I. Animals in various environments

(1) Animals living in water

1, there are about1500,000 known animals at present, and the classification of animals.

2. Identify common animals of fish and invertebrates.

Fish: Chinese sturgeon Monopterus albus

Invertebrates: anemones, jellyfish, octopus and squid

3. Main characteristics of fish

① Swimming by the coordinated action of fin and tail swing.

(2) can breathe in water. Breathe through the gills

(3) The fish has scales on its surface and its shape is spindle-shaped, which can reduce swimming resistance.

④ The fish body is divided into three parts: head, trunk and tail.

4. The gills are bright red and contain abundant capillaries; There are many and thin gill filaments, which enlarge the contact area with water. Water flows into gills from fish mouth, and then flows out from the rear edge of gill cover. Compared with the water flowing in through the mouth, the water flowing out through the gills has lower oxygen content and higher carbon dioxide content.

(2) Animals living on land

1, the characteristics of terrestrial animals adapting to the environment: (the terrestrial environment is waterless, lifeless, gaseous oxygen, and difficult to hide)

(1) there is a structure to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons.

② Having organs that support the body and movement. In order to feed and avoid the enemy.

③ Besides earthworms, they have respiratory organs that can breathe in the air and are located in the body. Such as the lungs and trachea.

④ It has developed sensory organs and nervous system. Respond to changing environment in time.

2. Earthworms live in moist soil rich in humus and wriggle through the cooperation of muscles and bristles.

3. The earthworm's body temperature will change with the change of the surrounding environment, and it belongs to a temperature-changing animal.

4. Earthworms should rely on the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. Therefore, in the experiment of observing earthworms, we should often wipe the body surface of earthworms with a wet cotton ball soaked in water to keep the body surface moist.

5. After the heavy rain, the rain will crowd out the air in the soil, and earthworms will climb to the ground to breathe.

6. Mammals have body surface coat, viviparous, breastfeeding and constant body temperature (birds also have it).

7. warm-blooded animals can keep its body temperature constant through its own regulation, including birds and mammals.

Significance of constant temperature: reduce dependence on the external environment and expand the scope of life and distribution.

(3) Animals flying in the air

1, the characteristics of birds suitable for flight: it can be said that? The whole body of a bird is designed for flying? .

① The body is streamlined (reducing the resistance during flight). ② The body surface is covered with feathers, and the forelimbs become wings. (Wings are the flying organs of birds) ③ The pectoral muscles are well developed. ④ The chest has keel process and long bones are hollow.

⑤ The digestive system is developed, with large appetite, fast digestion (providing sufficient energy) and timely defecation. (lose weight)

⑥ The circulatory system is developed: the heart has four chambers, and the number of heart beats is fast. There are systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, and the blood has strong ability to transport nutrients and oxygen. So the bird's body temperature is high and constant.

⑦ The respiratory system is developed: the air bag can assist breathing, and form double breathing with the lungs, which can provide sufficient oxygen.

2. Insects are the most diverse animals, widely distributed and the only invertebrate that can fly.

3. The insect body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the moving organs are 3 pairs of feet and 2 pairs of wings.

4. The exoskeleton of insects can protect and support the internal soft organs and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.

5. Insects breathe through the trachea.

6, arthropods are characterized by:

① The body consists of many segments,

② There is an exoskeleton on the body surface,

③ The foot and antenna are segmented.

Spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs are not insects. But they and insects belong to arthropods. (with feet)

7. Amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills, and develop into adults through metamorphosis. Adults live in amphibious life, breathe through lungs, and use skin to assist breathing. Representative animals: frog, toad and giant salamander.

8. Reptiles include crocodiles, turtles, soft-shelled turtles and snakes.

Second, the movement and behavior of animals

1. Animal behavior: proud as a peacock cranes dance, geese fly south and bees collect honey.

Non-animal behaviors include: peristalsis of the stomach, beating of the heart and blood flow.

