Zhuang nationality has its own language, which is classified by China scholars as a branch of Zhuang-Dai language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, while some foreign scholars classify Zhuang language as Australian-Thai language family according to cognates. Zhuang language is very similar to Thai, Lao and Dai. Zhuang language has its own writing, which has been used by people since the Tang Dynasty (7th century) in China. Han people call them ancient Zhuang characters, while Zhuang people call them "sawndip", which means new characters, because these characters are composed of Chinese radicals. However, this Zhuang language is not widely used by the whole people, and it is mostly used for writing place names, compiling folk songs and taking notes. In the 1950' s, the government experts of China * * * Production Party created Zhuang language based on Latin alphabet, which was partially revised in 1982. However, this language has not been popularized in Zhuang areas, but officials in Zhuang areas say that it has no conscience, which seriously violates the party's spirit of seeking truth from facts and damages the party's ethnic policy. However, this writing method is not popular in Zhuang areas, but officials in Zhuang areas have no conscience to say that this writing method is popular, which seriously violates the party's spirit of seeking truth from facts and damages the party's ethnic policy.
eating habits
Zhuang people in most areas are used to eating three meals during the solar eclipse, and Zhuang people in a few areas also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, usually porridge, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and vegetables are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas, which naturally become their staple food.
Daily vegetables include green vegetables, melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, kale, spinach, bitter gourd, even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, as well as the habit of pickling vegetables, such as sauerkraut, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard, salt and chopped green onion when cooking.
Zhuang people love to eat any kind of animal meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chickens, ducks and geese. Some areas don't eat dog meat, and some areas like to eat dog meat. Pork is also cooked in whole pieces, then cut into square pieces, and then put the seasoning back into the pot. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 70-80% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot before cooking, so as to keep the dishes delicious.
Zhuang people like hunting and cooking game and insects, and they are very good at the diet of Panax notoginseng. Cooking with flowers, leaves, roots and whiskers of Panax notoginseng is very distinctive. Zhuang people are also good at roasting, frying, stewing, salting and marinating, addicted to alcohol, with spicy and sour tastes, and like to eat crispy dishes. The main specialties are: spicy blood, roasted meat, banker roast duck, salty liver, crispy fried bee, spiced bean worm, fried worm, skin liver, ginger rabbit meat, glistening fried frog and fried chicken.
Zhuang people also brew rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine, which are not too high. Among them, yellow rice wine is the main drink for festivals and entertainments. Some yellow rice wines are called chicken gall and chicken offal wine, and chicken offal and pig liver wine. Drink the chicken offal wine and pork liver wine in one gulp, and chew the chicken offal and pork liver left in your mouth slowly, which can not only relieve the hangover, but also be eaten as a dish.
Typical food: There are many famous dishes and snacks of Zhuang nationality, mainly including horseshoe pole, raw fish, roast suckling pig, glutinous rice with flowers, Ningming Zhuang zongzi, champion firewood, white-cut dog meat, crispy chicken, braised cross-section dog and dragon pumping.
architectural style
The houses of Zhuang people living near the dam area and towns are mostly brick-wood structures, with white exterior walls and decorative patterns painted on the eaves. Zhuang people living in remote mountainous areas, their village houses are mostly tile-roofed houses or straw houses with civil structures, and the architectural styles are generally semi-dry fence and all-ground style.
Gan Lan, also known as Mulou and Diaojiaolou. Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Miao and Han all have it. Most of them are two floors. There are usually 3 or 5 rooms upstairs for people to use. The lower floor is the wooden building column foot, which is composed of bamboo pieces and wooden boards. It can be used as a stable for livestock, and can also be used for stacking farm tools, firewood and sundries. Some also have attics and annex buildings. Generally, dry fences are surrounded by mountains and rivers, facing the fields, with broad prospects and good lighting. A stockade and a community, on the whole, are magnificent. In some villages, families are connected and integrated, just like a big family. The layout of the living room has its own characteristics. The trunk wall of Zhuang nationality in Longji Township, Longsheng County is centered on the shrine. Behind the shrine, there is a public house (centered on the hostess), and the left corner is the woman's house. There is a small door communicating with the public house. The housewife's room is in the right corner. The husband's room is outside the hall on the right. The guest room is in the left corner of the lobby, and the girls' room is next to the stairs in the right corner, which is convenient for them to communicate with boys. The biggest feature of this layout is that husband and wife live in separate rooms and follow ancient customs. At present, the internal structure of the main fence has changed slightly, but the basic pattern remains unchanged.
