The kidney bean is China's main edible legumes, at present, the domestic usually only the kidney bean as a supplementary food, consumption is not large. In recent years, due to the growth in the number of exports, driven by the increase in the area of kidney bean planting, the production of various varieties with the changes in domestic and foreign demand is also constantly adjusted.
2. Kidney beans have what nutritional value and health functions
The nutrition of kidney beans is rich in seed protein is full-value protein, per 100g of kidney bean seeds containing protein 23.1g, fat 1.3g, carotene 0.24mg, 56.9g of carbohydrates, potassium 1520mg, 193.5mg of magnesium, calcium 160mg, 0.8mg of sodium, Phosphorus 410mg, iron 7.3mg and rich B vitamins, fresh beans are also rich in vitamin C. From the nutrient content, not only the protein content is high, and the human body essential 8 kinds of amino acid content is complete, especially the lysine content is higher. Kidney bean particles full of fat, bright color, rich in nutrients, can be boiled or stewed, is the production of pastries, bean stuffing, sweet soup, bean paste quality raw materials.
The kidney bean also has important medicinal and health care value, is a kind of nourishing therapeutic good. China's ancient medical records, kidney beans taste sweet and flat, warm, with a warm gas, stomach, stomach, stop erosion, benefit the kidneys to replenish the vital energy and other functions. Modern medical analysis also shows that kidney bean seeds contain phytohaemagglutinin, in the treatment of tumors can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; kidney bean also has to improve the body's immune system, to promote the body detoxification and other functions. Kidney beans are also a rare high potassium, high magnesium, low sodium food.
3. planting kidney beans, how to select and prepare the land
While the kidney beans are more tolerant of drought, but in order to high-yield and efficient, you should choose a high content of organic matter, loose soil, flat river or flat hillock to soil pH 6.0 ~ 7.5 is good, avoid choosing the low-lying and easy to flooded land. Kidney beans avoid heavy stubble, welcome stubble, forbidden in legume crop stubble planting, stubble to wheat, corn, potatoes, flax and other stubble is appropriate. Kidney bean cotyledons out of the ground, young shoots top soil ability is weak, need to fine ground, the best voluntarily autumn deep pine, flat turn the ground, deep turn, deep pine base of the plot, can be autumn harrowing (pick net stubble), harrow depth 12 ~ 15cm, harrowing rake fine, and then ridge suppression, to reach the state of to be sown; no deep turn, deep pine base to be the first to carry out the deep turn or deep pine, deep turn depth of 15 ~ 18cm, deep pine depth of 25 ~ 30cm Then the ground is leveled to the state to be sown.
4. How to seed treatment of kidney beans before sowing
Select suitable ripening, high yield, high quality, strong resistance to excellent kidney beans as the main planting varieties. Selected varieties of seed selection, mechanical seed selection or artificial selection. Select the seed full, glossy seeds, remove the spot particles, broken particles, miscellaneous particles. Selected seed treatment, to germinate artificial seed sowing can be 2~3 days before sowing with 1% formalin solution soaked seeds for 20 minutes, and then rinse with water to kill the anthrax germs on the surface of the seed, with warm water (40 ℃) soak the seeds for 3~4 hours, germination at a temperature of 25~28 ℃ for 24 hours, embryonic root top broken seed coat (i.e., spit white) can be placed in the shade to be sown. Mechanical sowing can be 1~2 days before sowing with 5% of the seed weight of 50% carbendazim wettable powder mix, to prevent root rot.
5. Planting kidney beans, how to control underground pests and root rot
On the grubs, mole crickets and other underground pests occurring in heavy plots, before sowing per hectare with 50% phoxim granules 22.5kg plus 450kg of fine soil, mixed well with the sowing of seeds applied to the soil, or seedling per hectare after the use of 50% phoxim emulsified oil 1,500ml, 750kg of water to irrigate the roots. Phoxim in the light of the soil in the effective period of insecticide up to about 60 days, but due to easy photolysis, should avoid light work, also can not be mixed with alkaline substances.
Brue bean root rot control, pre-sowing with 50% carbendazim and 50% Fomite cream mixed with fine soil 10 times, sprinkled in the hole before sowing. If during the growth of kidney beans, found to have macerated root disease plants, do not water at this time, to first cultivate the soil, and then with 500 times of 65% anthrax Formica plus 2000 times of strong root agent formulated as a solution to irrigate the roots of each plant 150 ~ 250g of liquid, once a week, continuous irrigation of the roots of the 2 ~ 3 times, the disease plant can be restored to growth. The early stage of the disease can also be used 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid irrigation, 500mL per hole; or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times liquid irrigation, 500mL per hole.
6. kidney beans sowing technology
Brass beans suitable for a long time to sow, when the soil 5cm deep ground temperature stabilized through 12 ℃ can be sown in spring; summer sowing in the previous crop After the harvest in time to grab moisture stubble, sowing. Cave sowing, strip sowing can be. The density of planting kidney beans should be sparse rather than dense, too dense and serious collapse, and pod rate is low. General sowing for small grains of kidney beans 30 ~ 45kg / hm2, medium and large grains of kidney beans 60 ~ 75kg / hm2. pre-sowing seed fertilizer, pay attention to the seed, fertilizer isolation, the general seed fertilizer to be applied in the seed under 4 ~ 5cm, do not seed fertilizer in the same place, so as not to burn seeds; each hole sowing 3 ~ 4 seeds, sowing depth of 4 ~ 5cm, and finally cover the soil.
