The basic pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 diabetes develops as a relative insulin deficiency accompanied by insulin resistance (i.e., the effect of insulin is weakened, and the body's response to insulin is weakened.
An important role of insulin is to enable the body to utilize glucose in the blood, type 1 diabetes patients do not have insulin, so glucose utilization is seriously impaired. In order to ensure the supply of energy, the body uses fat. The fat undergoes beta oxidation and ketone bodies are produced. When the ketone bodies greatly increase beyond the uptake by extrahepatic tissues, acidosis ensues.
Patients with type 2 diabetes can secrete insulin on their own, so they are not prone to ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis occurs only when patients with type 2 diabetes are subjected to stressful stimuli, such as emotional excitement, an acute attack, or uncontrolled blood glucose, and a large amount of sugar is consumed.
Also pay more attention to diet.
Diet therapy for diabetes occupies a very important position in the whole treatment process, due to the complexity of the cause of diabetes, there is no way to cure it at home and abroad, once the disease, often lifelong with disease. Therefore, the patient only long-term adherence to diet therapy, in order to control the development of the disease. If the diet is not well controlled, it can
aggravate the condition, produce a variety of complications, and bring difficulties to the treatment. Therefore, diet therapy is the basis of all treatment methods. Diabetic light patients can control their condition with diet therapy alone. Heavy patients using drug therapy, with diet therapy, can also achieve ideal results. The key to the problem is persistence. It should be noted that we advocate scientific and rational diet therapy, rather than simply controlling the diet and adopting starvation therapy.
Dietary principles for diabetic patients should be carefully designed according to the patient's condition, characterized by a reasonable control of caloric intake based on a rational allocation of carbohydrates, fats, protein intake, in order to correct clinical symptoms such as blood glucose, urinary glucose, dyslipidemia and other clinical symptoms caused by disorders of glucose metabolism.
Currently, it is believed that carbohydrates should not be controlled too tightly. Control of carbohydrate intake is usually considered the key to diabetes dietary treatment. However, it should not be too low, too little carbohydrate in the diet is not easy to be tolerated by the patient, at the same time, the body uses fat metabolism to supply energy due to the lack of sugar, it is more likely to acidosis. For diabetic patients with normal fasting glucose, or the simultaneous application of sulfonylurea hypoglycemic patients, as well as insulin with certain diabetes, the general supply of carbohydrates should account for 50-65% of the total calories, about 200-350g per day, equivalent to staple food about 250-400g.
Diabetics should not use a high-fat diet, fat intake should be determined on a case-by-case basis. The general daily intake of fat should account for 20-35% of the total calories, or even lower, if calculated according to kilograms of body weight, should not exceed 1g/(kg.d). Because a high-fat diet can hinder the utilization of sugar, its metabolism itself can produce ketone bodies, which can easily induce and aggravate acidosis. The quantity and quality of fat also has a close relationship with the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Obese patients should strictly limit the intake of fat, daily should not exceed 40g. emaciated patients due to limited carbohydrate. Insufficient calorie source, can correspondingly increase fat intake. The daily amount of fat more than 100g for high-fat diet, less than 50g for low-fat diet.
Protein supply in the diabetic diet should be sufficient, the intake is generally comparable to normal people or slightly higher. The metabolic disorder caused by diabetes makes the body's protein decomposition too fast, too much loss, easy to negative nitrogen balance. Therefore, the diet should be supplemented with sufficient egg-rich foods. Patients with uremia and hepatic coma should limit protein intake.
The patient's diet should be supplemented with enough vitamins, especially pay attention to the supply of vitamin B1. General cereals are high in vitamin B1. Diabetic patients should not have too much sodium, high sodium is easy to induce hypertension and atherosclerosis. When the condition is not well controlled, it is easy to have various infections and ketoacidosis, pay attention to the appropriate supplementation of inorganic salts. Plant crude fiber can slow down the absorption of glucose, improve glucose tolerance test, reduce fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose concentration, and can reduce the concentration of blood lipids and urinary glucose, but also to prevent cardiovascular disease, chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and other complications.
In order to reduce the burden on insulin cells, diabetic patients should rationalize the number of meals, scientific meal preparation. Patients should eat at least three meals a day. If you have the conditions, you can increase the number of meals or additional meals. Each meal is the best main and side collocation, so that the meal has sugar, protein, fat, that is conducive to slowing down the absorption of glucose, to promote the secretion of insulin, but also in line with the requirements of the diet. 1 day, three meals, the distribution of staple food according to the morning, noon and night each accounted for 1 / 3, or breakfast accounted for 1 / 5, lunch, dinner each 2 / 5 ratio, and the requirements of time, quantitative.
Diabetic dishes should be light, as little as possible to eat fried, deep-fried, exploded, fried food. Food processing should be blanching, stewing, simmering, boiling, steaming, braising, simmering, cold mainly.
Specific food choices for diabetics:
Cereals, including rice, noodles, corn, etc., is the main source of carbohydrates, the consumption of shepherd's purse wheat noodles, oat noodles, two-hex noodles (corn and soybean noodles), three-hex noodles (corn, soybeans and noodles), the human body's blood glucose increases at a lower rate than the rate of refined rice and white flour, which can be a diabetic staple food for long-term consumption.
