Red ibis
Scientific name: Nippon
English name: Crested Ibis
Nickname: ibis flamingo, Japan's limelight, Zhu mian crane
Classification location:
Storks, storks.
Sparidae
red ibis
Endangered level:
CITES Endangered Level: Endangered (E)
IUCN Endangered Grade: CITES Appendix I
National protection level: level 1.
China's Red Book of Endangered Animals: Endangered
Crested ibis is a rare bird, which was once widely distributed in eastern China, Japan, Russia, North Korea and other places. Due to environmental deterioration and other factors, the population declined sharply and disappeared in the wild in the 1970s. After years of investigation, ornithologists in China rediscovered the crested ibis population in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province in May of 198 1, which is also the only remaining population in the world. Since then, a lot of work has been done in the protection and scientific research of crested ibis, and remarkable achievements have been made. Especially in breeding, 1989 was successfully hatched for the first time in the world. From 1992, chicks can survive smoothly. By 1995, there were about 35 wild crested ibis and 25 captive crested ibis in China, which brought hope for saving this rare bird.
Crested ibis, also known as ibis, is an extremely rare bird in the world. It is known as the "Oriental Pearl" and listed as an "international protected bird" by the World Bird Association. It once lived widely in China, Korea, Japan and the Far East of the former Soviet Union. Now it has been extinct in other countries for a long time. There are only three Japanese captive crested ibis, and China crested ibis has been missing for more than 20 years. It was not until 198 1 that seven crested ibis were rediscovered in Yaojiagou, Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, which caused a sensation in the world at that time. After careful protection, the number is increasing. Crested ibis has a long beak, crested ibis and red cheeks. Its feathers are white and reddish, and its neck is covered with drooping long willow-like feathers, which is about 80 cm long. It usually lives in tall trees and flies to rice fields, swamps and mountain streams when foraging to catch locusts, frogs, small fish, snails and loaches for a living. There are many natural enemies of crested ibis. Crows and ferrets often come to fight for nests to destroy eggs and hurt young birds, so they are very strict in choosing nest areas. Generally speaking, crested ibis incubates eggs and nests, while expanding and strengthening its nests. It lays eggs in May, three or four at a time, and male and female crested ibis take turns to hatch eggs. About a month or so, the chicks hatched and were still looked after by their parents in shifts and fed together. A month later, Zhu Xi gradually became full-fledged, began to learn flying skills, and soon she could go out for food alone.
Appearance characteristics:
Medium-sized (55cm) pink ibis. Scarlet face, long and bent mouth, red mouth end, long feathers on the back of neck, white or gray (breeding period), scarlet legs. Adult birds are gray, and some adult birds are still gray. In summer, the gray is thicker and the feathers are longer. When flying, the feathers are red. Iris yellow; Mouth-black and red; Feet-blush. Shout: A gruff grunt. Crested ibis is a medium-sized wading bird, with a body length of 67-69 cm and a weight of 1.4- 1.9 kg. Graceful and elegant movements, dignified and generous. Different from other species, its head is only bare with vermilion cheeks, its iris is orange-red, its black mouth is slender and bent downward, and its back pillow has a willow-leaf-shaped feather crown composed of dozens of thick feathers, which hangs freely around its neck. The legs are not too long, the lower part of the calf is bare and the color is scarlet. A feather is as white as snow, but the underside of two wings and some round tail feathers shine scarlet, which looks elegant and beautiful. Because of Zhu's gentle personality, our people regard it as a symbol of good luck and call it "the bird of good luck".
Living habits:
Crested ibis lives in temperate mountain forests and hilly areas, mostly near paddy fields, floodplains, ponds, streams, swamps and other wetland environments. Lonely and quiet, timid, usually in pairs or small groups. The crested ibis has high requirements for habitat, and only likes to live in a quiet environment. There are tall trees for habitat and nesting, rice fields and swamps nearby for foraging, and there are relatively few natural enemies. Spend the night in big trees at night, and go to rice fields, mud fields or land without chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as clean streams and other environments for food during the day. The main foods are fish such as crucian carp, loach and eel, amphibians such as frogs, tadpoles and salamanders, crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps, mollusks such as shellfish, snails, worms, crickets, moles, locusts, beetles, aquatic insects and insect larvae, and sometimes some celery is eaten. When they are foraging in shallow water or mud, they often insert their long curved mouths into the soil and water to explore. Once they find food, they will peck at it immediately. When resting, insert the long beak into the feathers on your back and let the top of your head flutter in the breeze, which is very natural and charming. When flying, the head is extended forward, the feet are extended backward, and the wings are slow and powerful. Walking on the ground, the steps are light and slow, and it looks elegant and reserved. Their songs are like crows, and they seldom sing except occasionally when they take off.
