First, the historical evolution of ancient edible oil in China
People in ancient China knew about oil very early and ate it. According to legend, our ancestor Huangdi got a book called River Map, and he read it day and night. In order to solve the problem of lighting at night, he asked a subordinate named Li Mu to collect fruit from trees to make oil, use silk floss as oil core, and light it at night to read. But this is just a legend. In fact, the production of vegetable oil is a later thing. People first know and eat animal oil. After knowing how to use fire, human beings produce fat precipitation in the process of barbecue and cooking meat with utensils. After long-term practice, they gradually understand how to obtain oil and its use.
According to the literature, the oils that people ate in China before the Han Dynasty were all animal oils, which were called "grease and ointment". The word grease is understood from meat, indicating that they are produced from animal meat. The word "Shuo Wen" says: "Those who wear horns are fat, and those who have no horns are ointment." That is to say, animals have horns such as cattle and sheep, and their oil is called fat; Hornless, such as pigs and dogs, whose oil is called ointment. Zhou Li Dong Guan Zi Ren: "The five great beasts in the world: the fat, the cream, the naked, the feather and the scaly." Han Zheng Xuan's note: "Fat, cattle and sheep, ointment, dolphin." This refers to these two kinds of animals with grease and ointment. Or distinguish the two from their morphology, namely, solidified fat and liquid paste. Therefore, in ancient books, what has not been fried is generally called fat, and what has been fried is called paste. Because the fried animal oil is mostly pasty after cooling, later paste also refers to pasty substances. "Book of Rites Internal Rules": "Use onion for fat and onion for paste." Zheng Note: "Fat, fat coagulation, release is called ointment." Lipid has various names because of the different parts of the animal. "Popular Literature": "Fat is fat in the waist and fat in the stomach." Another cloud says, "Fat in bone is called marrow." Shuowen: "Steamed pork, beef intestine fat." "Book of Rites Neize": "Liver." Zheng Note: "Intestinal fat." Grease can sometimes be used together. In Zuo Zhuan's Ten Years of Success, Jin Jinggong was ill, and Qin Liang's medical diagnosis said: "The disease can't be done, and it can't be attacked, and it can't be achieved, and the medicine is not enough." That is, the disease is terminally ill and there is no cure. This cream refers to the fat under the heart.
Before the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the specific situation of its edible oil was still unclear because of the vague language recorded in the literature. However, in Chu Ci Tian Jian, it was said: "Feng Yi made a decision to make profits, and the seal was shot. Why did he offer the paste of steamed meat?" That is, Xia Di shot a wild boar and sacrificed its meat paste to the Emperor, but why didn't the Emperor bless him? Wild boar oil is used to sacrifice to God, and God is imagined and created by people, and God's eating habits are also people's eating habits. It can be speculated that people may eat the oil of hunting wild animals first, and after the occurrence of animal husbandry, people naturally eat the oil of livestock. It is said that Zhou Wang, the tyrant at the end of Shang Dynasty, made the punishment of "branding", that is, he painted the grease on the copper column, so that the "dreamer" slipped and fell into the burning coals for fun.
In the Zhou Dynasty, there were many records of cooking pastes in the literature. "Book of Rites Neize" describes the practice of "cannon dolphin" in "Eight Treasures", in which one operation procedure is "frying all the ointment, and the ointment will be destroyed", that is, frying it in ointment oil, and the ointment oil should completely immerse the fried dolphin. "Zhou Li Tian Guan Ying Ren": "Where animals are used, lambs and dolphins travel in spring, and the food is fragrant; In the summer, you will be embarrassed; Calving in autumn, eating paste fishy; Feathers are feathered in winter, and the food paste is fragrant. " (ok: eat. Lamb: lamb. Dolphin: suckling pig. Cream fragrance: Niugao. Meal: cooking. Only: dry pheasant. Gun: dried fish. Cream: dog cream. Calf: Calf. Hun: Young deer. Paste fishy: pig paste. Xian: Live fish. Feather: Wild goose. Paste: sheep oil. This passage means eating meat, eating lamb and suckling pig in spring, and cooking with butter; Eat dried chicken and dried fish in summer and cook with dog oil; Eat calves and deer in autumn and cook with lard; Eat fresh fish and geese in winter and cook with sheep oil. It can be seen that people have known the nature of various animal oils at this time, so it is emphasized that which animal oil should be used for cooking in a certain season and a certain meat is the best. Probably, the animal oil people consumed during this period mainly came from domestic animals, such as pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens and dogs, as well as captured wild animals, fish and birds. The liver in the "Eight Treasures" uses the fat in the chest of the wolf. The wolf is not a domestic animal, but a prey.
