The specific requirements are in line with the relevant provisions in the Rules for Identification and Type Test of Logistics Equipment. Individual food can be eaten without conditioning, and group food can be eaten simply by heating. ③ The proportion of three major nutrients in food is reasonable, which meets the hygiene requirements. Calorific index: ordinary food is about 3000 kcal per day; Food for border patrol and tanker trucks is about 3,500 kilocalories per day. ④ Individual foods are packaged in soft packages, which are easy to carry and open. ⑤ The shelf life of various foods shall not be less than 2 years.
The characteristics of the second generation field food are as follows: ① the main and non-staple foods are matched, the nutritional components are reasonable, the taste is popular, and the raw materials are widely available. (2) Initially form a series of field foods of Army Aviation to meet the needs of different arms of the Army. ③ All of them are packed in soft bags to reduce weight and volume.
Eighty-six years later, around several sub-topics of the second generation of field food, the research on 86 1 single soldier rations (special food for frontier patrol of plateau troops), 90 compressed dry food, 94 dehydrated rice, dehydrated noodles and canned military vegetables was carried out. Among them, scout food, 86 1 single soldier ration, 94 dehydrated rice and Lu Qin series field food won the second prize of military scientific and technological progress; Dehydrated noodles and canned military vegetables won the third prize of military scientific and technological progress.
86 1 soldiers' food
86 1 Individual soldier food is actually the "frontier patrol food" in the second generation of field food. The research started in 1983 and ended in September 1986. Its main content consists of three parts: soft canned pork and rice, soft canned fruit and compressed dry food. Daily weight 1582.5g, calories 4275kcal. The main features are: good taste, rich nutrition, high calorie, small size and convenient carrying, transportation and use. For the first time, the soft can technology was applied to military materials, which filled a gap in our army's cans.
Reconnaissance food
Scout food research began in February 1986 and ended in June 1987. Scout food contains 10 kinds of food, such as rice, rice with soy sauce, soft canned fruit, compressed dry food, chocolate and refreshing drinks. 2 packs a day, weighing 985g, volume 1435cm 3. The main features are: small size, good taste, rich nutrition, convenient to carry and eat, thirst quenching, excitement and fatigue resistance, good acceptability and omnivorous food.
Lu Qin series field food
Lu Qin series field food was developed on 1989 and completed on 1992. Lu Qin's field food series mainly includes ordinary personal food, special personal food and ordinary special collective food. All kinds of food contain three recipes. Its main features are as follows: ① A series of wild foods in Lu Qin was initially established. ② There are many varieties of main and non-staple foods, which have good taste, matching packaging and good acceptability. (3) The use of soft packaging materials reduces the volume and weight, and improves the portability and convenience of field food.
90 compressed dry food
The research of 90 compressed dry food began in 1990 and was completed in1August 992. The main purpose of developing 90 compressed dry food is to solve the problems of hardness, low moisture, difficulty in swallowing when eating, taste and packaging of 76/kloc-0 compressed dry food. The main characteristics of 90 compressed dry food are: ① high calorie density, 5 kilocalories per gram. ② Good taste, moderate hardness, easy swallowing, high acceptability, continuous feeding and hunger tolerance. ③ Using aluminum-plastic packaging materials instead of tinplate as packaging materials, which is convenient for opening accounts and greatly reduces the weight of packaging materials.
94 dehydrated rice
Dehydrated rice was studied from 1992 to 1994. Our army has a long history of studying dehydrated rice, which began in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Dehydrated rice is one of the three staple foods in the first generation of field food defined by 1982. However, due to technical and equipment problems, there has never been a force with support capabilities. Therefore, the newly developed 94 dehydrated rice has fundamentally overcome this difficulty. The characteristics of 94 dehydrated rice are as follows: ① dehydrated rice has good rehydration performance, and it takes about 10 minutes to rehydrate with hot water above 85℃. ② Good storage performance, with a shelf life of more than 2 years.