Spring is the breeding season of crested ibis. At this time, the adult males and females form a spouse, leave the wintering group, and scatter on tall trees such as Quercus variabilis to nest and lay eggs. At this time, it will constantly peck at a gray pigment secreted by the neck muscles and smear it on the feathers, making its head, neck, upper back and wings turn gray-black. Its nest is like a disk, very simple, with an outer diameter of 73 cm, an inner diameter of 53 cm, a depth of 8 cm and a height of 5-20 meters from the ground. The nest is made of branches, with corn stalks, ferns, fine vines, grass leaves and roots, and sometimes old nests are used. Each nest lays 2-4 eggs, the size of which is about 65×45 mm and the weight is about 70 g, with blue-gray or light green surface and dark brown spots on it. Male and female birds hatch eggs in turn, and the incubation period is about 28 days. Parent birds often turn eggs, dry eggs, nest, etc. During the incubation process, they will bend their necks or roll up their heads, and sometimes they will stand up and stretch their wings or shake their bodies. However, there is often only one parent bird in the nest, and the other parent bird that does not hatch eggs does not protect the nest at the edge of the nest, and perches on other trees at night. Chickens are late. When they first hatched, they had light gray down feathers in the upper body, white down feathers in the lower body and orange-red feet. After hatching, the parent birds take turns to spit out the semi-digested food in their mouths to feed. The impatient chicks scramble to put their long beaks in their mouths, while the parent birds shake their necks to make the food spit out as soon as possible. The parent birds return to the nest 7-9 times a day in the early stage of brooding, and with the rapid growth of chicks and the increase of food demand, it increases to 14- 15 times a day in the later stage. After feeding, you should also help the chickens clean up their droppings. The method is to take away the branches at the bottom of the nest and let the feces leak down, or take the broken bedding stained with feces outside the nest and bring new nest materials and bedding to supplement it. The chicks grow rapidly under the careful feeding of the parent birds, and can fly freely with the parent birds after 60 days. The age of sexual maturity is about 3 years old, and the longest record is 17 years.
Crested ibis is a rare bird, which was once widely distributed in eastern China, Japan, Russia, North Korea and other places. Due to environmental deterioration and other factors, the population declined sharply and disappeared in the wild in the 1970s. After years of investigation, ornithologists in China rediscovered the crested ibis population in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province in May of 198 1, which is also the only remaining population in the world. Since then, a lot of work has been done in the protection and scientific research of crested ibis, and remarkable achievements have been made. Especially in breeding, 1989 was successfully hatched for the first time in the world. From 1992, chicks can survive smoothly. By 1995, there were about 35 wild crested ibis and 25 captive crested ibis in China, which brought hope for saving this rare bird.
Siberian tiger
Alias: Northeast Tiger, Northeast Tiger,
Siberian tiger
Family: cats
Scientific name: Siberian tiger
English name: Siberican Tiger
The Siberian tiger is the largest cat in existence, with an average body length of 1.8-2.8m, a tail length of 0.9m, a weight of 227-272kg, and a maximum recorded weight of over 300kg. It is distributed in the northeast of China and also found in Siberia abroad. Living in forests, shrubs and weeds. Living alone, not settling down, territorial behavior, nocturnal. Keen senses, intense sex, quick action and good swimming. Predate large and medium-sized mammals and occasionally eat small mammals and birds.
Wild Siberian tiger cubs should live with their mothers for 2-3 years, learn hunting skills and then live independently. In winter, the reproductive period is 98- 1 10 days, and each fetus has 2-4 offspring. They are sexually mature at the age of 3-4 and have a life span of 20-25 years.
There are only over 400 wild Siberian tigers, most of which are distributed in Russian, and the number in China is less than 20. There is no trace of the Siberian tiger on the Korean peninsula.
China is a first-class protected animal, which is listed in CITES Appendix.
Baiji dolphin, a kind of "Baiji dolphin", also known as "White Flag", belongs to the finless dolphin family.
Biological classification
Animal kingdom, Chordata, Mammals, Cetaceans, Tooth Jaws, alicyclic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons.