The amount of grease needed in daily life is large, and there were merchants specializing in the sale of grease in Han Dynasty. "Historical Records Biography of Huo Zhi" says: "Selling fat is a disgrace, but Yong Bo is a thousand dollars." Yongbo can get rich by selling fat, and its business scale should be not small.
The word "oil" is a proper name for the name of water. Shuowen: "Oil and water, out of Wuling Liling West, southeast into the river." This water is roughly in Yichang, Hubei Province today. Because the word oil has the meaning of fluidity and smoothness, after the appearance of vegetable oil, it was used as the meaning of fat oil, and gradually lost its original meaning. With the wide application of vegetable oil, the word oil gradually became a general name for animals, vegetable oils and other oils.
The acquisition of vegetable oil began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Xi's Interpretation of Names and Diet: "It is oily, pounded and coated, and it is dry. It looks like oil. Apricot oil is the same "(today's cloud apple, Wang Xianqian thinks that ignorance can be oil, but it is a mistake of jujube.". See "Explanation of Names and Supplement of Evidence"). "Qi Min Yao Shu" Volume 4 "Jujube Oil Method" quoted Zheng Xuan as saying: "Jujube oil, mashed jujube, and coated with it, dry and like oil, is made." This shows that people knew that there was oil in plant fruits at that time, but the extraction method and finished products were relatively simple and primitive. Cui Mao's "Four People's Moon Order" said that in May, "hang the oil coat with a pole, don't hide it" (folded). Oil coat is a coat coated with oil to prevent rain, and vegetable oil may be used. In the Han Dynasty, sesame (then called flax) was introduced into the Central Plains from the Western Regions. Because of its rich oil content, it was gradually loved and eaten by the broad masses of people. The planting and trading of flax were mentioned many times in the Four People's Month Order, which shows that people attached importance to flax at that time and also reflected the important position of flax in people's daily life at that time.
At first, vegetable oil was mostly used for lighting or as a combustion product in war, and the legendary animal husbandry and oil production also reflected this situation. Sesame oil may be the first vegetable oil to appear in large quantities and be used for food. During the Three Kingdoms period, sesame oil was widely used. According to the biography of the reflection of Wei Zhi and Man Chong, Sun Quan of Soochow attacked Hefei New Town, Wei, and Man Chong of Wei "raised dozens of strong men, folded them into torches, filled them with sesame oil, set fire from the upper hand, and burned thieves to attack tools". Wang Yin's Book of Jin Yun Jin said, "In October of the fifth year of Yuankang, the armory was on fire, and the treasures of generations were burned. It was a craftsman who stole the contents of the storehouse and was afraid of sin, but he threw a candle into the sesame paste and the fire burned." It also contained "Qi Wang (Sima) uprising, and Sun Xiuduo gathered reed torches to store sesame oil in Dian Province, which was an arson tool". Zhang Hua's "Natural History" contains Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty's "Taishi China, which was caused by the fire in the armory and the accumulation of oil". The sesame oil in these records may refer to sesame oil, which is used as a burning product, and its quantity is not small. Wang Yin's "Book of Jin" talks about sesame paste and sesame oil, and the paste and oil are used together. From this, we can also see the traces of oil characters gradually replacing grease as a generic term.
