Cowpea is a kind of exotic vegetable, some places also call it "long bean horn", "belt bean", "chopstick bean" and so on. Because of its high nutritional value, rich in vitamin E, iron, potassium, magnesium and other elements, selenium, folic acid, and so on, and widely loved by the public. Fresh young pods have a variety of ways to eat, can be fried, cold, pickled, while the old pods can be taken as grain grain. In many places in Sichuan, people especially like to take this young cowpeas pickle pickle, sour and delicious, very under the meal.
The greenhouse cultivation of cowpea, can be divided into fall and winter stubble, winter and spring stubble, overwintering stubble, but the winter and spring cultivation is mainly. Winter and spring stubble planting is usually sown initially in late October and November, and harvested in early to mid-January.
Below, for you to share greenhouse cowpea planting technology, for farmers and friends to refer to.
I. Cultivation key technology
A. Selection of seeds. Cowpea planting in greenhouses, according to the climate, environment and other conditions of each place, generally choose the trailing varieties with good low light tolerance, moisture resistance and disease resistance, strong temperature adaptability and high economic benefits, such as Longshu cowpea, Zhihong Special Early 30 and so on.
B. Seedling. Generally speaking, planting cowpea in seedling setting way will increase the yield by about 30% than direct planting, so sowing seedling is an important measure for cowpea to mature early and increase the yield. However, because of the weak regeneration ability of cowpea root system, the seedling ridge of cultivated seedlings should not be too long, which is not conducive to the survival of planting.
Suggested nursery methods:
(1)Take rotted farm organic fertilizer and vegetable garden soil as basal soil according to the ratio of 4:6, and then configure it into nutrient soil by mixing 1kg of diammonium phosphate compound fertilizer uniformly for every 100kg of basal soil, and then disinfect the nutrient soil with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times.
(2) general sowing 3-4 kg per mu, with 25-30 ℃ warm water soaked seeds 4-6 hours.
(3) Use a 10cm x 10cm plastic bucket first filled with soil 5-7cm, then put in 3-4 soaked seeds, then cover the soil 2-3cm thick.
(4) After sowing, in order to promote seedling emergence, it is desirable to maintain the temperature at about 30 ℃ during the day, and control at about 25 ℃ at night. In general, 7 days after sowing will be able to germinate, about 10 days will come out of the seedlings. When the seedlings come out, it is necessary to appropriately reduce the greenhouse temperature to prevent the seedlings from growing in vain, it is appropriate to be around 23 ℃ during the day, and around 15 ℃ at night.
(5) one week before planting, to start low temperature seedling refining, at this time also need to ensure that the soil is appropriately moist, to prevent drought. Because cowpea seedling ridge should not be too long, so during the seedling period generally do not fertilize it.
C. Land preparation. The land where cowpea is planted should be y ploughed and harrowed beforehand, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. You can apply 8 tons of rotted farm organic fertilizer, 80-100 kg of calcium superphosphate, 50 kg of potassium sulfate per mu, spread it evenly in the ground, then turn over 30 cm deep, rake it fine and level it and make it into a ridge, keep it at 50 cm and 70 cm for the small ridge and the big one, respectively, and fasten the film on the narrow ridge, and smother it with high temperature for 4-5 days, so as to promote the transformation of fertilizers into soil nutrients.
D. Planting. Cowpea seedling age in 30-35 days can start planting. It is necessary to dig holes on the ridge in accordance with the front dense and then sparse, 25-30 cm spacing planting, each hole to ensure that 2-3 plants. After the planting is completed, timely watering planting water, when the water seepage, and then cover the soil sealed.
Two, after planting management techniques
A. Temperature management. In 3-5 days after planting, proper ventilation is needed, and smother the shed to warm up, to speed up cowpea seedling slowing. After slowing down, the temperature in the shed should be controlled at 25-30℃ during the daytime and not lower than 15-20℃ at night. In case of cowpea of fall and winter stubble, heat preservation should be strengthened in winter to prolong the harvesting period; in case of cowpea of winter and spring stubble, when the temperature outside the shed is higher than 20℃ in spring, the trellis film can be withdrawn and turned into open field planting.
B. Water and fertilizer management. The adequacy of water and fertilizer is related to the yield and quality of cowpea. After planting, pour 1-2 times of planting water to speed up the slowing down of seedlings. When cowpea buds appear, you can pour small water once, and plow and hoe. There is no need to water during the early flowering stage. When the vine is about 1 meter long, the 1st inflorescence sits on the pod, and several sections of inflorescences appear one after another, it needs to be accompanied by fertilizer and watered 1 time with thorough water, which can be about 25 kg of ammonium nitrate and 40 kg of calcium superphosphate per mu of water.