Dress style
There are three main colors of Zhuang costumes: blue, black and brown. Zhuang women have the habit of planting cotton and spinning. Spinning, weaving and dyeing are cottage industries. The cloth made of self-produced and sold cotton yarn is called "home machine", which is thick and wearable, and then dyed blue, black or brown. Indigo can be dyed blue or cyan, fish pond can be dyed black, and yam can be dyed brown. Zhuang costumes are different. Men's and women's costumes and headdresses for men, women and unmarried women have their own characteristics.
Men's and women's wear
There are two kinds of men's wear: right lapel and double lapel. The right lapel shirt has no collar, and the button is opened from the right armpit to the waist and turned to the center, and then opened three or four inches. The lapel is inlaid with colorful cloth edges more than one inch wide, fastened with copper buttons and tied with long belts; A tight shirt with an open chest, only the length of the navel, is worn at work. Women's wear has a collarless right lapel, but the sleeves are larger than men's, nearly feet wide and knee-wide, with welts, and the edges are wide and thin, usually more than two or three. The cloth on the inside of the shoulder is opposite to the outside, and three lines are sewn, which is called "reverse shirt". The buttons of men's and women's shirts are brass buttons or Bunyo. Men's and women's trousers are basically the same in style, with hem, commonly known as "bull's head trousers". Married women have a lace Chinese-style chest covering, and a spiky tube is hung on the left side of the waist trousers, which is connected with the key and makes a "noisy" sound when walking. Men's robes are used to wearing robes and wearing a short coat outside, commonly known as "robe plus coat". At first, they wore a round hat. Later, they wore a hat. In modern times, Zhuang people's clothing styles have been basically modernized, but the older generation still generally wear blue and black.
Strange headdress
Unmarried women like long hair and bangs (to distinguish whether they are married or not). Usually, they comb the left hair to the right (about 37 minutes) and fix it with a hairpin, or tie a long braid and a colored towel at the end of the braid and fix it on the top of the head at work. Married women comb their hair into a dragon and phoenix bun, gather it into a chicken (phoenix) hip shape from back to front, and insert silver or bone cross hair pins. Nowadays, people who rarely wear green gauze white handkerchiefs mostly use black handkerchiefs or flowered handkerchiefs. Most of them are middle-aged women and like to embroider their foreheads. In winter, women wear black wool hats, and the fancy of the brim changes with age. Both men and women wear cloth shoes. Middle-aged women love to wear their own cat-ear cloth shoes, commonly known as shoe cats, which are shaped like sandals, ears and heels. They are strung together with a flat gauze belt and tied at will to adjust the tightness. Children's headdress: Children's hats are uncovered hats sewn with embroidered strips of two or three inches wide. The Zhuang customs recorded in ancient books, such as "stepping on the foot" and "covering the forehead", are reproduced on children's hats, which can not only protect their heads, but also play a decorative role. Babies' suspenders are much larger and butterfly-shaped than those of ordinary Han people. The butterfly body is three feet long and two feet four inches wide. It is embroidered with patterns or bagua Gankun pictures, and rarely embroidered with words. The "butterfly wings" on both sides are nine feet long and one foot two inches wide. This kind of strap is called "pull". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the size of this kind of suspenders gradually became smaller, and some suspenders were called "wax" in strong words. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the size of this kind of suspenders gradually became smaller, and some suspenders were embroidered with words such as "safe entry and exit" and "happiness" to replace the original patterns.
Both men and women wear cloth shoes. Middle-aged women love to wear their own cat-ear cloth shoes, commonly known as shoe cats, which are shaped like sandals, ears and heels. They are strung together with a flat gauze belt and tied at will to adjust the tightness.