The consumption of vegetable oil may be more common in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to Qi Min Yao Shu written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty, sesame oil, coriander seed oil and pitted seed oil were used in food cooking at that time, and the third volume of the book "The Thirty-sixth of Polygonum cuspidatum" says: "Coriander seed becomes late in autumn ... You can cook cakes by pressing the seed to get oil. The stubble oil is green and lovely, and its smell is delicious. Cooking cake with sesame oil is better than pockmarked grease, and pockmarked grease is fishy. " Among the cooking methods, recipes and materials described in the book, there are many records of using sesame oil, coriander oil and animal oils such as pigs, sheep and cattle. Sesame oil was the best vegetable oil eaten at that time. There is also red and blue flower seed oil in vegetable oil, which is "both a car fat and a candle" ("Qi Min Yao Shu", Volume 5, "Planting red and blue flower gardeners 52"). In addition to cooking food, these animal and vegetable oils are also used to make candles, oilcloth, hair cream, facial fat and so on. Rapeseed oil (now rapeseed oil) in vegetable oil may also be eaten. In "Two Poems" by Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan in the Southern Dynasties, there is a sentence that "the peach blossoms in March contain flour fat, and the new oil in May is easy to fry", and the new oil in May is the vegetable oil harvested around May and freshly squeezed. "Qi Min Yao Shu" Volume III "Those who plant mustard seeds, Sichuan mustard seeds and Brassica napus seeds are planted in February and March when it is rainy, and when it is dry, they are planted with water and harvested in May. Cui Yi said: mustard seeds can be harvested after midsummer in June." Rapeseed was harvested in May, and its oil immediately explained the new oil in May in Xiao Yi's poem.
In the Song Dynasty, vegetable oil became more common and its varieties increased. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bitan" says: "Today's northerners like to fry things with sesame oil, regardless of what they are, they all fry them with oil." Zhuang Jiyu's "Braised Chicken Ribs" said: "Oil is everywhere, and it is edible and natural (burning), but flax is superior, vulgarity is fat and hemp, and its nature is eight-fold, which means that when it rains, it is thin and harvested, and when it is dry, it is ripe, and the flowers are downward and the seeds are upward, so that oil can be generated by frying and pressing, while the ointment truck is slippery and the drilling needle is astringent. Hedong, on the other hand, eats hemp oil, which stinks and can be used as raincoats with coriander. In Shaanxi, almonds, red and blue flower seeds, and seed oil of potherb are also eaten as lamps, but porridge is blinded by smoking, so it is not a problem today. Shandong also uses Xanthium sibiricum as oil, which is beneficial for treating wind. There is little flax in Jianghu, and tung oil is mostly used as the lamp, but the thick smoke and dirt, portraits and the like are particularly feared, and clothes can't be washed. Wax gourd can be washed away, which is blue and sweet, and if eaten by mistake, it will make people vomit dysentery, drink or tea can be washed away, and the southern wine will be covered with much gray. Some women mistakenly use cream to make hair, and it will stick to the spine, but it can't be solved by all treatments. There is also the oil of Paraffin, the root of which is Lindera, which is used by villagers as ointment fire, and its smoke is especially smelly, so it is rare in the city. Ubuntu seed oil, such as fat, can be used to fill candles, both in Guangnan and in prefectures and prefectures. " There are eleven kinds of vegetable oils listed in this paper, and there are as many as five or six kinds used in diet. According to historical records, there are four kinds of things given in the Song Dynasty, one of which is the product of products: "five fruits, medicine, oil, paper, salary, charcoal, lacquer and wax" (Volume of History of Song Dynasty 174 "Records of Foodstuffs" I 2). In addition, under the volume 178 "Records of Food Goods", Yakumo "strives to win the tax on meat oil, charcoal, flour, cloth and floc in Beijing and Kyrgyzstan and has the right to waive it". It can be seen from the above two materials that the oil production in Song Dynasty was considerable, which was not only a gift for the old age, but also a tax.