After completing fertilization and watering, cowpea grows and develops faster, when the leaves become darker in color, the lower fruit pods elongate, and the middle and upper inflorescences appear, it can be watered once more. Follow-up watering should be in accordance with the principle of "watering pods but not flowers, see wet and see dry", and after a large number of flowers, small water can be watered once every 12 days. Into the harvest period, combined with the watering of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, generally 1 water, 1 flush fertilizer, can be used per mu of ammonium nitrate about 35 kg.
Note, if there is a "resting" situation, we should especially strengthen the water and fertilizer management, in order to accelerate the lateral branch sprouting, inflorescence regeneration, and prolong the cowpea harvesting period.
C. Plant adjustment. When the height of cowpea vines reaches 30-35 centimeters and 5-6 leaves appear, it is necessary to brace in time, which can be done by drawing vines with hanging ropes or inserting herringbone braces. When leading the vines, be sure to operate carefully and do not break the cowpea stems, in order to avoid clumping of the lower side vines and few upper branches and vines, resulting in poor ventilation, flower and pod drop, and affecting the cowpea yield.
Pinch off all lateral vines sprouting below the 1st inflorescence of the main vine to ensure that soil nutrients are concentrated for the growth and development of the main vine; leave one leaf on the lateral branches sprouting at the early stage of each node above the 1st inflorescence, and leave 2-3 leaves on the lateral branches growing in the middle and late stages of the main stem, so as to promote the formation of the 1st inflorescence of the lateral branches and ensure that the fruiting branches of the lateral branch growth will bear pods. The main vine climbing full frame, grow to 15-20 sections to enter the timely pinching, in order to promote the development of flower buds on each side of the vine, flowering, pods.
After the first peak yield period, 60-100 cm from the top of the plant, the nodes that have flowered will also grow lateral branches, which need to be centered in time to retain the lateral inflorescences.
Third, pest control technology
Based on the statistics of cowpea pests and diseases in recent years, coal mold, powdery mildew, stem rot, aphids, beanstalk flies are the main ones. Below, the symptoms and control methods of these pests and diseases are described in detail.
A. Coal mold. This disease occurs more often during cowpea flowering and podding period, mainly concentrated in the old and mature leaves. High temperature and high humidity growing environment, as well as planting too dense, poor ventilation and light transmission and other fields are prone to this disease. Generally speaking, leaf dyeing this disease first appeared nearly round yellow-green spots, with the expansion of the spots and the emergence of purple-brown or brown, if the humidity is large, the surface of the leaf appeared dark gray or gray-black sooty mold.
Control measures: In addition to reasonable planting, strengthen the seedling management, heavy application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and other agricultural measures, can be in the early stages of the disease with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 70% thiophanate-methyl powder 600 times liquid spraying treatment, spraying every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row can control the disease.
B. Powdery mildew. Mostly caused by environmental factors such as large temperature difference between day and night, dewy humidity, shade, drought, etc. After the disease appeared, small white spots first appeared on the front and back of the leaves, and constantly spread outward into pieces, forming a white mold layer.
Prevention measures: reasonable planting, pay attention to drainage, reduce the humidity in the shed humidity. The disease appeared in the early stage of timely management, can be used per mu triazolone 150-200 grams, 75 kg of water spraying the disease.
C. Stem rot. Mainly caused by bacteria, ascomycetes subphylum pathogens from the stem invasion, resulting in cowpea rhizome rot necrosis, mostly appeared in high temperature and high humidity environment.
Control measures: timely ventilation and air permeability, pruning and leaf thinning, control of soil moisture, at the early stage of disease emergence, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 70% thiophanate-methyl powder 600 times liquid for spraying and treatment, spraying once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row.
D. Aphids. A large number of adults or larvae are found on the back of the leaf surface and on the young stems, causing the leaves to curl to the back and even the whole plant to wilt.
Control measures: timely removal of weeds in the shed, pests found, available 40% of Lego emulsion 600-1000 times spraying the back of the leaves, every 5-7 days 1 time, 2 times in a row.
E. Beanstalk fly. The insect infests the pith of the rhizome, causing the leaves to turn yellow, and the situation is serious enough to cause the death of the plant, mostly in hot and dry conditions.
Control measures: available insecticide double 300 times liquid control. In addition, the early stage of the pest is difficult to find, should be prevented in advance.
Four, harvest cowpea
When the pod strip grows into a uniform thickness, the pod surface grains do not bulge, but the seeds in the pod have begun to grow, it is the best time to pick young pods. It should be noted that when harvesting, do not hurt the inflorescence branches and flower buds, because cowpea has 2-5 pairs of flower buds per inflorescence, but usually it only bears 2 pods, but if managed properly it can still bear 4-6 pods, which will increase cowpea yield.