7. What are the technical points of field management of kidney beans
(1) and time, set seedlings. Kidney beans should be timely after the emergence of seedlings, seedlings, seedlings should be carried out in the seedlings appear 3 ~ 4 true leaves, generally 1 ~ 2 seedlings per hole.
(2) Plowing and weeding and fertilizer. Fertilizer to nitrogen fertilizer, and with the appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer, potash. There are two methods of fertilization, one is to apply less before flowering, moderate amount after flowering, heavy application at the peak of pods, not partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; the other is barren land subdivided nitrogen, respectively, before flowering, after flowering.
(3) irrigation. Combined with the pursuit of fertilizer, fertilizer, irrigation, generally in the seedling, flowering period watering once.
8. Fertilization techniques for kidney beans
Brass beans fertilizer to layered fertilization is appropriate, heavy application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, less nitrogen fertilizer.
(1) base fertilizer: 15,000~30,000kg per hectare of well-rotted, high-quality farmyard manure, combined with a one-time application of ground preparation.
(2) seed fertilizer: 67.5~75.0kg of diammonium phosphate, 37.5~45.0kg of urea, 37.5~40.5kg of potassium sulphate per hectare.
(3) follow-up fertilizer: foliar fertilizer spraying 1~2 times in the beginning of the flowering period of the kidney bean or in the podding period, 1.5kg of potassium phosphate per hectare, mixed with 450kg of water to carry out foliar spraying.
9. How to water during the growth of kidney beans
Brue beans like moderate moist soil conditions, not drought and flooding. The suitable soil humidity during the growth period is 60% to 70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field, and the relative humidity of the air is 80%. Seedling period, draw vine period should be rooted, sitting flowers, in order to prevent the stem from growing, it is appropriate to less watering, diligent plowing. Flowering period of the most sensitive response to soil moisture, flowering period of soil drought, high rate of flower drop, resulting in low yield, poor quality. Therefore, kidney beans in addition to light watering 1 time after the seedling, until the first layer of fruit pods in jail for this period of time, should be plowed 2~3 times. Blossoming pods, combined with fertilizer watering 1 time, and then keep the soil dry and wet, that is, "dry flowers and wet pods" watering experience, in order to increase the yield and quality of pods.
10. How to control diseases, insects and rodents of kidney beans
Tiger, grubs and bean borers are common main pests of kidney beans, tigers harm seedlings, grubs adults harm buds and flowers, bean borers harm leaves and young pods. Seedling can be used to kill the ground insects, the dosage of 1 bag / mu, to ensure that a whole seedling. During the flowering period, use 21% Mirex 3,000 times liquid or 30% methamidophos 1,000 times liquid to spray liquid at the base of the plant to prevent and control the adult grubs. Bean borer drilled into the corolla before, has not yet harmed the pod bud stage, with 90% trichlorfon or lego 800 ~ 1000 times liquid every 3 ~ 4 days, continuous spraying control 2 ~ 3 times, the effect is obvious.
Brass bean diseases are mainly leaf rust and brown spot disease, horn blotch disease and fusarium wilt, the first three available 0.5% Bordeaux solution or 50% methyltobutazin 500-800 times liquid spray, fusarium wilt can be used to 75% Chlorothalonil 1600 times liquid or 70% of Dixon 1500 times liquid spray. In order to ensure increased production and harvest, it is necessary to strengthen the control of rodent pests.
11. How to determine the appropriate harvest period of kidney beans
The timely harvest, the granule is to ensure that kidney beans and harvest is one of the important links. Kidney beans (especially trailing kidney beans) pod maturity over a long period of time, the maturity of the early and late inconsistency, harvested early, affecting the fullness of the grain; harvested late, but also due to fried pods or cloudy and rainy days and loss of yield. Generally when 80% of the pods from green to yellow, the seeds become inherent shape and color, seed moisture content of about 40%, should start harvesting. Harvest before 10 a.m. or after 4 p.m. each day to prevent losses due to pod blowing. When harvesting, you can pull up the seedlings and put them in a dry place to air-dry before threshing.
General quality standards for harvesting kidney beans: 14% or less moisture, 0.5% or less impurities, no more than 1% of foreign-colored grains, 3% or less imperfect grains.
12. How to carry out the safe storage of kidney beans
Dried kidney bean seeds in the warehouse before storage, to be cleaned and graded, with the seeds of disease and insects can not enter the warehouse. Kidney bean seeds before entering the warehouse, but also with aluminum phosphide fumigation, if the warehouse volume is small, and can be sealed, fumigation in the library can be; if the warehouse is larger, should be fumigated in batches after entering the warehouse. Stored seeds allow the water content, due to different climatic conditions and changes. In the south, its water content can not exceed 11%; in the north, the library is well ventilated, the seed water content is allowed to be 13%.