Etiquette introduction
Zhuang nationality is a hospitable nation. In the past, guests who visited any Zhuang village were regarded as guests of the whole village. Often several families take turns to invite them to dinner, sometimes five or six at a time. Usually, we have the habit of visiting each other. For example, if a family kills pigs, we will invite everyone in the village to have a meal. Be sure to prepare wine for the guests at the table, which will be very grand. The custom of toasting is to have a drink. Actually, a white porcelain spoon is used instead of a cup.
When guests arrive home, they will try their best to give them the best accommodation, especially the elderly and new guests. When eating, you must wait for the oldest old man to sit down before eating; The younger generation must not eat the dishes that the elders have not touched; When serving tea and rice to elders and guests, you must hold it in your hands, not in front of the guests or behind your elders' backs. Those who finish eating first should say "enjoy your meal" to their elders and guests before leaving; The younger generation can't eat the whole table.
Respecting the old and loving the young is the traditional virtue of Zhuang nationality. Old people in Lu Yu should take the initiative to say hello and give way. Don't cross your legs, swear or cross over the old people. When killing a chicken, the head and nose of the chicken must respect the old man. The old people in Lu Yu You Yue should be called "Grandpa" for men and "Grandma" or "Old Lady" for women. When you meet a guest or a person with a heavy load, you should take the initiative to make way. If you encounter the burden of the elderly, you should take the initiative to help and send it to break up.
Taboo content
Zhuang people are taboo to kill on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas avoid eating beef and dog meat; For the first three days (some for the first seven days), women were forbidden to let outsiders in; Women who have not yet given birth to a full moon are forbidden to visit their homes. When you board the bamboo building of Zhuang people, you usually take off your shoes. It is forbidden for Zhuang people to wear hats and bring hoes or other farm tools into their homes, so they should put down their farm tools and take off their hats when they arrive at the door of Zhuang people's homes. Tanghuo and bathhouse are the most sacred places in the Zhuang family. It is forbidden to step on the tripod and stove on the Tang Huo with your feet. When young Zhuang people get married, pregnant women are forbidden to participate, especially pregnant women can't see the bride. Especially pregnant women can't enter the maternal home. If there is a pregnant woman at home, it is forbidden to hang sleeves, branches or knives on the door. If you accidentally break into the maternal home, you must give the baby a name and a set of clothes. A chicken or corresponding gift becomes a child's Platini and godmother.
Culture and art
Zhuang people are good at singing. Youjiang area is called "Huan", Zuojiang area is called "Poetry", and northern Guangxi area is called "Bi" and "Huan", all of which mean singing folk songs. There is a regular folk song called Gewei. The date of the concert varies from place to place. The third day of the third lunar month is the most grand. More than 10,000 people attended the Dashan Song Festival. The content includes songs, begging songs, passionate songs, antithetical songs, polite songs, pushing songs, disc songs, changing songs, parting songs, love songs, farewell songs and so on. Liu Sanjie, known as the "singing fairy", is a typical representative of a singer. During the concert, there will also be recreational activities such as throwing hydrangeas and "touching eggs" between men and women. During this period, families eat five-color glutinous rice. Wenshan, Yunnan also sang Zhuang opera and held a material exchange meeting. In the past, the Zhuang people planted rice once a year (that is, one season), and the third day of March was the time to prepare for farming. Ge Wei is making material and spiritual preparations for spring ploughing. Eating five-colored rice and five-colored eggs means wishing the grain a bumper harvest.
It is characterized by a strong combination of Buddhism and Taoism, especially Taoism. In addition, God worships folk gods, such as natural gods, social gods and patron saints. And the worship ceremony varies with the function of the gods.
Buluotuo is a mythical figure in the oral literature of Zhuang ancestors. He is the god of creation, ancestor and morality. His achievements mainly include creating heaven and earth, creating everything, arranging order and formulating ethics. "Buluotuo" is a transliteration of Zhuang language, and Buluotuo's "cloth" is a respectful name for the venerable old man. "Luo" means knowing, "Tuo" means being creative, and "Buluotuo" means "mountain top", "old man in the mountains" or "omniscient old man". Buluotuo is one of the intangible cultural heritage lists in China.