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were more kinds of vegetable oils, and systematic oil-making methods were also recorded, so we had a deeper understanding of the properties, food intake and different functions of various vegetable oils. "Ointment Oil" in Tiangong Kaiwu: "Where the oil is edible, flax (a fat hemp), radish seeds, soybeans and cabbage seeds are the top, followed by Su Ma (like perilla frutescens, the grain is larger than flax) and rapeseed seeds (south of the Yangtze River) When burning the lamp, the water and oil in the arborvitae seeds are the best, followed by the Brassica napus, the flax seeds (the common name of the ticks in Shaanxi is fat and disgusting), the cotton seeds are the second, the hemp seeds are the second (the lamp is the most easily exhausted), and the tung oil and the cypress mixed oil are the second (the tung oil poison gas smoked people, but the asphalt film could not be frozen clearly). When making candles, cypress bark oil is the best, castor bean is the second, cypress mixed oil is frozen by white wax per catty, white wax is frozen and clear oil is the second, camphor tree seed oil is the second (its light is not reduced, but it avoids fragrance), and holly seed oil is the second (it is special for Shaojun County, so it is ranked because it has less oil). If butter is widely used in the northern soil, it will be next. " The paper also describes in detail the oil yield and oil-making methods of various plant seeds, including squeezing method and two-wok cooking method, namely water substitution method, grinding method and wok method, which basically have the types and oil-making methods of modern edible vegetable oil.
In the Qing Dynasty, peanut oil also appeared as edible oil in people's diet and daily life in our country. Volume 10 of Qing Tan Cui's Annals of Yunnan Haiyu said: "Peanut is the first among southern fruits ... It was planted with cotton, pumpkin and sweet potato in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it was estimated that it was returned from various countries on the sea ... If it was burned, it would be peanuts, so it was rotten and prosperous from the market to the night market. If it is bred by the seashore, oil extraction is the most important thing. Therefore, from Fujian and Guangdong, all peanut oil is eaten, and it is used as a lamp for night work. Now it has spread all over Yu Haibin provinces, which is of great benefit. " Mr. Xie Guozhen believes that this groundnut refers to a small peanut, and the big peanut didn't breed until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (Selected Social and Economic Historical Materials of the Ming Dynasty). In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, according to the "Industrial Examination and Oil Industry" recorded in the Qing Dynasty's "Continued Literature General Examination", the main edible vegetable oils at that time were: soybeans (including soybeans, green beans, black beans, brown beans and spotted beans), cottonseed, peanuts, rapeseed, fat hemp, flax, camellia, perilla (that is, coriander) and perilla.
In the history of our country, since the emergence of vegetable oil and its application in diet and other aspects, animal oil has not been completely excluded, and the two go hand in hand. However, due to the variety, large output and wide use of vegetable oil, the proportion of its consumption is increasing, and it is still there.
Second, the use of oil in ancient dietary life
All the animal oils found in ancient Chinese literature are edible, and most of the vegetable oils are edible except for a few varieties which are not suitable for diet due to toxins. The main use of edible oil is for cooking food.
As mentioned earlier, before the Han Dynasty, no matter eating it, it was an animal ointment. "The Book of Rites" records that one of the diets of parents and aunts (in-laws) is "cream with cream". Zheng Note: "It means to use a harmonious diet." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng's Ode to Tokyo: "Six birds are offered, and four creams are used for meals", all of which refer to cooking food with fat cream.