Dehydrated noodles
The study of dehydrated noodles began in 1992 and was completed in 1994. Like dehydrated rice, it is an unqualified project for many years. The characteristics of the new round of dehydrated noodles are as follows: ① Noodles are straight. The unit volume is smaller than all kinds of instant noodles popular in the market. ② When the product is rehydrated at 85℃, the α conversion rate is high and the performance is good.
Canned military vegetables
The research on canned military vegetables began in 1992 and was completed in 1994. As most of our canned vegetables are canned with high acid, there are few varieties and many varieties, the main variety of this project is to add high-quality new varieties to meet the needs of the army. The newly developed products mainly include crispy cucumber, spicy bean sprouts and canned carrots. The characteristics of military canned vegetables are as follows: ① The taste of canned vegetables is low-acid, and the canned vegetables that have been consistently made for many years have added new tastes. ② New food additives were used, which reduced the sterilization temperature and improved the quality of the contents, especially the crispness. (3) Adopting a new blanching process is beneficial to enzyme inactivation and color protection. During the period from 1983- 1994 to 10, although the second-generation field food did not pass the formal appraisal, the field food research work of our army showed a rapid development momentum. Seven projects won the second prize and the third prize of the military scientific and technological progress.
The main characteristics of field food developed in this period are as follows: ① Soft canned packaging materials were used in various projects, which filled the gap that our army was not equipped with soft canned food. ② When designing field rations, whether meals or daily meals are considered. Pay attention to the collocation of staple food, non-staple food and other snacks, and pay attention to balanced nutrition. ③ Attach importance to staple food varieties and make a breakthrough in the development of dehydrated rice.
The main characteristics of this stage are: meals, eclipses, individual food and collective food; In nutrition, the calorie index and nutrition ratio index are put forward; Technically, soft cans are made of soft packaging materials, and dehydrated rice is stored with deoxidizer.
4. Stage 4 (1995-)
Our army has carried out research on high-energy field rations and a new generation of field food based on four series of staple food, non-staple food, soup and beverage and self-heater
For the first time, functional substances were used in high-energy field food, and self-heating devices were used in cross-sea field food for the first time. Straight nutritious instant noodles have achieved a breakthrough in the past 40 years, which can be rehydrated by cold water, hot water and boiled water. Major breakthroughs have been made in the corresponding technical fields, reaching the domestic leading level. At the same time, our army has made a major breakthrough in the development of self-heater and the heating efficiency has reached the technical level of the US military in the 1990s.
The characteristics of this stage: the research of high calorie density, modularization and functional field food was carried out; Research on self-heating field food was carried out; First, carry out basic variety research, and then carry out combined series, meal spectrum and hot food to improve the comprehensive support ability of our army's field food.
High-energy field rations (94-96)
High-energy field rations are emergency rations, which consist of four parts: high-energy module, nutrition module, flavor module and adding capsules. Three-layer composite film is packed in vacuum, and the middle is packed in carton. The net weight is about 400 grams and the heat is 8360 kilojoules. The rations are in the form of blocks or toothpaste, which is convenient for the troops to eat and carry. It is mainly used for mobile operations and special security forces in emergencies within 3-5 days.
The characteristics of this kind of ration are: ① high heat density (22.2KJ/g), light weight, small size and easy to carry and use. ② Strong functionality. This kind of food ration not only provides nutrients and calories needed by human body, but also has obvious functions of mobilizing fat in human body, refreshing and anti-fatigue. (3) Modular combination, which is convenient to form different combination forms and suitable for the use needs of different personnel. ④ Variety, complete nutrition, good taste, and good acceptability after continuous eating for 5 days. No adverse physiological reaction, welcomed by the army. ⑤ Good storability, up to two years at room temperature.