Buluotuo Jing is a classic of MOZ (Zhuang witchcraft), which praises Buluotuo, the ancestor of Zhuang nationality, for creating all things in the world, standardizing human ethics, encouraging people to pray for eliminating disasters and evil spirits and pursuing a happy life. This classic poem runs through the primitive religious consciousness of nature worship and ancestor worship. Each chapter of the Buluotuo Sutra can be an independent chapter. Because much of its content is the creation of the universe, it can be said to be the creation epic of Zhuang nationality; Because its lyrics are folk songs and sung in sacrificial ceremonies, it can also be said to be Zhuang religious literature.
Buluotuo vividly describes the "natural" process of Buluotuo's creation of heaven, earth, sun, moon, stars, fire, Gu Mi and cattle. And told people about the formation of the sky, the earth, the sun and the moon, the origin of human beings, the origin of various crops and livestock, and the living customs of ancient people. This epic enthusiastically eulogizes the great achievements of Buluotuo, a demigod and demigod ancestor of Zhuang nationality, in creating human nature. The whole poem, with 10,000 lines, has been circulated orally in Youjiang, Hongshui River Basin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Wenshan, Yunnan since ancient times.
The content of Buluotuo Shi Jing can be roughly divided into three parts in nature: creation myth, ethics and religious taboo. Its academic value is various. The content of Buluotuo includes six aspects: Buluotuo's creation of heaven and earth, man, everything, emperors, almanac and ethics, which reflects the history of human beings from barbaric times to farming times and the tribal society of Zhuang ancestors.
historical?figure
In the long history of every nation, many great or far-reaching figures have emerged. "The types of men and women-people produced by a civilization precisely show the essence and personality of this civilization, that is, the soul of this civilization". (1) Zhuang nationality is no exception. Therefore, outstanding historical figures of the Zhuang nationality always emerge one after another: Buluotuo (the cultural ancestor of the Zhuang nationality), Luo Cheng (Rong), Liang Feng (the king of Zhennan), Pan Chang 'an (the king of Annan), Huang, A Nong (the biological mother of the farmer, "Wang Ya"), and Nong (who once built "Dali Kingdom" and "Nantianzong"). There are many outstanding historical figures, such as (the leader of modern peasant movement in China), Lu Rongting (1859- 1928, the warlord of the old Guangxi clan), Wei Guoqing (former vice chairman of the National People's Congress), Gan (former vice chairman of the National People's Congress), Huang Xianfan (founder of modern ethnology in China), Tan, Huang Rong and Li Ning.
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Festival celebration
There are many festivals in Zhuang nationality, almost every month. Among them, the Spring Festival, "March 3rd" and "July 14th" are the most important festivals of Zhuang nationality.
Hainan Li nationality
Historical investigation of tattoo custom of Li nationality
Li tattoo has a long history. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been written records. It is a rare cultural phenomenon among all ethnic groups in the world.
Tattoos, as a traditional culture, are the remains of the matriarchal clan society of Li nationality, the product of matriarchal system, the artistic crystallization of primitive religions-nature worship, ancestor worship and totem worship, and the symbol of cohesion, appeal and vitality in the history of Li nationality. Today, a small number of Li elderly women still retain the historical imprint of tattoos. These flesh-and-blood color paintings add bright colors to the history of the Li nationality.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Li women generally stopped following the custom of tattooing.
Li nationality originated from Luoyue people in China. The customs of Luoyue nationality recorded in China's early books cover Li nationality. In other words, only the Li people can see traces of history in these records.