2. The behavior of animals is manifested in various movements.

(A) the movement of animals

1 The motor system of mammals consists of bones and muscles.

2. Both ends of each group of muscles are attached to different bones, and the muscles connected with bones are always coordinated by the two groups of muscles. For example, when elbow is flexed, biceps brachii contracts, triceps brachii relaxes, and the opposite is true when elbow is extended. (Figure V- 16\ 17 in textbook P30)

4. The joint head slipping out of the joint fossa is called dislocation.

5. Exercise depends not only on the exercise system, but also on the control and regulation of the nervous system, and the digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system provide energy.

V. Animal Behavior

1, according to different behaviors, it can be divided into feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. For example, dragonfly water, proud as a peacock, frog hibernation, etc. are all animal behaviors; According to different ways of acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.

2. innate behavior refers to the behaviors that animals are born with, which are determined by the genetic material in their bodies, such as spiders weaving webs, bees collecting honey, young frogs preying on insects, and Pieris rapae always feeding on cruciferous plants.

3. Learning behavior refers to the behavior obtained from life experience and learning on the basis of genetic factors and through the role of environmental factors. For example, animals learn to take a detour to feed.

4. The higher the animal, the stronger its learning ability, the stronger its ability to adapt to the environment, and the more meaningful it is for survival.

5. Some animals living in groups have social behaviors. Characteristics of social behavior: a certain organization is formed within the group, and there is a clear division of labor among members, and some of them also form a hierarchy. Animal groups with social behaviors include ants, lions, baboons and bees.

6, animal movements, sounds and smells can play the role of transmitting information. For example, ants transmit information by smell, while bees transmit information by dancing.

7. Using extracted or synthetic sex pheromones as attractants can trap and kill agricultural pests.

8. To explore the feeding behavior of Pieris rapae, it should be noted that:

① After finding the eggs of Pieris rapae, it is necessary to carry out isolated feeding, and the reasons for isolated feeding.

② Choose leaves of plants containing special volatile oil, such as celery, lettuce, lettuce leaves, etc. Do not choose hairy or prickly leaves, such as corn and sugarcane leaves.

Six, the role of animals in the biosphere

1, the role of animals in nature: animals in the ecosystem

① Maintain ecological balance.

(2) promoting the material circulation of the ecosystem.

③ Help plants to pollinate and spread seeds.

2. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.

3. There are interdependent and restrictive relationships between various organisms in the food chain and food web. If any link goes wrong, it will affect the whole ecosystem, so you can't kill an animal at will.

4. bioreactor: using biology? Production workshop? Produce some substances needed by human beings. Such as? Breast bioreactor, that is, human beings can transform the genetic genes of certain animals so that the breasts of these animals can produce and secrete certain substances that people need? . It can save the cost of building a factory building and buying equipment, and reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.

6. Bionics: Imitating some structures and functions of living things to invent and create various instruments and equipment.

For example, what are astronauts wearing? Anti-Dutch suit? (imitating giraffes), electro luminescent (imitating fireflies), radar (imitating the echolocation of bats), thin-shell buildings (imitating the carapace of turtles), and intelligent robots.

Seven, bacteria and fungi (they can only use ready-made organic matter as nutrition-heterotrophic)

Colony: A visible aggregate formed by bacteria or fungi after reproduction, called colony.

Colony size, color and shape

Small white surface of bacteria is smooth, sticky or rough and dry.

The larger molds are red, green, yellow, brown, fluffy and flocculent cobwebs.

2. Method of cultivating bacteria and fungi: (P56-57)

① Preparation of culture medium: organic matter containing nutrients ② High temperature sterilization ③ Inoculation ④ Constant temperature culture.

3. Conditions for the survival of bacteria and fungi: moisture, suitable temperature and organic matter.

7. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Its cells include: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA concentration area. Without a formed nucleus; No chloroplasts; (photosynthesis cannot be carried out. )

8. Bacteria reproduce by cell division. Spores are dormant (not germ cells) of bacteria and have strong resistance to adverse environment. Bacteria are ubiquitous because of their rapid reproduction and spore formation.

