The Song Dynasty witnessed unprecedented economic prosperity, with great progress in agriculture, printing, paper making, silk weaving and porcelain making. The navigation and shipbuilding industries have made outstanding achievements and developed overseas trade. The large-scale comprehensive and in-depth development of the South in the early Southern Song Dynasty made the South become the center of the whole, the country, economy, culture, China and the heart, and completely replaced the North in economy, economy, culture and culture.
Song Taizu once asked his sons and grandchildren never to kill or hurt people, literature and literati, and their status in the Song Dynasty was promoted unprecedentedly. The ethos of valuing literature over martial arts reached its acme in the Song Dynasty. "Good iron doesn't nail, good people don't serve as soldiers" and "Zhu Zigui, who is full of court, is a scholar." Such proverbs are all from the Song Dynasty. In Song Zhenzong, Chen Yaozi, the top scholar, refused to be an official, occupying a high position, and his military career became higher and higher. Under a series of backgrounds, such as science, religion, tide, ebb tide, speech, theory, control, control, decline, the rise of civic culture, commerce, commodity, economy, complexity, glory and the invention of printing, outstanding literati in the Song Dynasty came forth in large numbers, knowing, knowing, sharing, thinking and feeling. Shi Yaobi thinks in "Ce Wen": "Only in the 200-odd years of my Song Dynasty, cultural relics flourished over hundreds of generations." Lu You also thinks in the preface to Lu Ji: "Song Xing, facing Confucianism, is above Han and Tang Dynasties." Later, due to the invasion and occupation of the Mongols and the ancients, China adopted the tactics of "revenge, contempt, politics and skill" against the literati, and the eight-part essay in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Qing Dynasty, North Korea, Chinese characters and prisons severely suppressed the free play of the literati's thoughts. Except in the late Ming Dynasty, China has never seen such a prosperous cultural scene as the Song Dynasty.
Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the influence of religion on social life in the Song Dynasty declined slightly, and religion became more secular and sinicized. In the second week, Zhou Shizong ordered restrictions on domination, Buddhism and religion, abolished temples and courtyards in various places, denounced Confucianism, and abolished exemptions, taxes and rights of descendants of Confucius. Song Taizu established the Song Dynasty, devoted himself to unifying the whole country, strengthening, centralizing, centralizing, controlling, unifying and governing, and inherited and developed Zhou Shizong's politics and policies in some aspects. Song Taizong appointed writers, ministers, officials and politicians, and Confucianism and Buddhism became popular. Song Zhenzong advocated that "both rites and music should be combined, and Confucianism should be turned into reality", and vigorously advocated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and at the same time advocated the unity and governance of Buddhism, religion, faith, piety, Taoism, teaching, construction, establishment, thinking, thinking, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, on the whole, religion in Song Dynasty was more prosperous than Taoism. Many emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Song Taizong, Song Zhenzong and Song Huizong, believed in Taoism, religion and state affairs, which led to the decline of the greatness and prosperity of Taoism and religion in the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties, but the aftermath remained among the people. Buddhism was attacked in Zhou Shizong in the late Zhou Dynasty and gradually recovered in the early Song Dynasty. However, Song Huizong's worship of Taoism and suppression of Buddhism suffered a slight blow, and it recovered after crossing the south, and the study of Buddhism was even more depressed than that of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are only religions among the people, namely Christianity, Mohism, Nepal, Christianity, Iraq, Sri Lanka, Islam, Judaism, Thai-Thai, Christianity and so on.
The attitude of the Song government and the imperial court towards the literati is the best, the most peaceful and the most equal in the history of China. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to examination, hygiene, quality, vegetarianism, teaching, education, career and occupation, it was also supported by the imperial court and government. When I was in Song Renzong, I sent letters to prefectures and counties to study and further improve them, including science, promotion, system and degree. In Song Dynasty, the official school was unprecedented in scale, with the government and the government as the center, and the He Wenguang Museum of imperial academy, imperial academy, Martial Arts, Law and Four Schools was established. Calligraphy, mathematics, painting and medicine are also established in China, with the central government and ministries and commissions. Local state schools and official roads are set up. To teach, a teacher must first choose, hire, change, hire, become a scholar or graduate student from imperial academy and imperial academy. Teaching, learning, family, unification, first, teaching and distribution are mainly based on the Five Classics.