Poultry and meat, eggs, milk, soybean products, to choose lean meat, fish and shrimp and soybean products is good. Fatty meat, animal offal rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, should try to eat less. Dairy products in addition to animal protein, fat and carbohydrates, but also rich in minerals and vitamins, especially calcium content is very high, advocating regular consumption.
Vegetables are generally very low in calories, mainly to provide vitamins, inorganic salts, various trace elements and crude fiber. Marine plants used as vegetables can provide a lot of iodine. Vegetables in the foliage class contains protein, fat, carbohydrates are very little, diabetes, obesity and high blood fat patients can be arbitrary choice can sometimes be used as a hunger food and meal food. And root vegetables contain a lot of carbohydrates, should be limited selection. A large intake of vegetables can increase intestinal peristalsis, in a certain sense, the role of laxative.
Fruits are generally less protein, fat content, and contains high sugar, cellulose, pectin and so on. Fiber and pectin do not have much nutrition for the human body, but have an important role in aiding digestion. Fruits contain more vitamin C and carotene than any other food. However, because of the high sugar content of fruit, it is best to be placed between meals or before going to bed as an additional meal, while also reducing the intake of staple foods.
Cooking oils should be made from vegetable oils instead of animal oils to reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids. Peanuts and walnuts are high in homoic acid and arginine, which can stimulate insulin secretion.
Diabetics should drink less and no alcohol, each gram of alcohol produces 7 kilocalories. In addition to providing calories, alcohol does not contain other nutrients, long-term drinking is also prone to cause high blood fat, and the liver is not good, although alcohol metabolism does not require insulin to participate in, or to control the consumption of alcohol is good. If your condition is stabilized and you are celebrating a festive occasion, you can drink some wine in moderation. Wine contains vitamin B6, which promotes insulin secretion and is beneficial to the treatment of diabetes.
Banned and restricted foods for diabetics are important for patients to be aware of at all times. Prohibited foods include all kinds of sugar, white sugar, brown sugar, glucose, maltose, caramel, and candies. These sugars raise blood sugar very quickly and should be avoided. Foods with high sugar content, such as pastries, candied fruit, fruit juices, etc., made with these sugars should also be avoided. All kinds of fried, deep-fried, crispy food, as well as lard, chicken skin, duck skin should be eaten less or not eat. At the same time to overcome the habit of snacking. Condensed milk, soft drinks, alcohol should not be eaten frequently, only as a flavor of the food. Peanuts, melon seeds, cashews, pine nuts, walnuts containing high calories should not be eaten regularly, and foods containing high sugar content such as vermicelli, sweet potatoes, potatoes, taro, corn, lozenges, chestnuts, beans and other dry beans should not be used as vegetables for diabetics. When used as a side dish, the supply of main food should be reduced. And the quantity should be limited. When cooking, salt, sauce, vinegar, onion, ginger, pepper, dashi and other seasonings can be freely chosen, but should not be excessive, to light.
Can diabetics eat fruit?
Diabetes is a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people, and poor control can lead to a number of complications. Treatment is often a combination of diet, exercise and medication, of which diet is the basis for all treatments. For mild diabetes, diet alone can control the condition.
The basic principle of diet therapy is to estimate the total amount of calories needed according to the patient's weight and activity level, and to rationally arrange the daily diet. The food that contains high sugar content is not eaten, the food that contains fat and starch is eaten less, and the food that is eaten is mainly vegetables and miscellaneous grains, with a certain amount of high-quality protein food, such as lean meat, milk, eggs, soybean products, etc. The food that is eaten is not eaten. The fruit contains sugar, so can you eat fruit?
Completely avoid fruit is not appropriate, because fruit contains a lot of vitamins, fiber and minerals, these are beneficial to diabetics. Fruit contains sugar glucose, fructose and sucrose, of which fructose in the metabolism does not require the participation of insulin, so the diabetic in the blood sugar has been controlled is not a blanket exclusion of fruit.
Moreover, the amount of sugar in the fruit varies, so it can not be equated. The amount of food per 100 grams of less than 10 grams of plums, watermelon, melon, coconut milk, oranges, lemons, grapes, peaches, plums, apricots, loquat, pineapple, strawberries, sugar cane, coconuts, cherries, olives and other diabetic patients can choose. Sugar content of 11-20 grams of fruit are bananas, pomegranates, grapefruit, oranges, apples, pears, lychees, mangoes, etc., you have to be careful with the choice; more than 20 grams of jujubes, red fruits, especially dried jujubes, jujubes, persimmons, raisins, dried apricots, cinnamon, etc., the sugar content of its very high, it is prohibited to eat.
Many vegetables can be eaten as fruit, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, vegetables and melons. Per 100 grams of food sugar content in 5 grams or less, and rich in vitamins, can completely replace the fruit, suitable for diabetics, can be promoted.