9. Fungi have both single cells (such as yeast); There are also multicellular (such as molds, mushrooms, auricularia, etc.), and their thalli are composed of many hyphae. Fungi reproduce by producing spores.

10. Fungal cells all have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclei. No chloroplasts.

Cell structure, fine bacteria, true bacteria, plants and animals

cytoderm

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

chloroplast

Eight, the role of bacteria and fungi

1, role in nature: ① participate in the material cycle as a decomposer.

Decomposition of animal and plant remains into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which are re-absorbed by plants to make organic matter. Therefore, it plays an important role in the circulation of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.

② Causes diseases to animals, plants and people. Parasitic microorganisms absorb nutrients from living animals and plants, causing human and animal diseases. Such as tonsillitis caused by streptococcus, tinea pedis caused by fungi, and wheat leaf rust.

(3) with animals and plants * * *. ◇ Fungi and algae grow to form lichens; ◇ Rhizobia and leguminous plants are born to help plants fix nitrogen and increase soil fertility; ◇ herbivores and bacteria that decompose plant fibers in the gastrointestinal tract are born;

◇ Some bacteria in human intestine can produce vitamin B 12 and vitamin K, which is beneficial to the body.

2, making fermented food:

Yeast (which can convert glucose into alcohol and produce carbon dioxide) can make wine and steamed bread.

3. Antibiotics are substances produced by some fungi that can kill some pathogenic bacteria.

Penicillium can produce penicillin. (long? Green hair? The paste can prevent the wound from becoming inflamed. )

IX. Biodiversity and its Protection

1, the basis of biological classification: the characteristics of organisms in morphological structure and physiological functions.

The purpose of classification is to find out the genetic relationship and evolutionary relationship between different groups.

2. Plant classification mainly observes morphological structure. The classification of angiosperms is based on flowers, fruits and seeds.

3. Animal classification is based on external morphological structure, internal structure and physiological function.

4. The biological taxonomic units are in descending order: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

5. The basic unit of classification is species. There is only one species in a species, and the same species has the closest genetic relationship.

6. The larger the taxon, the more species it contains, and the less * * * identical features, the farther the genetic relationship;

The smaller the taxon, the fewer species it contains, the more * * * identical features, and the closer the genetic relationship. There are the most kinds of creatures in the world, and the least * * * has the same characteristics.

7. Connotation of biodiversity: biodiversity; Genetic diversity; Diversity of ecosystem.

8. The essence of species diversity is gene diversity. Every living thing is a rich gene pool. )

9. Fundamental measures to protect biodiversity: protect the living environment of organisms and protect the diversity of ecosystems.

10, China is? Hometown of gymnosperms? . It is the country with the richest gymnosperms.

1 1, A typical example of improving crop varieties by using genetic diversity: hybrid rice cultivation in Yuan Longping.

12. The reasons why biodiversity is threatened are: deforestation, indiscriminate hunting and killing, environmental pollution and invasion of exotic species. The main reason why many wild animals are endangered is that their habitats are destroyed.

13, rare reptiles in China? Living fossil? Chinese alligator; The rare mammals endemic to China are giant panda, baiji dolphin and golden monkey.

14. The most effective measure to protect biodiversity is to establish nature reserves.

15. China has established nature reserves to protect ecosystem types and rare animals and plants.

8th grade Biology Volume I Final Review Questions (with answers)

8th grade's final review of biology (1)

1. In a relatively closed ecosystem composed of rice, locusts and frogs, if all the frogs are killed, the number change of locusts can be represented by the following graph: ().