Scientific name: Li (Miller, 19 18)
Status of species: extremely endangered! It is not yet certain whether it is extinct. At present, the last found is the carcass of baiji which ran aground in Nanjing section of the Yangtze River in July 2004.
The baiji (Bá i Jiì tú n) is a national first-class protected animal, also known as baiji and baiji. Vertebrates, mammals, whales, toothed whales. The baiji family was originally a freshwater dolphin, which was founded in the late 1970s at the suggestion of Professor Zhou Kaiya, a scientist in China.
Small whale, a specialty of China. The body is spindle-shaped, with a length of 1.5 ~ 2.5 meters and a weight of 230 kg. The snout is long and narrow, about 30 cm, with the front end slightly upturned. The injection hole is longitudinal and located on the left side of the head. The eyes are small, and there is a quarrel between the top and the back. Ear holes are needle-shaped The dorsal fin is triangular, the flippers are wider, the ends are blunt and round, and the caudal fin is crescent-shaped. The back of the body is light blue-gray and the front is white.
Baiji dolphin mainly lives in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its connected waters, such as Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Qiantang River. Usually in pairs or above 10, they like to move in deep water and fast water. The life span of baiji dolphin can reach more than 30 years. Generally speaking, females reach sexual maturity at the age of 6 and males at the age of 4. Adult baiji is in estrus twice a year, from March to May and from August to 10. The gestation period is10-1month, with one litter and occasionally two litters. In the wild, the male-female ratio of adult baiji is 1: 1, but the pregnancy rate of females is generally only 30%, and the natural reproduction rate is very low.
Baiji dolphin is a carnivore, with about 130 fangs in its mouth, belonging to the same type. Often swim to the shallow water on the shore in the early morning and evening to hunt. Generally speaking, the whole freshwater fish with a body length of less than 6.5 cm is the main food, and a small amount of aquatic plants and insects are also eaten. When breathing, the head comes out first, then all the water comes out, 2 meters upstream of the water surface, and then enters the water. Baiji dolphin's vision is almost zero, and it has extensive scientific research value in biology, bionics and physiology by relying on echolocation to understand environmental changes.
1980 65438+ 10 In October, fishermen in Jiayu County, Hubei Province captured the world's first living male baiji near the mouth of Dongting Lake, and immediately sent it to the Institute of Aquatic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei Province for artificial propagation, named Qiqi. Scientists study Qiqi's behavior and physiology, including seasonal changes, hematology, treatment, feeding and so on. , filling the blank of knowledge of baiji. In June 5438+February 65438+May of that year, China temporarily issued a set of 2 T.57 "White Dolphin" stamps, namely "carefree" and "diving around the bottom", with a circulation of 6.5438+0.5 million sets. With Qiqi's increasing popularity and influence at home and abroad, SB (2) "White Dolphin" small promissory note was issued one month after the stamp was issued. Qiqi, who lives in Wuhan, has since become the "image ambassador" of Wuhan. 1September 29th, 992 to 101October 5th, the 4th National Universiade was held in Wuhan, Hubei. On September 28th of the same year, JP.33 Postcards commemorating the 4th People's Republic of China (PRC) Universiade were issued, and the "Qiqi" belt and fishfin bouquet were presented on the postage map as the mascots of the Universiade. On February 25th, 2000, China issued a mini-pane of the special stamp "National Key Protected Wild Animals (Grade I) 2000-3S". The mini-pane contains 10 stamps and two bridge cards with no face value, of which the seventh one is "White Dolphin" with a face value of 2.60 yuan. At that time, the whole baiji population was less than 100! On July 14, 2002, "Qiqi" left us, and the fate of the natural population of Baiji dolphin was once again shrouded in dark clouds.
From June 6, 2006 to February 6, 2006, nearly 40 scientists from China, the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany and Switzerland made a round trip of nearly 3,400 kilometers, and made a 38-day investigation on the Yichang-Shanghai 1700 km section of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Up to now, the largest international expedition aims to find two kinds of freshwater mammals that breed in the Yangtze River, the finless porpoise and the most endangered mammal, the baiji. However, to the disappointment of the researchers, not only the number of finless porpoises decreased greatly, but also no trace of baiji was found during the whole scientific research. From 1997 to 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture organized a large-scale monitoring operation for the baiji for three consecutive years, and the baiji found in the three years were 13, 4 and 4 respectively. The result of this survey is 0.