In Song Dynasty, towns, commerce, commodities and economy were particularly developed. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 46 cities with a population of over100000. Including Kaifeng, Luoyang, Lin 'an, Daming, Yingtian, Zhenjiang, Pingjiang, Jiangling, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou and Quanzhou. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, has a population of more than one million and more than 6,400 shops. Song dynasty broke the system and degree of Fang, city, street and district, and shops could be opened at will. There are also night markets and dawn markets. The population of the Southern Song Dynasty in Lin 'an reached 65,438+0,250,000 in 65,438+0,274, and the city was extremely prosperous. At that time, it was called the first state in southeast China. Even after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Kyle Poirot still called Hangzhou "the city of paradise".
The tile-roofed house is an important place for ordinary people, people, tourism, music, venues and places. There are hooks and columns in it, which are specially designed for the big, the public, the entertainment and the music. There are ten tiles in East and Beijing, including East, Beijing, Dream, China and Record. Lin 'an has 23 watts. Ann. De. Well, there are some in the old Wulin. The performance content of Washer presents a new trend of commercialization, specialization, popularization and popularization. The performances mainly include rap, drama, acrobatics and martial arts. Its various forms are well received by the public.
In rural areas, clan, clan, system and degree have become the main reasons for maintaining society. Before the 20th century, China's politics and power only extended down to the county government, and were completely managed by the "township guards" and "clan leaders". Under the influence of science, teaching, culture and scholars, officials, parties, offices, science, societies, societies, rescue and help; Through learning, learning, teaching, pottery, business, people, rank, rank, learning, capital, management, learning, society, society, salvation and economy. In addition to running an academy, concluding a township contract, encouraging, encouraging, educating and educating the poor, the poor and the lonely, providing for the aged, helping, educating and educating; Run a social warehouse, have, prepare, lack, apologize; Do, protect and equip to make up for the place, the army and the clothes to protect the people. This kind of scholar's spontaneous rescue, assistance, work and labor has become a major factor in the decline of China, the country, society, society, security and stability since the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the Song Dynasty, the cooperation, meeting, saving, helping, living and moving between the government and the party were mostly temporary, timely and qualitative. Since the Song Dynasty, various states and counties have set up and established various societies, which will help save and help each other permanently, permanently, sexually, mechanically and structurally. Patriarchs protect, maintain, cooperate and meet the hierarchy and order by formulating township regulations. Land, square, gentry, scholars, communication, crossing, running, learning, saving, economy, commerce, industry, repair, bridge, paving, road and other hands, sections, buildings, music, townships and villages.
The status of women's land declined greatly in the Song Dynasty. Chastity, chastity and outlook were carried forward in the Song Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been entangled in middle, upper, lower, female, female, honest, strict, heavy, forced, harmful, female, female body, body and mind, spirit, official and prostitute.
Clothing: advocating frugality-luxury prevails.
Food: Mutton was the most common meat in the Northern Song Dynasty-the price of mutton in the Southern Song Dynasty was so high that most people could not afford it.
Housing: People's housing is relatively simple, and people who are slightly richer combine huts with tile houses.
Good: Oxcart-mule-sedan chair.
Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, is hot and humid in the south of the Yangtze River and rich in water resources. So the whole society has the habit of loving, bathing and bathing. There are many bathing places in Lin 'an city, and even an independent industry-"perfume line" ("capital Jisheng") has been formed.