　A B C D

2. China is rich in species resources. The following belong to China's endemic rare plants is ().

A. Rhododendron B. Jasmine C. Davidia involucrata D. Rose

3. The most basic unit of biological classification is ().

A. phylum B. class C. family D. species

4. The fundamental measure to protect animal diversity is ().

A. prevent the invasion of alien species B. protect the habitat of animals C. control the number of harmful animals D. publicize the importance of protecting animals

5. In the production process, the following foods do not need to be fermented ().

A. soy sauce B. vinegar C. sesame oil D. beer

6. In the process of making kimchi and bread, the microorganisms used are () respectively.

A. lactic acid bacteria, yeast B. Acetobacter, yeast C. lactic acid bacteria, mold D. Acetobacter, mold

7. A large number of microorganisms were detected on the tableware of a snack bar as shown on the right, which belongs to ().

A. Penicillium B. Aspergillus C. Yeast D. Bacteria

8. Broth is easy to deteriorate after summer, and the most reasonable preservation method is ().

A. boiling, uncovered and refrigerated B. boiling, covered and refrigerated

C, refrigerating without boiling and covering; D, refrigerating without boiling and covering.

9. Dolphins are often found along the coast of Jinjiang, causing students to be interested in it. Life experience? Interest in. The closest relationship between the following animals and dolphins is ().

A. shark B. giant salamander C. crocodile D. whale

10. Among the following organisms, the morphological structure is single cell, and there is no forming nucleus in the cell ().

A. mold B. yeast C. bacteria D. Chlamydomonas

1 1. The most effective measure to protect biodiversity is ().

A. in situ conservation B. ex situ conservation C. gene protection D. protection of endangered species

12. Nowadays, the problem of food safety is increasingly prominent. In order to prevent food from spoilage, the preservation methods that should be adopted are ().

① High temperature ② Low temperature ③ Keep dry ④ Keep moist ⑤ Expose to air ⑤ Isolate air.

　A.①③ B.①④⑤ C.②④⑥ D.②③⑥

13. Among the following descriptions about classification, the wrong one is ().

A. species is the most basic unit of classification

B the main basis of classification is the morphological structure (character) and other characteristics of organisms.

C. The units of classification from small to large are: boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

D. The smaller the taxonomic unit, the more biological features it includes.

14. Wheat and rice belong to the same family of seed plants. The main reason is that which of their following organs show the same characteristics ().

A. Roots and stems B. Leaves and flowers C. Flowers, fruits and seeds D. Roots and leaves

15. Australian scientist Barry? Marshall and Robin? Warren discovered that Helicobacter pylori is the pathogen that causes gastritis and gastric ulcer, and won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Medicine. From the cell structure, the main difference between Helicobacter pylori and plant cells is ().

A. whether there is cell wall B. whether there is cell membrane C. whether there is cytoplasm D. whether there is formed nucleus

16. The main purpose of classifying organisms does not include ().

A. Understand the diversity of organisms B. Understand the genetic relationship between organisms

C. Understanding the evolutionary relationship between organisms D. Understanding the harmful and beneficial species of organisms

17. The following phenomena and activities have nothing to do with fungi ().

A. making tofu milk B. steaming steamed bread with flour C. dirty clothes are damp and moldy D. children suffer from hand, foot and mouth disease

18. Academician Yuan Longping, a Chinese scientist, used wild rice to cross with common cultivated rice for many times to cultivate a new hybrid rice variety with high yield, which used ().

A. Diversity of biological species B. Diversity of genes C. Diversity of ecological environment D. Diversity of ecosystem

19. The following statement about the characteristics of fungi is incorrect ().

A. Reproduce offspring through division and reproduction. B. There are real nuclei in cells. C. Live with existing organic matter. D. Individuals are big and small.

20. Can correctly represent the animal and its gas exchange parts is ().

① Earthworms-body wall ② Carassius auratus-gills ③ Pigeons-lungs and airbags ④ Frogs-gills and skin ⑤ Rabbits-lungs.

　A.①③⑤ B.①②④ C.①②⑤ D.②③⑤

2 1. The following rare animals are endemic to China ().

A. penguin B. golden monkey C. dolphin D. platypus

22. The following foods were not applied to fermentation technology in the production process ().

A. bread B. yogurt C. rice wine D. soybean milk

23. In production practice, animals are divided into aquatic animals, poultry, livestock, agricultural beneficial insects, agricultural pests, etc. based on animals ().