The "Eight Treasures" in the pre-Qin cookbooks are Chun Zao, Chun Mu, Canned Dolphin, Canned Sheep, Poured Treasure, Pickled, Boiled and Liver. Chun boil is "fried sugar is added to upland rice, and it is paste." Chunmu is "fried and brewed on the millet food, which is made into paste", that is, the fried meat sauce is covered on the cooked rice or millet rice, and then poured with the fried cooked paste oil. The practice of cannon dolphin and cannon sheep is to wrap suckling pig and lamb in grass and mud, put them on fire, then fry them in completely immersed oil, take them out, stew them in a tripod for three days and three nights, and then dip them in the adjusted sauce and vinegar to eat. The liver is wrapped with dog (intestinal fat), roasted on fire, and then made into paste with rice flour, and cooked with the fat paste in the wolf's chest as an ingredient (see Book of Rites Internal Rules for all). These five flavors are made by different cooking methods with grease and other condiments.
There are many records of cooking methods in Qi Min Yao Shu, and many recipes in it are processed by frying, frying and steaming with oil. Its "Volume Six Chicken Raising Fifty-ninth" says: "The method of frying chicken eggs is broken, and it is stirred in the middle of the copper block, so that the yellow and white are mixed, the scallions are finely chopped, and the salted rice, muddy black beans and sesame oil are fried, which is very delicious." This is fried egg with chopped green onion. Volume 8, Steaming the Seventy-seventh, records various steaming cookbooks, such as steamed bears, steamed dolphins, braised pork, steamed raw fish, etc., and records the materials, oil and specific operation methods and procedures of each dish in detail. Steaming dolphin method: "A good fat dolphin (suckling pig), wash the scale, cook until it is half cooked, dip it in soy sauce, and make a liter of uncooked glutinous rice. Don't dip it near water, make it yellow with thick soy sauce, cook it, then sprinkle it with soy sauce, finely cut one liter of ginger and orange peel, four liters of scallion (three inches) and one liter of orange leaves, and cook it together." Steamed bears and sheep are like dolphins, and so is rice. " Fried fish with honey is cooked first and then fried: "Use herring, along the belly, without scales, half of bitter wine and salted fish, cook for a long time, boil it with ointment, and make it red and muddy." Volume 9 "Roasting Pig Method" is to roast the pig on the fire, smear it with sake to make it color, and then smear it with extremely white fresh lard (or pure sesame oil) to make the roasted pig "color like Ryukyu pat, but also like real gold, but the entrance disappears, and it looks like Ling Xue, with paste and moist, and it is unusual". This kind of roast pig is still practiced in the south today, which can be described as crispy skin, tender meat and good color and taste. The practice of "chicken and duck cake" is: "Break (diarrhea) the cake, fry it with less salt and paste in the pan, and make it into a ball. The thickness of the cake is divided into two parts, and all of it is poured into one." This practice is now called frying poached eggs. "Vegetarian" refers to a variety of colors of vegetables cooked in oil, which are beautiful. There are soups of leek soup, oil-steamed black beans, fried laver, and steamed vegetables, souto, stewed melons, mushrooms, and eggplant, etc., while the cooking described in the soup-simmering method is the same.
The above are only examples of using oil in diet recipes recorded in Qi Min Yao Shu, and there are many descriptions in many ancient food classics, recipes and recipes, so this is omitted.