There is a folk custom of beating impatiens to dye nails on Dragon Boat Festival or Tanabata in May. Such as Yan Jing. Years old. Record: "Impatiens is Impatiens, also known as henna. When the flowers bloomed in May, the children in the boudoir took them and dyed their nails. They were bright red and bone-piercing, and they were gone after the New Year. 』
At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, "Local Records" said: "On July 7, the court was swept that night, and several seats were set up for banquets, preserved wine and fruit were prepared, and fragrant powder was sprinkled on the banquet to worship the river drum (that is, the morning glory) and the weaver girl. Zuyong, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in his poem "Seeking Cleverness on Qixi": "It is more meaningful for a girl to seek a heavenly daughter. The jade court held a powder banquet, and Luo sleeve held a gold plate. It is easy to thread a needle on the moon, but difficult to thread a needle in the wind. I don't know who is smart, but I will try tomorrow. Coincidentally, the needle is threaded, or a seven-hole needle or a nine-hole needle, and a colored thread is continuously threaded. "Talking about Drunken Weng": "In fact, this needle is not available, and the needle is wide. 』
"Tokyo Dream of China Record" contains: "Mo Hohloff is very clever in Suzhou, and what Du Mu Yuan Jia made is beneficial. In the Song Dynasty, there was a toy market in Huqiu, Suzhou, which was called "Huqiu Playing with Goods". There were clay dolls, clay beauties and so on, which were colorful and well-made. Hangzhou West Lake toys, known as "local musical instruments on the lake", include clay dolls, Ying Ge and Huahu boats. "Dream of Liang Lu" said: "The inner court and your house are all made of plastic, which is also called Molo for selling, grinding, drinking and enjoying. Knowing that it is decorated with civil sculptures, children decorate it with colorful ones, cover it with blue gauze, put it under the table, surround it with green and gold tablecloths, or decorate it with jade and pearls. Song Xuyi's poem "Mud Boy" said: "Pasturing a piece of mud is a waste of plastic. Double red gauze kitchen with delicate vase bottom. Less, woman, first taste, sour taste, a happy scene. Sneak into the spirit of the master and have children as you wish. 』
On the fifth day after beginning of autumn, a new valley appeared in August, which was the Autumn House. Lu You has a poem "Autumn Society": "After the rain, the sun shines on the courtyard, and the club drums compete to return to the temple. I also saw the divine dish dividing the meat, and the coolness brought by the sand goose was unbearable. Books should be idle all day, and wine is a drink for deafness and drunkenness. Do you still remember the infinite scenery of Jinghu Lake, where the apple blossoms are scattered? 』
Dream of Liang Lu: "Watching the tide, there are first-class rogues in Hangzhou who do whatever they want, with big colorful flags, small umbrellas and small red and green umbrellas. The ministries were covered with embroidered satin, waiting for the ebb tide to leave Haimen. Hundreds of people flocked to swim on the water with flags, or made waves with their children, or held five small flags with their hands and feet. Since then, the government has banned it, but it cannot stop it. There is a saying in the poem "Watching the Tide": "When the tide stops, you will enter the city late, and the red flag is lighter than the white flag. Don't fight for the drum music in Tianjie, because you will eat waves! It can be seen that the citizens welcome hipsters like heroes.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli wrote the poem "On March 3rd, I visited Zhongxiang's tomb and scattered ten quatrains". At that time, going to the grave changed from offering sacrifices to sweeping, to taking food boxes and wine to the countryside for an outing. And many vendors selling powdered baby, like raw fruit on the roadside, rely on gambling to attract buyers. This kind of gambling is called "off, on".
In Song Dynasty, silk, hemp and wool were the main clothes. In the Song Dynasty, only Hainan had kapok-Jibeibu, and Su Dongpo wrote a poem "Leave me Jibeibu, the sea breeze is cold this year" ("Nine Poems Antique with Pottery"). There is no cotton goods in the Central Plains. At that time, the so-called "cloth" refers to products such as hemp and kudzu vine. Dongpo has a poem that says, "Plum is yellow, melon is fragrant, black gauze is white, and kudzu road is cool" ("Zuta Courtyard in the Middle Reaches of Disease"). Its lattice is a kind of cloth.
Palace, court, nobles, nationalities, officials and staff mainly wear brocade and silk. During the Song Dynasty, sericulture was very developed, and the skills of brocade were quite superb, as well as the skills of sewing, weaving, dyeing and embroidery.
"Tokyo Dream China Zhi" records the costume custom of the fair: "Selling medicine and divination, all wear crowns. As for beggars, there are also norms. A little slack is unacceptable to everyone. Its scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen all wear their clothes, each with its own true colors, and dare not cross the line. It is said that you are fragrant, scattered, wrapped and fragrant, and people will know what color it is, that is, the top hat covers the back, and the quality store is in charge, that is, the corner of the soap shirt is not covered with a top hat. "
There were strict restrictions on the clothing of scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen in the Song Dynasty. "East, Beijing, Dreams, China, Records, Folklore" by Senator Meng records: "They all sell medicine and divination with crowns. As for beggars, there are also norms. A little slack, the public will not allow it. Hundreds of people from all walks of life, agriculture, industry and commerce, have their own clothes and dare not surpass them. Calling incense, spreading, wrapping, incense and people means wearing a hat and a back; Quality. The library (when. Shop) Palm. Things, that is, wearing a soap (black) shirt corner without a high hat and so on. Pedestrians in the market will know what color this is. " It can be seen that in the Song Dynasty, in addition to the grade differences in clothing, we can also see the industries they are engaged in.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo introduced southern cooking technology, which changed the extensive eating habits of northerners. There, several major cuisines such as Beizhuan, Heather and Fan Chuan compete with each other, making the catering industry more abundant. After the Song Dynasty moved south, with the immigration of a large number of northerners, the catering industry in Tokyo also entered Lin 'an, which made the diet between the north and the south exchange again, forming a situation of "chaotic diet, no difference between the north and the south" (Wu Meng, Liang and Lu 16). According to documents such as "East, Beijing, Dream, China, Record" and "Dream, Beam, Record", the cooking techniques in the Song Dynasty have been quite superb, including boiling, roasting, frying, frying, boiling, stewing, marinating, steaming, waxing, honey, pulling onions, wine, freezing and signing.