A. Economic value B. Living environment C. External morphology D. Physiological characteristics

24. Among the following methods for controlling agricultural pests, biological control is ().

A. spraying low-toxic and low-residue pesticides B. using ladybug to eliminate aphids in cotton fields

C. use? Digging trenches and burying them? Killing locusts D. Killing corn borer adults with moth-trapping lamps.

25. The following description of viruses, bacteria and fungi is correct ().

A. viruses are made up of cells. B. fungi are single-celled organisms.

C. Bacteria have a formed nucleus D. Bacteria and fungi mainly live in saprophytic or parasitic life.

26. The following are several steps to make yogurt: ① Boil the milk, then cool it; ② Put it in a normal temperature environment 1 day; ③ Add a small amount of yogurt containing lactic acid bacteria into the milk; ④ Seal the bottle mouth. The correct operation sequence is ().

　A. ①②③④ B. ③①②④ C. ①③④② D. ③②①④

27. Yes? Detect bacteria and fungi in different environments? In the inquiry experiment, the following statement is incorrect ().

A. Wipe the palm of your hand with a sterile cotton swab, and then gently smear it on the culture medium, that is, inoculation.

B Petri dishes and culture media for culture must be sterilized at high temperature before inoculation.

C. This experiment needs to set up a control experiment.

D the inoculated culture medium should be sterilized at high temperature again.

28. Brazil has made use of the advantages of its large-scale production of sugar cane to produce alcohol, and vigorously developed alcohol-powered cars. Excuse me, from the biological point of view, the main technology used to make alcohol from sugarcane is ().

A. Cloning technology B. Transgenic technology C. Fermentation technology D. Tissue culture technology

29. The statement about bacteria and fungi is correct ().

A. Bacteria and fungi are generally harmful to human beings. B. Bacteria can reproduce their offspring by forming spores.

C. Both bacteria and fungi should grow in an aerobic environment. D. The main difference between yeast and lactic acid bacteria is whether there is a formed nucleus.

30. In order to explore the causes of food corruption and the conditions for bacteria to survive, a biological team took three sterilized conical bottles of A, B and C and treated them according to the requirements in the following table.

Bottle number A, B and C

Add substances 50ml sterilized milk 50ml sterilized milk 50ml sterilized milk.

Handle the bottle mouth without treatment, and plug it with sterile cotton balls.

Temperature 25℃ 5℃ 25℃

Please analyze according to the table: how many groups of control experiments are involved in the treatment, and what are the variables? ( )。

A.2 group, temperature and air B.2 group, temperature and disinfection cotton ball.

C.2 group, temperature and bacteria D.3 group, temperature, sterilized cotton balls and bacteria.

3 1. Which of the following examples does not reflect the role of animals in the biosphere ().

A division of labor and cooperation among members of the ant colony, * * * with maintaining the life of the colony.

B a rare locust plague occurred in a certain place in Chongqing, and a large number of frogs, sparrows and snakes were urgently requested for support.

C. In order to improve the yield of crops, bees or bumblebees are kept in greenhouses.

D. The hook on the surface of the fruit of Xanthium sibiricum hangs on the fur of passing animals.

32. Practice a low-carbon life from me. The following behavior does not belong to the low-carbon lifestyle is ().

A. It is convenient and hygienic to use disposable wooden chopsticks. B. It is forbidden to burn straw and use straw to produce biogas.

C. Use wind energy and solar energy to generate electricity D. Walk, ride a bike or travel by bus.

33. Brown-eared pheasants are distributed in the western part of our province, the northern part of Shanxi Province and the western mountainous area of Beijing. It is a national first-class key protected animal. The main reason for the endangered brown eared pheasant is ().

A. natural selection B. rational development and utilization of animal and plant resources by human beings

C. Use in and waste out D. Pollution and destruction of wildlife habitat by human beings

34. The following fungi are used to brew beer ().

A. Yeast B. Yeast and mold C. Aspergillus D. Aspergillus and Penicillium

35. The picture on the right is a schematic diagram of classification level, and the following understanding is correct ().