According to fossil records, baiji migrated from the Pacific Ocean to the Yangtze River 25 million years ago. Erya, an ancient book in China more than 2,000 years ago, also described Baiji dolphin as a river god. Baiji dolphins were once widely distributed in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake in the Yangtze River basin, and were found as far as 35 kilometers upstream of Gezhouba in the Three Gorges area and the Yangtze River estuary near Shanghai. It is estimated that there used to be as many as 5000 in history. However, for a long time, affected by human activities, its population has been decreasing and its distribution area has gradually narrowed.
Change history of IUCN protection state
11970s and11980s: lack of data.
1986 to 1994: Endangered (EN)
1996: critical
Chronology of rapid decline in quantity
It is difficult to estimate the current population of baiji, but it is generally believed that they are extinct or only a few individuals survive. Baiji dolphin has become the most endangered animal among cetaceans.
1979: China declared the baiji an endangered species.
1983: Legislation prohibits the hunting of baiji.
There are 300 heads left.
1990: There are 200 heads left.
1997: less than 50 (23 found)
1998: Only 7 heads were found.
2006: 0 head
Baiji dolphin is timid by nature and easily frightened. Generally far away from the ship, it is difficult to get close. In addition, it has a small population and a wide range of activities, so the research on the wild baiji is very limited.
The baiji dolphin is streamlined and elegant. Adult baiji is generally about 2.5 meters long and weighs 100 to 200 kilograms. Females are slightly smaller than males. By 2006, the largest female animal found was 253 cm long and weighed 237 kg. The largest male animal found is 2 16 cm long and weighs 125 kg.
The skin of baiji is smooth and delicate, and it has a special elasticity. The principle is the same as the elastic nylon fabric used in competitive swimming suits, which can reduce the turbulence around the body when swimming fast in water. Its caudal fin is divided into two forks, the pectoral fin on both sides is flat palm-shaped and the dorsal fin is triangular. These four fins provide excellent direction and balance control for baiji swimming in the water. Coupled with smooth and elastic skin and streamlined body, baiji can swim at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour when avoiding danger. Usually, it maintains a swimming speed of 10 to 15 kilometers per hour.
The newborn larvae are slightly darker in color, and the adult baiji generally has a light blue-gray back and a clean white abdomen, which is particularly bright under the sunlight. The upper and lower surfaces of horizontally extending flippers and caudal fins are the same color as the back and ventral surfaces, respectively, so the color distribution is just in line with the environmental color. Looking down from the water surface, it is difficult to distinguish the bluish gray on the back from the river water; Looking up from the bottom of the water, it is difficult to find that the white belly is similar to the strong light reflected from the water surface. This makes the baiji have a natural hidden barrier when fleeing from the enemy and approaching the prey.
The snout of the baiji is long and narrow, extending forward, about 30 cm. Its teeth are densely distributed on both sides of the maxilla and mandible, with more than 30 conical teeth/kloc-0. The forehead is round and protruding forward, like a focused lens in a camera, so it is called "frontal lobe", which is the most important part of the vocal organs of baiji. The breathing hole or "nostril" is located at the upper left of the head, which is small and rectangular and can be opened and closed freely. Usually, the baiji will come out of the water for air every 10 to 30 seconds, and it will make a "poop-poop" sound during the air exchange.
The eyes of baiji are located at the back and upper corner of the mouth, as small as mung beans. The outer auricle has disappeared, and the ear hole is still there, just as small as the eye of a needle, blocked, and it is a trace organ. Because baiji has lived in the turbid water of the Yangtze River for a long time, its vision and hearing are seriously degraded. In water, it mainly uses sonar to receive signals to identify objects. The upper respiratory tract of baiji has three pairs of unique airbags and a throat shaped like a goose's head, but because it lives in water and makes sounds by water, it doesn't have the vocal cords needed by land animals to make sounds in the air. Through a special hydrophone, you can hear dozens of different sounds, such as the "answer" and "quack" sounds made by the baiji. Baiji dolphins often make sounds in pairs. After making a sound, they will wait for the echo quietly, so as to distinguish the distance and size between themselves and the obstacle that produces the echo and consider whether to swim to the target. It will make a new pair of sounds soon after receiving the echo, and then wait for the echo quietly for a while. After receiving the second echo, it can analyze the swimming direction and speed of the target. This is how the baiji locates the echo like an artificial sonar. With this unique sonar system, it can often catch food in the mud at the bottom of the river, and it can also send out high-frequency sound waves that people can't hear, and contact companions more than ten kilometers away.