In addition to cooking meat and vegetables, oil can also be used as fried foods, cakes and snacks. Zanzi is one of the ancient traditional fried foods in China. In ancient times, the scorpion was also known as the hairpin, cold utensils, paste rings, etc., which began to appear as early as the Warring States Period. The book "Chu Ci Evocation" said: "The hairpin honey bait should be used more." It means that honey and rice flour are boiled in oil. "Qi Min Yao Shu Gao Huan": "Stir it with rice crumbs and water honey, which is as strong as soup and cake noodles, and it can be eight inches long with your hands around it, so you can bend the two ends and cook it with paste and oil." Tang Liu Yuxi's poem "Cold Tools" says: "My hands are rubbed into jade, and the jade oil is fried into light yellow and deep. It doesn't matter if I sleep in the spring at night, which makes my wife wrap her arms around gold." Very vividly describes the practice, color and shape of cold tools. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (Volume 25): "Cold tools are today's prickly heat. Mix flour with glutinous rice flour, add less salt, twist it into the shape of a ring, and fry it. " Although the raw materials and shapes of prickly heat were slightly different in different periods in ancient times, their properties were the same. Fried dough sticks are also one of the traditional fried foods, and their common name is Fried Ghost. It is said that ghost is the change of sound. Gui refers to Qin Gui, a great traitor in the Song Dynasty, who framed Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold star. In order to express their hatred for him, people pinched two dough figurines, symbolizing Qin Gui and his wife Wang, and put them together and fried them in a frying pan, named Fried Gui (Ghost). Since the Song Dynasty at the latest, fried dough sticks have become a kind of fried food in both north and south China. Most cakes and snacks can't be made without fat. Explaining the Name and Diet, and Explaining Wang Xianqian's Shuzheng Supplement: "Yu Lan quoted Za Wu Xing Shu as saying: The Book of Eating has the method of pith cake, which combines pith fat with flour." Seven-cake method in Qi Min Yao Shu: "The pulp cake method: mix the dough with pulp fat and honey, with a thickness of four or five minutes and a width of six or seven inches, and cook it in the Hu cake furnace. Don't repeat it. The cake is fat and can last for a long time." This is like lard cake or "chicken cake" in the south. In Qi Min Yao Shu, there are fried cut cakes, gizzards, powder cakes and so on. There are pig pancreas-Hu cakes and shortbread cakes in the old story of Wulin written by Tong Zhai in Yuan and Zhou Dynasties. Song Wu's Zhong Fu Lu requires "four ounces of crisp oil, one ounce of honey and one catty of white flour, and the agent is printed into the oven for making cakes, or lard can be used, especially two ounces of honey". Other snacks include "oil iron", "crisp seal", "sugar crisp" and so on. The "white cocoon candy" and "yellow cocoon candy" recorded in Qi Min Yao Shu (Volume 9) are very similar to today's fried dim sum "Zhongguo" (called Jiangmi Tiao in Beijing).
Third, some other uses of edible oil
Edible oil, as a fatty substance, has the functions of flammability, water isolation, lubrication and so on. Therefore, in ancient times, it was widely used in daily life besides diet. Here are some main uses.
1.Burning, used for lighting and making candles. The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that in Lishan mausoleum, "mermaid cream is used as a candle, and it will last a long time." "History of Han Chen Tang Biography" says that Changling was built when the Han Dynasty became emperor, and "there are tens of thousands of disciples who work at night until they burn fat and oil", that is, the construction at night burns fat and oil as a torch for lighting. Huan Tan in the Eastern Han Dynasty used the burning flame of an oil lamp to describe people's lives, saying, "When the lamps and candles are exhausted, they will benefit their fat, and their candles will be easy ... It is too late to follow the length of the fat candles.". If people want to live a long and healthy life, they should be like lighting an oil lamp, always pay attention to changing the stove and take good care of it. In Qi Min Yao Shu, oil is used as a candle, such as sesame oil, which is "enough for the cost of beautiful candles" (Volume 2, the ninth seed). Coriander oil "can also be a candle" (Volume 3, Zailiao, Article 26). Red and blue flower seed oil "can also be regarded as a candle" (Volume 5. Planting red and blue flower gardenia 53). Volume III Miscellaneous Remarks Thirtieth Method of Fake Candles: "When Pu is ripe, collect more Pu moss, cut fat and loosen it like a finger, think of it as a heart, wrap it with rotten cloth, melt the fat of sheep and cattle, pour it into Pu moss, turn it around on the board, make it round and flat, pour it even more, stop it when the thickness is enough, and pour it with melted wax, which will save ten times of work." Tang Hanyu's "A Solution to Learning": "Burn ointment to break the crown, and keep on living in poverty." These are all records of using fat oil as lighting or candle making. In the first part of this paper, we can also see the description of lamp burning and candle making oil, its varieties, properties and advantages and disadvantages by quoting several paragraphs from Chicken Ribs and Tiangong Kaiwu.