instant noodle
Straight instant noodles are an important variety in the new generation of military food staple food series. Solve the shortage that our army's staple food varieties are monotonous and noodles have not been equipped so far. Provide varieties for serialization and dietary spectrum of wild food. The shelf life of instant noodles can reach more than 2 years. The personalized instant noodles formed by this achievement have the following advantages: First, it is acceptable. The combination of staple food, side dishes, soup and seasoning is dry and thin, which forms the flavor and taste of the whole food, especially in the cold season, which has the function of boosting morale and strengthening physical fitness. Second, it is convenient to use. Not limited by hot water conditions; Can be soaked and boiled; Complete tableware; Light weight and convenient distribution; When the vehicle moves, it can be manipulated. Thirdly, the rehydration box is novel in design. Adopt double-layer structure, which is beneficial to heat preservation and prevent hot hands; The rehydration box can be used as a rehydration container, tableware, storage packaging and distribution parts, and has multiple uses.
Freeze dried dehydrated vegetables
This achievement is mainly used to solve the problem of vegetable supply for troops in special environments such as plateau, frontier defense, islands and warships. The basic principle of this achievement is that according to the three-phase change theory of water, the pretreated fresh vegetables are dehydrated and dried by freeze sublimation drying method, combined with new comprehensive packaging technologies such as vacuum nitrogen filling and oxygen removal, so that the processed products can basically maintain the color, fragrance, taste, shape and nutrition of the original fresh vegetables after long-term storage and rehydration.
Self-heating food
The heater for self-heating rice developed by our army in recent years is provided by Yilare Food Co., Ltd. and belongs to the hydration type of quicklime. However, there are also some problems, such as low calorific value per unit mass, large amount of heating agent, serious environmental pollution caused by calcium hydroxide, easy moisture absorption failure of products, complex production process and so on, which can not realize automatic and large-scale production. This product is a transitional product in the development of our army's self-heating field food. Our army's self-heating food is superior to similar products at home and abroad in thermal efficiency, heating efficiency, total heating efficiency and comprehensive heating performance, and its price is greatly reduced compared with similar products abroad. The newly developed self-heating field rations should have efficient self-heating function, small size, easy to start, carry and use, rich nutrition and good taste acceptance. The shelf life is two years, and the shelf life is two years and six months.
People don't know, in fact, from the birth of People's Republic of China (PRC), the earliest fast food in China.
This research has entered a critical stage. It is only a research institution representing the "national title", and it is also a military research institute.
, is a group of soldiers.
Looking through the thick archives of our army's grain research, we can clearly see that as early as 195 1, our army was the most
The authoritative research institute, the Military Supplies Equipment Research Institute of the General Logistics Department, has made noodles, a traditional staple food that China people love to eat.
The noodles were made into instant noodles, realizing industrial production. When this represents the "first generation of fast food" in China.
When instant noodles were transported to the front line of North Korea, they were not only welcomed by volunteers, but also shocked Americans.
The popular "Master Kong" instant noodles today were actually invented by the Japanese in 1958 and passed through Hong Kong and Taiwan.
And the introduction of fast food in China. Nevertheless, it is seven years later than the instant noodles developed in China.
People will never forget that compressed dry food developed by our army was all the rage in the 1960s and 1970s.
Almost overnight, it became the "trump card" of fast food in the eyes of China people. At that time, people rushed to get one.
Buckets compress dry food and entrust acquaintances in the army to go through the back door. It is this kind of fast food that looks unsatisfactory now.
, it is famous abroad. Not long ago, a female boss in Malaysia found a survey in the Quartermaster Department of the General Logistics Department.
Institute, requesting to buy 76 1 compressed dry food, ready to trade with Vietnamese businessmen. When researchers compress a new generation
When someone introduced her to dry food, she kept shaking her head. She said that Vietnamese had eaten fast food in China and felt 76.
1 type compressed dry food is the best. Since the beginning of this year, some African countries have also purchased from China through relevant parties.
Compressed dry food developed by the army.
According to He Jinfeng, director of the Military Grain Research Office of the Quartermaster Equipment Research Institute of the General Logistics Department, the tanks developed by our army in the early days were all imported.