The brain surface area of baiji dolphin is larger than that of dolphins, and the brain weight accounts for about 0.5% of the whole. Among them, the average weight of a male dolphin weighing 95 kilograms is 470 grams. This weight is close to the brain weight of gorillas and chimpanzees, and some scholars even think that baiji is smarter than gibbons and chimpanzees.
golden monkey
Golden monkey (golden monkey) Vertebrates, mammals, primates, colobus monkeys. The body length is about 70 cm and the tail length is about equal to or longer than the body length. Big nose, upturned. Thick lips, no cheek pouch. The hair on the back is long and shiny, and the color is cyan. The top of the head, neck, shoulders, upper arms, back and tail are gray-black, and the head, neck, ventral trunk and inner limbs are brown. Soft hair is a special product of our country, and it is a precious animal that lives in high mountains and dense forests. Feed on wild fruits, buds, bamboo shoots and bryophytes. * * * There are 3 species, all of which have been listed as national first-class protected animals. The main differences are as follows: the face of Sichuan canary is sky blue, and the sides, chest and hind legs are golden yellow, which are distributed in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi; The face of Beti tree is white on both sides, and it is distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan and eastern Tibet. There are 1 oval white hair areas between the two shoulders of Sparus brevidentatus, which are distributed between Guizhou and Sichuan.
Golden monkeys are divided into Sichuan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys and Yunnan golden monkeys. (and a Vietnamese golden monkey)
The golden monkey is very beautiful: it has a sky-blue face, a big mouth and a prominent mouth. Because its nostrils are extremely degraded, commonly known as "no nose bridge", its nostrils are upside down, so it is also called "upturned nose monkey". In ancient times, some people were worried that rain water would pour into the stomach from this special nostril when it rained. Therefore, it was recorded in ancient books that when it rained, the tail of the golden monkey bifurcated and blocked the nostril with two tail tips. In fact, it should be a rumor that there are no animals with forked tails among terrestrial mammals.
The tail of the golden monkey is almost as long as its body, and the slender body has long soft golden hair, which can reach more than 30 centimeters at the longest. It hangs freely like a golden cloak, which is very beautiful. Such a dazzling coat has won it the reputation of "golden monkey".
These beautiful golden monkeys are worth a lot of money. They are as famous as giant pandas and are considered as the most famous and precious animals in China. It ranks among the best in the first-class protected animals announced by the state.
Golden monkeys live in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests at an altitude of1400-3000m. They are almost distributed in the same area as giant pandas, and they are also afraid of heat and cold. Living in a family group, the largest group of primates can reach more than 600, and such a large group is rare.
Maternal love is very prominent among primates, and the female golden monkey cares and loves her children in every possible way, especially during lactation. The mother monkey always holds the little monkey tightly to her chest or grabs the little monkey's tail, giving it no freedom to play at all. During this period, the husband who lived together day and night did his best to the "lady": he cut her hair and examined her scabbed skin, but he didn't want to touch his baby, let alone hug the little monkey and make out. The female golden monkey always holds the baby monkey with her back to her husband and doesn't give her husband a chance to caress her child.
The Monkey King enjoys privileges in the group. It is reported that one evening, a group of golden monkeys were found stealing fruit from walnut trees and apple trees behind the stockade and fled in a hurry. Unfortunately, they were stopped by a small river, and the big golden monkey jumped over, but the little golden monkey couldn't jump over, so he screamed. The monkey king who crossed the river then issued an "order" asking a male monkey to cross the river to meet him. The male golden monkey jumped over the river again and picked up the little monkey to cross the river. The little golden silk monkey was thrown into the water because of panic. When the golden monkeys saw it, they ran desperately along the river to rescue them, and rescued the little golden silk monkey ashore downstream. The Monkey King angrily walked into the male golden monkey, "pa" is a slap in the face. The male golden monkey knows that he is wrong and must be punished in an appropriate way.
The golden monkey has a very good memory. There was once such a thing in the zoo: a monkey king had a bad temper and scratched and bit the keeper. The keeper was so angry that he once punished the Monkey King for spanking him. Later, the breeder was transferred to other units. Half a year later, he came back to visit the golden monkey. The Monkey King suddenly recognized him in the crowd. In order to get revenge, he quickly found clods as "weapons" and threw them at the breeder's head, which made him laugh and cry.