In ancient wars, fire was often used to attack or defend against the enemy, and oil was often used as a burning article. "Mozi Banner Sixty-ninth": "Where the law of guarding the city is concerned, there is a accumulation of stones, firewood, grass, grass, wood, charcoal, sand, pine and cypress, Peng Ai, hemp, gold and iron, and millet." The accumulation of firewood and firewood is to prepare to repel the enemy with fire, and the accumulation of sand and stones is to prevent the other party from using fire as fire-fighting supplies when attacking the city. It is also an example that Wei Jiang Man Chong used the torch to pour sesame oil on the siege equipment of Soochow Sun Quan.
2. Make waterproof and rainproof appliances. The oil and apricot oil mentioned in Interpretation of Names are both used to make oil-washed tapirs, that is, a kind of oil-washed fabric. The process is to mash the kernels and almonds and apply them on the tapirs. After drying, the dregs are removed, and the tapirs are smooth as oil. "Four People's Moon Order" has oil clothes, which shows that rainproof appliances made of oil have been around for a long time in China. In Qi Min Yao Shu, sesame oil and coriander oil are used to coat silks as oilcloth and oilcoat. Tang Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Shi Zhi also said that oil can be used as an oil coat. Meng Xi Bi Tan said that hemp oil and coriander oil "can be used as raincoats". Tang Fengzhi's "Changing Clothes for the Dragon" says that Rao Ziqing "hides in the Kangwang Valley of Lushan Mountain, and there is no tile house, so he replaces it with Maozi ... or when the rain is wet, he uses oil to bear the beam and sit under it". This is an oiled tent (Miscellanies of Yunxian (II)). Song Chen Shidao's Poem of Taking Right away, "When I turned to my neighbor to borrow oil, I realized that Gong was the most idle person" (Collection of the Back Hill, VIII). The oil cover is the oil umbrella. There is also an oil paper fan recorded in Mengxi Bitan. Oil does not touch water, and it is another use of oil to make various waterproof appliances by using this function.
3. Used in shipbuilding. The biography of the reflection of Wei Zhi and Xia Houshang said that Xia Houshang fought Zhuge Jin of Soochow in Jiangling in the third year of Huang Dynasty, and the two armies faced each other across the river. The warships of both sides confronted each other in the river. "In the night, more than 10,000 people will ride oil tankers, dive downstream, attack all the armies, and burn their boats in Jiajiang, and attack and break them by land and water." This kind of oil tanker is a ship washed with oil. Because the hull is oiled and does not absorb water, the hull is light in weight, fast in running and durable. The ninth "Cao Fang" of the boat in Tiangong Kaiwu said that "whenever the boat board is closed, the white hemp wadding is used as the reinforcement, and then the fine lime is sieved and mixed with tung oil to adjust the boat." This is to use hemp wool and putty to grease the cracks in the ship plate to prevent water from entering.
4. Car lubricant. In ancient wars, traffic was dominated by many cars, and fat was the lubricant of the axle in the car. Zhou Li Chun Guan has the official position of "towel car", and Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Thirty-one Years "towel car grease jurisdiction", that is, the towel car is responsible for applying ointment to the car jurisdiction to make it rust-free and smooth. Interpretation of the Name and the Car: "It's awkward, wrapped, and wrapped in the head." Wang Xianqian said, "I mean" Wen Yun "and" Ointment container ",which is small for the chariot to wear. If there is ointment, it will be smooth and the grain will be profitable, so there is ointment container in the car" (Volume 7 of Explaining the Name and Replenishing the Evidence). The Biography of Mozi Xun Qing in Historical Records records that Qi people praised it as "roasting the grain", that is, roasting the grain and pouring out its ointment constantly means that it is good at discussing and gushing, and it also means that it is resourceful and slick.