The earliest record of Luo Yue's tattoo custom is Sima Qian's Historical Records. Zhao refers to Li Wenshen of Hainan Island, saying that "the sage views his hometown, so he benefits the people and enriches the country because of his time" and "Ou Yueren". "Suoyin" quoted Liu as saying, "Beads and ears are called. Here, it was explained in a positive tone with the special case of tattoo. For "clothing", we can't insist on unity, nor can we insist on different regions, because "different places are used for change, things are different, and rituals are easy." "The customs formed by the regional environment are very different and understandable, including tattoos.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yang Fu said in the History of Foreign Things: "When I was young, I was a foreigner. When you are born, you have to carve out your cheek skin, and even your ears have to be divided into several branches, hanging down to your shoulders like chicken intestines. " This record is the first time in ancient books to describe the line system of tattoos and the body parts of words. This complex tattoo art can be inferred that there was a long tradition before Yangfu. But what Yang Fu said is that the life stage of a tattoo refers to the time of birth. This is different from what was said later. Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty quoted Wang Fan from Jiaoguang Chunqiu in the Jin Dynasty in the Notes on Water Classics, saying that the two counties of Yu 'er (in fact, the whole Hainan Island at that time) were "carved by different species". The article does not specify when tattoos are in life; But it says: "Women are beautiful, fair, with long hair and beautiful sideburns." This obviously means that women reach puberty. In Song Dynasty, Zhou Qufei's Answer to the Outside of the Ridge said that the tattoo was "female hair in a female year", which refers to the age when a woman can send her hair, that is, adulthood. Fan Chengda's Gui Zhiman also affirmed "women and women's cheeks". Zhao's "Various Miscellanies". Hainan also thinks that "women and women are just cheeks". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was the same saying as in the Song Dynasty, but in Qu Dajun's Cantonese Dialect in the Qing Dynasty, there was another sentence: "Female generals should write lyrics", or as in Zhang's novel, "Female generals get married with tattoos and nirvana." In this way, it is wrong for yangfu in the Eastern Han Dynasty to say that Li people were born with tattoos.
The old lady is 86 years old, but she is in good health and can knit scarves. What she did, when she got a tattoo, her body was swollen for more than a week, which was very painful.
How many old woman's tears are there behind that beautiful tattoo?
In the classics of the Song Dynasty, another problem of tattoos was raised: distinguishing the noble from the poor through tattoos. Song Yueshi first pointed out that when tattooing, there are many rich articles and few poor articles. "But it depends on the number of articles to distinguish it from others." Zhou Qufei said that "maids don't embroider". In this regard, Qu Dajun in Qing Dynasty retorted in "Guangdong New Language": In the past, Lebanese women's tattoos were considered beautiful, and more embroidery was more expensive, and maids were not allowed to embroider. These statements are "none of them are true!"
There are many ancient books describing Li women's tattoos in past dynasties, and most of them are objective records, without praise or disparagement. However, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, this custom, which has been passed down for thousands of years, is sometimes regarded as a bad habit by politicians, and it is suggested that Li women get rid of it. In the spring and February of the seventeenth year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, My Humble Book. According to Huang Zuo's Guangdong Tongzhi, in the same year, Ming Di worshipped Tong Yin as a satrap, and Tong Yin advised his people not to carve their cheeks while stipulating that officials should not be greedy for treasures. Obviously, Tong Yin equates the tattoos of ordinary people with the greed of officials, and both are being abolished. The difference is "persuasion" and "caution"! The effect of "persuasion" has not achieved the purpose of attracting yin, and the custom of tattoo has not changed and has continued. In the Ming Dynasty, Yu also mentioned a suggestion that tattoos should be banned. In the early years of the Republic of China, the government repeatedly banned tattoos. However, it has been repeatedly banned: "Since 1924, the official hall has explicitly banned it, and offenders will be punished, and there are fewer and fewer young Li women who fall out of favor. However, in remote ravines, tattooed people are still the same. " In 1930s, R&F Branch strictly prohibited tattoos, with little effect! Today, in some dialects where Li people live in compact communities, some elderly women still have traditional patterns embroidered on their faces, chests, hands and legs. The most prominent individual phenomenon is 1963. There are female tattoos in the West Village of Dongfang City. Tattoos, as the traditional culture of Li nationality, have a long history and are relatively stable.
The legend of tattoo:
Hainan Li culture has a history of 3,000 years, and people have different opinions on the causes of Li tattoo. It is said that tattoos are a legacy handed down by ancestors. If a woman doesn't get a tattoo when she is alive, her ancestors will disown her after her death, and she will become a homeless wild ghost.
The tattoos on the daughter are all based on the mother's tattoos.
The altar was lit with incense and filled with sacrifices; The old man in charge of the sacrifice slowly read out the words of praying for the peace of his ancestors. A girl of twelve or thirteen is waiting for a sacred ceremony. ...