Golden monkeys mainly live in trees and look for something to eat on the ground. The main foods are leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, bark and roots, insects, birds and eggs. When you eat, your mouth always looks so sweet.
The golden monkey adds infinite joy to our nature. Let's take action to protect the golden monkey and nature. Let the golden monkey be our faithful partner, and live happily with us with * * * * *! Let humans and animals get closer!
The scientific name of golden monkey is Rhinopithecus roxellanae, and the English name is snub-nosed monkey/golden monkey. Golden monkey is an endemic animal in China, which belongs to the national first-class protected animal. China golden monkeys include Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. Yunnan golden monkeys live in the snow-capped mountains and fir forests in remote Yunnan and Tibet, with only one thousand in number. Guizhou golden monkey only exists in Fan Jing, Guizhou, and the number is only over 700. Everyone is familiar with Sichuan golden monkey. Sichuan golden monkey, distributed in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei and Gansu, lives in the deep mountains, in groups, with golden cloaks on their backs, climbing trees, jumping and prancing. The golden monkey has been rented abroad for many times, which has achieved good exhibition effect and great sensation effect.
Species Name Guizhou Golden Monkey
Scientific name: Yunnan golden monkey
English name: Guizhou golden monkey
Nicknames: grey golden monkey, white-shouldered snub-nosed monkey, oxtail monkey velvet.
Classification position
Primates, primates
Tail ape family
It belongs to the golden monkey
International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources
CITES Endangered Grade: Appendix I Effective Date: 1997
IUCN Endangered Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
IUCN Endangered Level: Effective Year: 2003
State key protection grade: first-class effective year: 1989.
China Red Book of Endangered Animals Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
Appearance characteristics
The body shape is similar to that of Sichuan golden monkey, only slightly smaller, but the tail is longer. The body length is 637-690 mm, the tail length is 846-905 mm, and the snout is slightly concave. Face is gray or light blue, nose and eyebrows are light blue. There are white spots between the shoulders, and the length of shoulder hair is 160mm. The back of the body is grayish brown, with some yellow tones. From the shoulder along the outside of the upper limb to the back of the hand, it gradually turns from light gray brown to black, and the color change of the lower limb is the same as that of the upper limb. The neck, armpits and upper limbs are golden yellow, and the thighs are grayish yellow. The tail base is dark gray, black or yellowish white to the tail end, and the corpus callosum is black. Larvae is light in color, silvery gray all over, gray on the top of head, and milky gray on the inside of limbs. The tail is dark gray to yellow and white.
distribution range
It is distributed in Fan Jing, Wuling Mountain Area, Guizhou. Now the specific distribution locations are mainly in Yueba and Baizhiping in jiangkou county. Gunmuba, Tianjiaba, Baiyun Temple and Niufengbao in Songtao County; Yapanling in the upper reaches of Tao Jin and Huguo Temple in Yinjiang County.
Living habits
Habitat vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest, mixed forest of evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The activity altitude is lower than that of Sichuan-Yunnan golden monkey. Most of them inhabit the broad-leaved forest in the valley at an altitude of 500-800 meters, and most of them are found in the broad-leaved mixed forest at an altitude of 1400-2200 meters in summer ... occasionally seen near the village. Mostly gregarious. Generally, it is about 150-250, and the size of a group changes in four seasons. The range of activities is large, and the largest group has more than 400 animals. It is a mixed family group with many men and women. Food is the leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of plants. The estrus of female monkeys is summer, autumn and early winter. The main natural enemies are jackals, civets and clouded leopards.
Demographic situation
According to 199 1- 1993, there are three groups of Guizhou golden monkeys in Fan Jing, with a total number of about 550-600, and the number is growing slowly. According to Eudey 1987, the total number of golden monkeys in Guizhou does not exceed 500-670. 1995 conducted a systematic investigation on Guizhou golden monkeys, and confirmed that there are about 750 golden monkeys in Guizhou, which belong to more than 20 families and live in an area of about 40,000 hectares (Zhou Xiaonong et al., 1995).
The cause of danger
1. Before the establishment of the reserve, forests were cut down and destroyed, especially on the northern slope, and natural vegetation was destroyed by economic activities such as mining, which has not been fully restored so far;
2. Killing Yunnan golden monkey also happens frequently in Fan Jing. According to incomplete statistics, as many as 3 1962- 1977 were hunted. After the establishment of the reserve, deforestation has not been completely stopped (Tang Xiyang, 1982). Poaching has not been eradicated so far. For example, 1983, 1984 and 1994 all have hunting events. But in general, the protection has been strengthened, and each monkey group has a certain number, which creates favorable conditions for the recovery and development of the population.