The first series also has a prominent reputation. In the era of material scarcity, you can eat a can of military canned food, forget it.
This is a can of sauerkraut, no less than a hearty meal we had today. Sailors in those days visited their homes.
The last few military tanks are more impressive than other arms. Even some children secretly swear that they have grown up.
Be a sailor, because sailors have cans.
Director He is an expert in studying military food. He definitely told reporters that military rations must be fast food.
Products, and fast food may not become military food. Fast food is only one of the performance indicators of military food.
Aspects. In addition, military food also includes its nutritional structure, taste, sustained acceptability and portability.
, safety performance, shelf life, etc.
In addition to the instant noodles specially developed to resist US aggression and aid Korea, Director He summarized China's research on military food as ".
Three generations ":The first generation is grain. Consists of compressed dry food, dehydrated noodles, dehydrated rice and lunch.
Canned meat, canned fried assorted meat and canned diced meat with sauce are three kinds of non-staple food. During this period, rations have been formed.
The structure of main and non-staple food collocation. The second generation of Lu Qin series field food, such as dehydrated rice. Fast food is in China.
Soft-packed canned food and dehydrated rice were first developed by our army in China. These foods are actually
It is a fast food that concentrates meals on the table of officers and men. There is food, vegetables and soup, which is very in line with the diet of officers and men.
Habits Nowadays, our military food research has entered the third generation development period, and a new type of "instant noodles" was asked.
The world, not only tastes better than civilian instant noodles, but also can be soaked in boiling water or cold water, which makes the world convenient.
The world cheered for it. This noodle has won two national invention patents. At the same time, our army's fast food rice has also been announced.
The system is successful and will be equipped with troops one after another.
The packaging and heating method of instant rice is very special: it is packed in a food bag with zipper and added with
After boiling water, a few minutes later, together with supporting non-staple food and soup, it constitutes a typical Chinese fast food. meanwhile
In order to solve China people's habit of eating spicy food, a flameless automatic heater with small volume, light weight and high efficiency is introduced.
The heater also comes out with the fast food rice, and it is about to enter the stage of industrial production.
Satisfying China people's eating habits —— The development of military fast food has caught two world problems.
As we all know, the eating habits of China people are fundamentally different from those of westerners. For example, American bread,
Cheese, jam and butter are not only convenient fast food, but also good nutritious food. If we copy them,
Obviously not. Because China's diet structure is mainly starchy food, food pays attention to color, fragrance and taste, which is related to
In the west, the food structure based on protein and fat is essentially different. No matter how nutritious the food is, you can't eat it or not.
If you are willing to eat, you lose its value. Therefore, southerners love rice and northerners love pasta to develop China.
These two basic factors must be considered in military fast food.
But both rice and white flour are starchy foods, and one of its biggest problems is to put them under a certain moisture.
It will become "born" after a period of time, which is called "rebirth" by professional proverbs. The retrogradated starch food is not only lost
It lost its nutritional value and normal taste. Starch retrogradation is an international problem.
Failed to conquer. In western countries, the contradiction of starch retrogradation is not prominent, because there are fewer starchy foods in the dietary structure, but
We study military fast food, which is an unavoidable problem. Once upon a time, in order to solve this problem, a generation
Another generation of military food science and technology workers have made unremitting efforts. They finally found it by a detour.
This paper introduces an effective method to dehydrate and preserve starch food. Instant rice and instant noodles on the market now
Is the product of this achievement. 1999 Military researchers cooperated with Wuxi University of Light Industry to study starch retrogradation.
The mechanism is further discussed, and a more advanced method to solve the recurrence problem is found. Predictably,
In the near future, a canned rice noodle that meets the requirements of the army and will not be "reborn" for a long time will be in
It will become the staple food of our army's "canned battlefield". And the successful development of these varieties will put civil fast food
Food has been pushed to a new level.
Wu Dezhi, a retired senior engineer from the Military Food Research Institute of the General Logistics Department, told the reporter: the research of military fast food.