On the Lunar New Year's Eve in the Song Dynasty, according to Dream Liang Lu, people should "clear the door, change the door, hang the bell, hang the bell and nail the peach. Symbol ". Sticking door gods and nailing peach charms are mainly to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters and pray for good luck in the new year. At first, the doorman used the bell and bowl that can play ghosts and exorcise evil spirits in ancient legends, but at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was replaced by celebrities Qin Qiong and Wei Chijingde in the Tang Dynasty. People also put up New Year pictures to add to the festive atmosphere. Due to the progress of printing technology, woodblock New Year pictures appeared at that time, which was convenient for people to buy and post. Song people also have the custom of keeping watch on New Year's Eve. "Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu" contains: "A scholar's home, sitting around the stove, can't sleep until it's over, so it's called shou sui." Yuan Wen's "Comment on the Idleness of the urn" commented: "Although the matter of providing for the aged is close to child's play, fathers and sons get together to drink and laugh, but they don't sleep at night, which is what people like."
On the first day of the first month of the Song Dynasty, after the third watch, when the fifth watch came, the sound of firecrackers resounded through the sky. Not only palaces, palaces, explosions, bamboos, mountains and sounds, but also grand ceremonies of the Yuan Dynasty will be held. The people also competed to burn, set off, explode and make bamboo, and began to worship the heavens and the earth, worship their ancestors and celebrate the New Year. When visiting relatives and friends, you should give them a business card. If you can't visit a friend's house in person, send someone to ride a horse to each friend's house and shout a few times, leaving a name thorn to show that you are coming to pay a New Year call. There are many entertainment, music, life and sports activities in the festival. For example, Northern Song Dynasty, East China, Beijing and New Year's Day have three days off. "Scholars and ordinary people have celebrated each other from a very early age ... (fragrance) is decorated with colored sheds, and combs, pearls, heads, clothes, flowers, collar socks, boots and shoes are put out and played very well. Between the song and dance halls and the karaoke bars, cars and horses cross. " At night, "expensive, family, wife, female, vertical, appreciation, vulgar, visual, admission to watch, eating in the shop, getting used to it, and not ridiculing each other" ("Dong Jing Meng Hua Lu" Volume 6). Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, New Year's Day at night, fireworks lanterns and many other entertainment activities.
Football was quite popular in the Song Dynasty. Song people wrote "Cuju Atlas" and other works on topics, theories, kicks and balls. Kicking, ball, player, team, foot knitting, ball and team include "Round Club" and "Yun Qi Club". At that time, there were two different ways to play football, one was to set the goal, match, score and number of balls, and the other was to match, match, kick and ball. There are hundreds of kinds of flowers, patterns, feet and methods. In addition to feet, you can also use the head, shoulders, hips, chest, abdomen, knees and other parts, position, posture, management, ball. Kicking the ball in the hurdle is the mode of kicking the ball in the game. Foot, ball, height, hand, generation and emergence in Song Dynasty. Su Shi's book, a boy, a tall boy, later became a minister. By chance, he showed his skills to Duan Wang (later Song Huizong) in the palace. Duan Wang appreciated it very much, left him here and often practiced with him. After becoming king, Gao Qiu was promoted to prime minister and served as the highest military attache of the imperial court for 20 years. There is also a Taoist who is very good at playing ball, and can "make the bow (ball) entangled all day long."