5. Make skin care and cosmetics. "Poetry Wei Feng Boxi": "From the east of Bo, the head is like a flying canopy. Is there no ointment? Who is suitable?" This is a woman's monologue after her husband left for the east. The poem says: It's not that you don't have any oil to apply to unkempt hair, but that you are not around. Who should I dress for? Cream bath is to use oil as hair oil. Up to now, rural women in southern mountainous areas often use some vegetable oil (such as tea oil) as hair oil. "Qi Min Yao Shu" combined with Zephyr: "Good sake is soaked in incense, chicken tongue incense, huoxiang, alfalfa and Eupatorium odoratum, wrapped in new cotton, soaked in sesame oil for two points, pig fat for one point, and put in a copper pan, that is, soaked in incense wine. After frying for several times, it will be slightly fried, and then the soaked incense will be fried until dusk, and the water will be boiled. This is sixiang hair cream. In addition, the method of combining noodles with fat: "Use cow pith, if there is less cow pith, use cow fat to combine it. If there is no pith, you can also use fat in the air. There are two kinds of soaking in warm wine, such as frying Zephyr, frying together, and wearing Artemisia annua to make your hair color." This is clove-type skin care cream. "If you are lip fat, mix it with cooked fat and wrap it in clear oil." This is already an ancient lipstick.
6. medicinal. Use fatty oil or other drugs to treat diseases, especially skin diseases. Volume 6 of Qi Min Yao Shu lists many prescriptions for treating livestock, many of which are directly using fat oil or dispensing with fat oil. Recipe for treating horse scabies: "Use realgar hair, fry it with pig fat in the twelfth lunar month, make the hair disappear, wipe the scabies and make it red, and apply it hot, that is, the better." Another side: "It's good to burn cypress fat and apply it." Recipe for treating cattle lice: "If you apply linseed oil, you will get pig fat, and all six livestock lice will be cured by applying fat." Wait a minute. The prescriptions used to treat diseases in Qian Jin Shi Zhi invited by Tang Sunsi include sesame oil, elk fat, white goose fat, duck fat, goose fat and so on. There is a "sheep honey cream" in Yuan Husihui's Diet Prescription, which is synthesized from cooked sheep oil, sheep marrow, white honey, ginger juice and rehmannia juice. "Treating fatigue, backache, cough, pulmonary fistula, bone steaming" and so on. In Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, there are many detailed descriptions of using various fatty oils to treat diseases.
7. Other uses. Coat the inner wall of pottery with grease to prevent leakage. Qi Min Yao Shu Volume VII Tu Urn Sixty-third: "Anyone who has no questions about the size of an urn must be Tu Zhi ... a new kiln and hot grease coating, Daliang. If the buyer is in the market, he should go to Tu Zhi first, and don't fill it with water. Painting method: Dig the ground into a small round pit, make charcoal in the pit, close the mouth of the urn on the pit and smoke it. Count it by hand, it will burn people's hands, then write (diarrhea) hot fat in the urn, and turn it into turbid flow (slow flow), which will make the fat stop seeping. Cattle and sheep fat is the first good, and pig fat is also available. People who use hemp seed fat will mislead people's ears. If the fat is not turbid, it will inevitably leak. " Ink is made from soot from incomplete combustion of oil. Song Zhao Yanwei's "Cloudy Foothills Filled with Banknotes" X: "Recently, Mo Gong has filled water with a sink, arranged a thick bowl in the middle, burned tung oil, and covered it with a bowl, which makes people scoop up coal and knead it with cow glue." In Tiangong Kaiwu, it is recorded that tung oil, rapeseed oil and lard are used to burn smoke to make ink, but the proportion is small, and most of them are made by burning pine smoke. In the Qing Dynasty, according to the Qing Dynasty's Continuing Literature General Examination, Industrial Examination and Oil Industry, various animal and vegetable oils were also used to make soap, oil paintings, fake paints, artificial leather and so on.