The second worldwide problem is the brittleness of canned vegetables. Someone who is a little familiar with canning technology
Yes, once canned vegetables are disinfected, they will rot and have no soul. Eating this canned food is like chewing a sponge in your mouth.
It's not crisp at all. The way to improve brittleness is to reduce sterilization intensity, which will affect canned food.
Shelf life In order to solve this contradiction, after many twists and turns, they finally screened out a new bacteriostatic agent and developed it.
Canned vegetables with good brittleness. After the trial of this new canned vegetable in the army, the officers and men all gave thumbs up.
Refers to the taste recognition rate of more than 90%.
High nutritional value-military fast food is second to none among the fast food families in the world.
One of the most remarkable differences between military fast food and civilian fast food is to emphasize the nutritional value of food.
Under field conditions, the labor intensity of officers and men is huge, and one person is lost in heavy military labor every day.
Energy consumption is 4000 calories. The energy provided by military fast food must reach 4000 calories to supplement the consumed body.
Can be needed, otherwise it may "make ends meet" and affect normal training. In ensuring basic energy supply
At the same time, we should strengthen the supply of nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Therefore, military fast food is by no means simple.
It is a well-designed food with reasonable nutritional structure. In the era of frequent fake and shoddy food
In recent years, military fast food has maintained a high popularity in society, which is related to its scientific design and careful collocation.
Both sides are inseparable.
It is worth mentioning that the nutritional function of our military food has reached a considerable level, more than one.
Diversified and nutritious "fast food" pattern is gradually taking shape. With the complexity and arduousness of future military struggle
With the increase of gender, the development of military fast food with special functions has become a direction of military food research in our army. eye
Previously, our army has been striving to enter the world leading ranks in military food nutrition research.
Long shelf life-military fast food has created the highest record of fast food "kingdom"
A very special requirement of military fast food is that the shelf life should be as long as possible, and it should be supplied by military food.
Is determined by particularity. Every batch of products produced by the factory has to go through several bends, sometimes thousands of kilometers.
It takes as little as a few months and as much as a year to reach users. Therefore, the requirements for quality assurance are extremely strict.
.
Take the compressed dry food developed by our army for example, its shelf life is quite long. In order to improve the compressibility of dry food
Shelf life, researchers can be said to be doing their best. Compressed dry food is a high-fat product, and the main factors of deterioration come from
Oxidation leads to failure. In order to avoid this result, palm oil, which is not easy to oxidize, is used and antioxidants are added.
Oxygen-pumping and nitrogen-filling iron cans are used for storage, and finally sealed by soldering.
Fast food rice is not easy to store. At present, the shelf life of civil fast food is generally about 6 months.
The deterioration of fast food rice is mainly caused by the oil in dried rice grains, and the salad is produced after a long storage time.
Taste. In order to solve the problem of preservation of fast-food rice, researchers tried repeatedly in the process of developing fast-food rice.
Inspection is like a sluice, with many checkpoints, and finally achieves the purpose of long-term storage.
Other fast foods of our army, such as canned food and instant noodles, have the longest shelf life in China.
Fast food.
Social Call —— When will military fast food be "converted from military to civilian"
Undoubtedly, compared with domestic fast food, military food has better convenience, taste, nutrition and shelf life.
And other performance indicators, naturally become the "leader" of domestic fast food. look into the future
In the future, rations will undoubtedly lead the trend of fast food in China.
In the future, with the development of market economy in China and the acceleration of people's life rhythm, there will be more and more potential fast food markets.
It's getting bigger. Fast food rice, army instant noodles, compressed dry food, canned rice porridge, soft canned rice developed by the army.
Soft canned noodles, instant soup and self-heating food all have a broad market. According to Director He, some
Merchants have found them and are eager to use them as soon as possible through technology transfer, technology investment and technology cooperation.
Fast food was transferred to the civilian market for the general public to enjoy.