Existing protective measures
Guizhou golden monkey has been listed as a national first-class key protected animal. 1978 Fanjingshan Nature Reserve was established in Guizhou, covering an area of 4 1300 hectares, mainly to protect rare animals and plants such as Guizhou golden monkey and Davidia involucrata and their forest ecosystems. 1986 approved it as a national nature reserve. After the establishment of the reserve, the protection work has been strengthened. Through publicity and education and the implementation of relevant laws and regulations, the local people's understanding of the protection of rare animals has been improved. Meanwhile, illegal logging and poaching have been brought to justice. For example, in 1984, two golden monkeys in Guizhou were hunted together (1 killed, 1 maimed) and were sanctioned by law. Therefore, the protection of golden monkeys has become a household name.
Suggested protective measures
Further effective measures should be taken to strengthen the legal system, strictly manage and severely punish illegal hunters. In addition to paying attention to the direct protection of itself, we can't ignore the protection of its habitat, especially the forest protection in the main activity area and wintering area of monkeys, otherwise its population will not be restored and developed. In its distribution area, publicity and education should also be carried out frequently to improve the consciousness of cadres and the masses to abide by the law and care for rare animals. We should also strengthen the ecological research of Guizhou golden monkey, especially the population ecology, growth mode and dynamics, and constantly provide scientific basis for protection and management. However, we must strictly control the development of aquaculture, including protected areas.
Yunnan golden monkey
Scientific name: Yunnan golden monkey
English name: Black Snub-nose monkey
Nicknames: black golden monkey, black snub-nosed monkey, snow monkey, flower monkey.
Classification location:
Primates, primates
Tail ape family
It belongs to the golden monkey
Endangered level:
CITES Endangered Grade: Appendix I Effective Date: 1997
IUCN Endangered Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
IUCN Endangered Level: Effective Year: 2003
State key protection grade: first-class effective year: 1989.
China Red Book of Endangered Animals Grade: Endangered Effective Year: 1996
Appearance characteristics:
Although it is called "golden monkey", it actually has no golden hair. The body is slightly larger than that of Sichuan golden monkey, with a body length of 740-830mm and a relatively short tail, which is slightly equal to the body length, about 5 10-720mm, but relatively bulky. The back, sides, outer limbs, hands, feet and tail of the body are all gray-black. There is sparse gray hair on his back. The neck, abdomen, buttocks and the inside of limbs are all white.
Distribution range:
It is distributed in high mountains and deep valleys on both sides of Yunling main peak between Lancang River and Jinsha River, covering an area of about 20,000 km2, and extends northward to Jingshan Mountain in Tibet, including Deqin, Weixi, Lijiang, Jianchuan, Lanping and Yunlong counties in Yunnan and Mangkang County in Tibet.
Living habits:
Inhabited in the alpine dark coniferous forest belt at an altitude of 3300-4 100 meters, it is the highest living primate found at present. The monkey colony of Yunnan golden monkey is small, mostly 20-60, and no large colony above 150 has been found. It is a mixed group with many men and women, with community-level behavior. There is no obvious seasonal vertical migration. Monkeys in the range of activities vary in size, about 20- 133.4 km2, and the average density is 1. 12-2.5 monkeys /km2. The main food is the tender leaves of conifers, overwintering flower buds and leaf buds, as well as the tender buds and leaves of usnea and birch, and the bamboo shoots and tender bamboo leaves of Fargesia from May to July. In the community observed in the middle of 1 11October, almost all adult female monkeys have cubs, which are relatively neat in size. According to their morphology, it is estimated that most of them were born in July and August. Because their habitat is higher than the altitude of Sichuan golden monkey, they are born 2-3 months later.
Demographic status:
According to the investigation report of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Li Zhixiang et al.,1979; Ma Shilai et al.,1984-1985; Yang Dehua et al.,1981; Bai Shouchang,1988; Wang et al., 1985- 1988), Yunnan golden monkey is only distributed in northwest Yunnan, starting from Mangkang in Tibet in the north and reaching Yunlong in Yunnan in the south. The number of monkeys is small, generally only 20-60, and rarely exceeds 100. It is estimated that the total population of Yunnan can hardly exceed 65438. There are about 1 1,000 mangkang in Tibet.