In addition to matching the amount of food, do not stay the same. Watermelon 4% sugar, pear 12% sugar, banana 20%. Watermelon sugar, but eat 500 grams, equivalent to 100 grams of bananas, pears 170 grams, so the amount of food should not be too much. Fruit eating method should also pay attention to, do not eat immediately after meals, can be between meals or go to bed to eat. It is best to eat on a trial basis, that is, 2 hours after eating to measure urine sugar. If the urine sugar increases then need to reduce the amount; such as fruit after reducing the amount of urine sugar is still high, should be appropriate to reduce the amount of staple food.
Diabetes dietary treatment ten good principles
1, daily calorie intake calculation is good: the supply of calories to the obese patient is low, to the thin patient is high, in order to maintain a normal body weight.
2, the three major nutrient ratio is good; general diabetic patients in the daily diet of the three major nutrients contained in the proportion of total daily calories for about 15% protein; fat 20%
-25%, carbohydrate 60% -70%. Protein is also based on renal function to choose different categories of protein. Normal renal function to cereal, bean protein is good, not only is conducive to nutritional needs, but also to prevent the rise of blood lipids. Renal failure, choose milk, egg protein is good, because of its high physiological price, less creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid and other substances, is conducive to the protection of renal function. For the supply of fat, to prevent elevated blood lipids, vegetable oils should be used as the mainstay, to ensure that essential fatty acid requirements. Carbohydrate intake should also be sufficient, insufficient food, neither is conducive to the protection of renal function, long time affects cell function and insulin receptor sensitivity.
3, the main food stable good: daily meals in the main food content should be basically fixed, can not be arbitrarily increased or decreased, but the variety of patterns can be changed at will.
4, cholesterol food restriction: high cholesterol food for diabetic obese harm, should limit the intake, is conducive to the control of plasma cholesterol.
5, the critical patient calculated: the critical patient's diet should be scientifically and carefully calculated the daily need for amino acids, lipids and acids, potassium, sodium, trace elements, and food purine amount and food cooking vitamin content of the preservation of the rate and so on the project deployment of the diet.
6, sugar and alcohol need to avoid good: sugary snacks, fruits, drinks and alcohol are avoided. After the remission of light patients can increase the fruit, but should not be too much, and should always pay attention to check the urine sugar and blood sugar.
7, the new food to understand well: the new "therapeutic food" or previously unused food, first of all, should understand its nutritional points, where the composition of the food is not clear, it is best not to easily try, even if it is a doctor's introduction of the new varieties, but also in the application of the effect of careful observation, to see if it is suitable for them.
8, life regular quantitatively good: regular quantitatively regular eating and drinking, medicine, exercise and work is particularly important for diabetics, special circumstances such as business trips, meetings, etc. should also be selected according to the provisions of the food. Encounter surgery or a new increase in the disease to readjust the diet, medication.
9, hypoglycemia with sugar is good: diabetic patients have many reasons for hypoglycemia, at this moment must be supplemented with sugar, so that the blood sugar is normal before doing other treatments.
10, diabetics learn well: diabetics in the guidance of specialists to learn about diabetes and its complications, combined with their own condition, habits and economic conditions to develop their own dietary programs, and constantly practice corrections, and then consult a doctor if necessary.
How much should a diabetic eat every day?
With the trend of aging society, the number of patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes is increasing year by year, and these three diseases tend to occur together. Dietary prevention and treatment of such diseases is particularly important, with diabetes having the most stringent dietary restrictions. So, how much food should diabetics eat daily?
1, to calculate the ideal weight
The formula for calculating the ideal weight:
Female: height (cm)-105
Male (height & lt; 165 cm): height (cm)-105
Male (height & lt; 165 cm): height (cm)-110
If your weight is within 10% of your ideal body weight, it is considered normal, more than 20% is considered obese, and less than 20% is considered emaciated.
For example, if a man is 175 centimeters tall and weighs 70 kilograms, his ideal weight = 175-110 = 65 kilograms.
65 kilograms of +10% range is 6.5 kilograms, that is, in the 58.5 kilograms (65-6.5) to 71.5 kilograms (65 ten 6.5) within the range of standard weight. An actual weight of 70 kilograms is within this range and is a standard weight. (Please keep in mind the value of 65 kilograms as the ideal weight, which we will use again below.)
2. To determine the total number of calories needed
As an average activity level of the elderly, according to the fat and thin different per 13 per kilogram of body weight calorie needs:
normal body weight of 20-25 kcal;
Weak 30 kcal;
Obesity 15-20 dry calories.
The above example, for example, normal weight is usually 20 kcal, if he is slightly more active, then 25 kcal:
Total calories needed = ideal body weight * 25 = 65 × 25 = 1,625 kcal
(Note: here to use the calculated ideal body weight of 65 kilograms, not the actual body weight of 70 kg.)
3. Food Allocation
Dietary Allocation Table for Diabetes Mellitus with Different Calories (Full Day Amount)
4. Meal Allocation
The full day's amount of food can be eaten in 3 or 4 meals in the ratio of 1/5, 2/5, 2/5, or 1/3, 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 or 1/7, 2/7, 2/7, 2/7.
5. Examples of recipes
The above example has been calculated that the calorie requirement is about 1625 kcal, according to the above table? /ca>