A. the largest classification unit in the figure belongs to

B.wolves and dogs have the least similarity.

C. cats and tigers belong to the cat family.

D. tigers and dogs are not related at all.

36. The following statement about biodiversity is true ().

A. Biodiversity only refers to the diversity of biological species. B. Every individual organism is a very rich gene pool.

C. The diversity of biological species is essentially the diversity of genes D. China is the country with the richest biodiversity in the world.

37. When you meet an injured bird that can't fly, you think it's best to ().

A. Catch it and sell it to a restaurant for guests to eat. B. Take it home and watch it.

C. Put it back to nature immediately. D. Treat it, raise it, and put it back to nature after being injured.

38. Kimchi is delicious. Which of the following organisms is used to make kimchi? ( )

A. Lactic acid bacteria B. Acetobacter C. Yeast D. Mold

39. Establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity. Because the nature reserve is ().

A. natural gene bank B. natural laboratory C. living natural museum D. all three are correct

40. The following judgment about biological groups is completely correct ().

A. Plasmodium, Schistosoma japonicum and ladybug are all insects B. Squid, octopus and grass carp are all fish.

C. Orchids, chrysanthemums and lotus flowers are angiosperms D. Lactic acid bacteria, rhizobia and yeasts are all bacteria.

42. The picture at the bottom right shows a simple food preservation method, and the following statement is unreasonable ().

A. adding clean water is mainly to prevent microorganisms from entering the air.

B. The purpose of heating food is to kill microorganisms in food.

C. The cause of food spoilage is the proliferation of microorganisms.

D the principle of this preservation method is the same as that of food storage in refrigerator.

43. If the following figure shows the relationship between various concepts in the table, the items in the table are consistent with the diagram ().

　 1 2 3 4

A class, order, family and species

B cell nuclear DNA chromosome

C seed plant fern in biosphere ecosystem

D animals vertebrates invertebrates arthropods

44. Except for the following, all of them are rare animals and plants unique to China ().

A. peony B. Chinese alligator C. silver fir D. golden monkey

45. After visiting a safari park, Sun Wu is going to use the following keywords to describe the South China Tiger, which of the following is not accurate ().

A. Thermophilic animals B. Terrestrial C. Viviparous and lactation D. Vertebrates

46. According to a certain characteristic of microorganisms, they are simply classified (see the table below), and the following statement is correct ().

Microbial influenza virus, Penicillium, Yeast, Lactic acid bacteria, Aspergillus and Acetobacter to be classified.

Category I Acetobacter and Lactic Acid Bacteria

Category II Yeast, Penicillium and Aspergillus

A. Its classification standard is whether there is a formed nucleus or not. B. Its classification standard is single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms.

C. Influenza viruses should be classified as Category I D. Influenza viruses should be classified as Category II.

47. (5 points) The following are the products or achievements of biotechnology. Fill in the answers of the selected corresponding technologies on the answer sheet.

(1) Brewing sweet wine () (2) High-yield lodging-resistant rice () (3) Using one shoot tip of orchid to cultivate many orchid seedlings () (4) Using Escherichia coli to produce human insulin ().

A. hybrid breeding technology B. fermentation technology C. transgenic technology D. plant tissue culture technology

48. Compared with fungi, there is no () in the structure of bacteria.

A. Cell wall B. Cell membrane C. Cytoplasm D. Formed nucleus

　49.? I resign and go home, like falling flowers from the branches, but it is not a ruthless thing, into the spring soil, can also play the role of nurturing the next generation. ? It is () that plays an important role in the process of transforming fallen flowers into spring mud.

A. absorption of plant roots b. decomposition of bacteria and fungi

C. respiration of petals themselves D. synthesis of bacteria and fungi

　 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.C 1 1.A 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.A

20. C21.b22.d23.a24.b25.d26.c27.d28.c29.d30.c31.a32.a33.d34.a35.c36.c37.