This is an adult ceremony for this girl in a small village of Li nationality in the deep mountains. After the ceremony, she will be tattooed with a unique Li dialect tattoo.
Although tattooing on the skin is a painful thing for many people, dialect tattooing is sacred and pure in the Li tradition.
Dialect tattoos vary from language to culture.
The ceremony needs to be held on an auspicious day in autumn. The hostess in the village presided over the ceremony at the girl's house. In the girl's room, the hostess soaked chicken feathers or rushes in blue-black water made of dried herbs and charcoal ash, and drew pictures representing Li nationality's design symbols on the girl's face, neck, body and limbs. After that, the master daughter uses a needle tattoo made of bamboo thorns or rattan stems according to the drawings ... When the tattoo water penetrates into the girl's skin, the tattoo will remain for life.
Li nationality is an aborigine of Hainan Island, which has a history of more than 3,000 years. Mainly distributed in 9 cities and counties such as Wuzhishan, Sanya, Dongfang and Baisha, with a population of 6.5438+0.2 million.
With the continuous integration and communication between Li and other ethnic groups, this unique female tattoo of Li is rare now. Now young Li girls have stopped tattooing. This primitive cultural phenomenon can only be seen in some elderly people over 50 years old in some Li villages in mountainous areas. At present, there are only 1000 elderly people left. Maybe in more than ten years, this unique culture will disappear forever.
Among the Li people, there are five dialects. Li tattoo is also different due to the differences in language and cultural characteristics, resulting in five unique dialect tattoos.
The total area of dialect tattoos accounts for 40% of the skin on the body surface.
The total area of dialect tattoos on Li women accounts for 40% of the skin on the body surface. In addition to the totem patterns worshipped by different ethnic groups, such as frog pattern and tree pattern, Kazak dialect group highlights semicircle pattern and bracelet pattern, Qi dialect group highlights double diagonal lines, Runyan dialect group highlights leaf pattern and square pattern, and Mobil dialect group highlights spring pattern, pattern and geometric pattern.
In the Li nationality, the tattoos of daughters are all based on the tattoos of mothers, and the patterns of mother and daughter gods should be exactly the same, so as to ensure the continuation of the most distinctive symbol of the ethnic group.
People have different opinions about the causes of tattoo of Li nationality. It is said that tattoos are a legacy handed down by ancestors. If a woman doesn't get a tattoo when she is alive, her ancestors will disown her after her death, and she will become a homeless wild ghost.
Another view is that tattoos are the remains of Li matriarchal clan society. In ancient times, women held a high position in Li villages, and all women lived in their parents' homes after marriage. Li Wenshen is the product of matriarchal clan system and primitive religion's worship of nature, ancestors and totems. This is a rare primitive cultural phenomenon. For more than 3,000 years, the Li people have inherited the rules handed down by their ancestors and the symbols inherent in the ethnic group.
These exquisite tattoo patterns are amazing. In the words of Professor Wu, a ethnologist, "Tattoos are Dunhuang murals of the Li nationality in Hainan Island. It is a miracle that no nation in the world has been preserved for more than 3,000 years like the Li nationality. "
Li dialects are divided into five dialects: Kun, Qi, Mobil, Local and Sai. Among them, Serbian is also called "Taiwan" or "Jiamao" dialect. "Taiwan" is the phonetic change of "Sai" and "Jiamao" is a place name. Run dialect is a local dialect. Xunhua is also called Harbin dialect.
Xun dialect is mainly distributed in parts of Ledong, Dongfang and Lingshui Li Autonomous Counties and Changjiang and Baisha Li Autonomous Counties in Hainan Province. Qi dialect is mainly distributed in Baoting, Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County, Tongshi City and some areas of Dongfang and Changjiang Li Autonomous County in Hainan Province. Local dialects are mainly distributed in Baisha Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province. Mobil dialect is mainly distributed in Dongfang and Changjiang Li Autonomous County of Hainan Province. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Sai dialect are quite different from other dialects.
Protect the tattoo culture of Li nationality with a history of more than 3000 years.