195 1 The western wall of the front room of Song Tomb, No.1 Baisha Town, Yuxian County, Henan Province, painted the Banquet Map. This painting is about 90 cm high and about 135 cm wide. The picture adopts the method of combining brick carving with painting, and the male and female sitting figures, tables and chairs, roller blinds and other protruding murals are 5 ~ 10 cm. Under the roller blinds and hanging curtains, there is a square table in the center, with a hip flask and a wine glass on it. On the armchairs on both sides of the table, there sat a middle-aged man and a woman. The man is on the right, wearing a police tactical unit and a round neck robe; The woman lives on the left, with a high bun, a crimson coat and a white skirt. They sit hand in hand. Behind the picture is a ripple screen. In front of the screen, three waitresses and a boy stood, waiting for their master with spittoons, boxes and fruit bowls. Opposite this mural, there is also a portrait of a woman, a geisha and a musician. There is 1 1 person in the picture. One of them dressed up as a man and danced with his arms raised high, while others stood around with various musical instruments to accompany the dancers. Looking at the two paintings together, the man and the woman sitting opposite should be the owner and owner of the tomb. They look serious and appreciate the women, geisha and music across the street. This is a popular theme in the tomb murals of the Song Dynasty. The complicated brick beams and arches in the tomb, coupled with the daily drinking and drinking life of the tomb owner, transformed the gloomy tomb and room into a warm family. This painting truly reflects the characteristics of costumes and furniture in the Song Dynasty, and also shows the scene of wealth, wealth, class, floor and people's enjoyment at that time.
The picture "Kitchen in Song Dynasty" reflects the scene of food processing at that time, and comes from 1958 portrait brick unearthed from Jiuliugou Song Tomb in Yanshi, Henan Province. On the left, Wen, Jiu, Chu and Niang, wearing a high crown and a small sleeve double-breasted coat, are standing by the square stove with a hip flask on it. Chu Niang is stirring the fire to warm the wine. There is a cook, a cook, a cook and a mother in the middle. She is wearing a narrow-sleeved coat with a collar, a long skirt with a waist and a bracelet on her wrist. She is going to tidy up the fish on the table while holding up her sleeves. There is a pot for washing fish beside the square table, as well as a stove and pot for cooking fish. Several women on the right are busy pouring water for cooking. The whole picture reflects the cooking skills and eating customs of the Song Dynasty.
Lion dance was very popular in Song Dynasty, especially the children were in high spirits. Lion dance in this period paid attention to martial arts, and performance was often combined with fighting. Lions sometimes spit fireworks to enhance the mighty and brave atmosphere. This genre painting, which pays attention to children's life, reflects the prevalence of folk dance in the Song Dynasty.
Song people have the custom of enjoying flowers. Whenever spring blossoms, men and women in the city "rush out of the city to explore the spring" and enjoy the flowers together. Dream in Tokyo, China records the number of gardens and the prosperity of flowers at that time.
Song people have the custom of making flowers in ceremonies, banquets, festivals and outings. Zanhua, also known as arranging flowers and wearing flowers, is the custom of climbing mountains in Chongyang. "The catkins in front of the curtain surprised the Spring Festival Evening, and the flowers on the head were helpless." This paper describes the scene of Su Shi enjoying flowers and arranging flowers in Hangzhou, giving a feeling that spring is fleeting and life is getting old. There is also a sentence in Huang Tingjian's words: "Flowers laugh at the old man's head, and they are ashamed, and white-haired flowers are puzzled."
In Song Dynasty, blind date and betrothal were mainly from the man's house to the woman's house. If the woman did, it would be a "hairpin crown", that is, a "hairpin crown". If she was not satisfied, it would be "to leave one or two colorful flowers to scare them, and then the marriage would not be harmonious."
Song people continued the customs of the Tang Dynasty, and liked to sit on stools, chairs and embroidered squats, with tea tables, clothes hangers, dressing tables, plush chairs and painted screens. The standard of sitting posture is hanging your legs, not kneeling. It turns out that the ancients used to sit on the floor, and it was not until the Han Dynasty that they began to sit on the bed. At first, people still sat on the floor, "whoever sits will bend his feet." At the end of the Southern Dynasties, there was gradually a "lame bed", that is, sitting on the edge of the bed and hanging your feet. At that time, the nobles sat alone in a bed, and the guests and friends sat together in a bed. The custom of sitting on the bed was introduced from the west, regions, Hu and people. Hu Chuang was widely used in Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, rich and powerful people not only had to live in their own rooms, but also had to be accompanied by attendants who carried Hu beds during temporary breaks. This kind of Hu bed has the shape and function of a stool, but because there was no title of "stool" at that time, people used to call it "Hu bed" After the Song Dynasty, the use of stools gradually increased, and the names of stools were widely used, and they were separated from the categories of beds and became stools independently. In addition, it was common for men to sit on benches and chairs in Song Dynasty, but it was amazing for women to sit on benches and chairs. Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said in Notes on the Old Learning Temple: "People are old, old, husband, family, wife and daughter sitting in chairs and playing badminton, and everyone laughs at their ignorance, method and degree." There are many kinds of stools in Song Dynasty, such as square, rectangle and circle.
In the Song Dynasty, people at a lower level who saw or looked down on their superiors all bowed or crossed their hands as gifts. Women, on the other hand, cannot kneel, bow down or salute. When the man performed the "Su Bai" ceremony, he knelt on his knees and lowered his hands. "Bowing hands" means kneeling on the ground and then touching the ground with both hands, which is a heavy etiquette. In the case of bereavement, the husband and the victim will hang their heads to the ground, and all the jewelry should be taken off at this time. Zhu proposed that "starving to death is a trivial matter, but losing salvation is a major event". He used to make women, women, shoes, soles, clothes, shoes and hair sound, making actions easy to detect, prevent, keep secret and run.
Men had the custom of hairpin flowers in Song Dynasty. Men's hairpin flowers have existed since ancient times. For example, there is a sentence in Wang Wei's "I miss my brothers in Shandong on vacation in the mountains", "Do you know where the distant brothers climb?" One person is less than one person. "Wang Changling's Nine-Day Ascension", "Dogwood should live in its temple? Jade dances horizontally. "From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, wearing dogwood flowers on the Double Ninth Festival has always been very popular. Although there were men wearing flowers in Han and Tang dynasties, it was not very common, and it was only worn on the Double Ninth Festival. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I did this occasionally. It was only in the Song Dynasty that men wore flowers and flourished. In the Song Dynasty, men not only put flowers on their heads, but also cut silk scarves and silks into horns to wear. Influenced by the hairpin flowers on women's heads, the emperor's ministers also wore hairpin flowers on their heads
The costumes of the Han nationality are greatly influenced by Qi, Dan, nationality, costume and decoration, and Han women are popular in wearing a kind of costume called Xunzi. The effect of this kind of dress worn by Qidan in Liao Dynasty is completely different from that in Tang Dynasty, but it shows the outline of a long skirt well, and women will look dignified, steady and elegant when wearing it. Raccoons were popular among women in Song Dynasty, and foot binding was also common.
Due to the decline of schools, schools, scholars and clans in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the widespread use of science, examinations, examinations, systems and degrees in the Song Dynasty really had a great impact on society. Rationality, promotion, control and moderation have turned a large number of poor scholars into scholars, big shots, husbands, ranks and grades, which has brought the government and society into close contact and opened up the management and Tao of equality, people, entry, official, line and official. By the Song Dynasty, the knowledge, rank and level of officials had gained comprehensive advantages in politics, governance, economy, law, law and culture, and they also had many, many special and powerful positions in power, geography, position, law, law and society, so the public took China to promote, appoint and serve as officials. Confucianism's loyalty, filial piety, chastity, righteousness, outlook and thinking have penetrated into the people and spread to the whole society through various means such as society, society, township, Covenant, clan, rules, family and ceremony. Since the Song Dynasty, China has been able to form a literary, cultural, social, social, ethnic and group that is far more popular than the Tang Dynasty. Base, stratum, knowledge, knowledge, teacher and son constitute the base, stratum, township and gentry, and become the bridge between village, town, hundred, surname, official and government. They mean, guide, public, * * *, work, process, support, assistance, research, schools and books, research institutes, compilation of local geography, participation, addition, land, square, sacrifice, canon, correction, collection, relief, disaster, work, work, recruitment, fundraising, land, square, self. Taxi, taxi, taxi, taxi rank and taxi rank in Song Dynasty were all bred through science and education. It is a new and prosperous nation and group with political, political, power, economic advantages and academic and cultural literacy. The combination of advantages and conditions makes this era the most common and developed in the history of China. So generally speaking, there was no obvious social hierarchy in the Song Dynasty except for some royalty and wealthy businessmen.