According to the traditional custom of Li nationality, tattooing is a necessary procedure for Li nationality women to end their teenage life and enter adulthood. Zhou Weimin, a professor at the School of Humanities, Hainan University, said that the history of female tattoos in the Li nationality has lasted for more than 3,000 years.
Grandma looks very kind.
However, influenced by modern lifestyles and aesthetic concepts, the ancient custom of tattooing for Li women gradually disappeared from the 1960s. Wang, director of the Cultural Propaganda Department of the Hainan Provincial Department of Ethnic and Religious Affairs, told reporters that nowadays, the cultural value of Li women's tattoos has been re-recognized, and governments at all levels are taking actions to protect the tattoo culture of Li people.
At the end of 2005, Li Tattoo was listed in the first batch of intangible cultural heritage protection list by Hainan Provincial People's Government. At present, the Hainan provincial government is applying to the national cultural department to include the tattoo culture of Li nationality in China's intangible cultural heritage protection list.
At present, the surviving tattooed women of Li nationality are all elderly people. After their death, the history of tattoo of Li women will come to an end. Wang said that the government's current protection of the tattoo culture of the Li nationality is not to encourage young women of the Li nationality to get tattoos again, but to completely preserve and record the tattoo materials of Li women by means of words, pictures, audio and video, and to study and inherit the cultural connotations of anthropology and folklore contained therein. Hainan Province has organized and published a number of Li tattoo cultural albums and monographs.
Fifty years later, the beautiful patterns on grandma's face are still clear.
With the advocacy and funding of the government, scholars began to pay attention to the study of tattoo culture of Li nationality. Min and Tang Lingling, professors from the School of Humanities, Hainan University, have taken more than 2,000 photos of Li women's tattoos for many years, and conducted a comprehensive collection and research on Li tattoo patterns. Zhou Weimin told reporters that the survey results show that there are still about 2,000 tattooed women in the Li nationality, which is the largest number of traditional tattooed indigenous people in the Pacific Rim.
Professor Zhou Weimin believes that the tattoo patterns and patterns of the Li nationality have remained basically unchanged for more than 3,000 years. Therefore, although there are no characters in Li nationality, tattoo patterns record the ancient historical and cultural information of Li nationality, which is a rare cultural genetic phenomenon in human history and national history.
Li is one of the 0/9 ethnic minorities in China/Kloc, with a population of over one million. At present, the total population is about 6.5438+0.24 million, and most of them live in Hainan Island, the southernmost part of China. Until the 1950s, the Li nationality in the mountainous area of central Hainan still retained the social form of patriarchal commune, worshiping ancestors, nature and totems, and forbidding consanguineous marriage.
Professor Zhou Weimin said that these national characteristics of Li nationality have been reflected in tattoo patterns. There are five branches of the Li nationality, and the tattoos of women in each branch have become the symbols of different clans and tribes of the Li nationality according to the patterns inherited by their ancestors. Young Li men can know whether they belong to an ancestor by looking at the tattoo patterns of women. Therefore, there are basically no deformed children who are married and have children by close relatives in Li nationality areas.
For example, in Mobil, women use geometric square patterns, spring patterns or grain patterns, while in Li Run, women use leaf patterns or square patterns. Frog is one of the most admired animals of Li nationality, so the tattoo of Li nationality often takes frog as the main pattern. When Li women reach the age of eleven or twelve, they must receive tattoos and complete the rite of passage.
Wang frankly, director of the Cultural Propaganda Department of the Department of Ethnic and Religious Affairs of Hainan Province, said that there is still controversy in the society about the action of protecting the tattoo culture of Li women in Hainan Province.
Iceberg Salon, a cultural organization initiated by Peking University, Tsinghua University and Hainan Alumni Association of Renmin University, has formed two opposing views on whether Li Wen's figure should be protected in Hainan Province. Some people think that tattoos are an ugly social phenomenon and should not be protected by government resources.
However, Wu, a professor at South-Central University for Nationalities, commented that the tattoos of Li women are "Dunhuang murals carved on human bodies". Tattoo patterns reflect the aesthetic concept, religious belief and social organization form of the Li people, which has important sociological and anthropological research value and is a precious and unique human cultural heritage.