1. Fritillaria cirrhosa is the underground bulb of perennial herbs such as Fritillaria cirrhosa, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Fritillaria Gansu and Fritillaria purpurea. It is named because it is mainly produced in Sichuan, but it is produced in Tibet, Gansu, Xinjiang, North China and Northeast China. Fritillaria cirrhosa is slightly cold and bitter. Entering the heart and lung meridian has the function of moistening lung, relieving cough and resolving phlegm. Clinically, it is often combined with Radix Adenophorae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Asparagi, Folium Mori, and Flos Chrysanthemi to treat phlegm heat, dry phlegm, cough due to lung deficiency, chronic cough, scanty phlegm, dry throat, blood in phlegm, cardiothoracic stagnation, lung flaccidity, and lung abscess. However, people with cold phlegm and wet phlegm should be forbidden to take it. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that Fritillaria cirrhosa contains many alkaloids such as Fritillaria cirrhosa, which has many pharmacological effects such as lowering blood pressure and exciting uterus.

2. Fritillaria thunbergii is the underground bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii, a perennial herb of Liliaceae. Because it is named after Zhejiang, it is called northern Zhejiang for short. Because of its origin in Xiangshan, Zhejiang, it is also called elephant Fritillaria, or elephant shell for short. Because its shape is larger than Fritillaria cirrhosa, it is also called Fritillaria cirrhosa. At present, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan and other places also have production. Fritillaria thunbergii tastes bitter and cold. Entering the heart and lung meridian has the functions of clearing away heat, resolving phlegm, resolving stagnation and detoxifying. It is often combined with Radix Scrophulariae, Concha Ostreae, Herba Taraxaci, Trichosanthis Radix, Fructus Forsythiae, Coicis Semen, Herba Houttuyniae, Rhizoma Phragmitis, Prunellae Spica, Sargassum, Thallus Laminariae, and Rhizoma Curcumae to treat cough, carbuncle, and scrofula caused by phlegm heat. It can be combined with cuttlefish bone, concha arcae preparata, Rhizoma Bletillae, Coptidis Rhizoma, Evodia rutaecarpa, Radix et Rhizoma Pinelliae to treat stomachache, acid regurgitation and heartburn. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that Fritillaria thunbergii contains a variety of alkaloids, such as Fritillaria thunbergii has the functions of relieving bronchial smooth muscle spasm, reducing bronchial mucosal secretion, dilating pupils, lowering blood pressure and exciting uterus.

3. Fritillaria thunbergii is the tuber of Fritillaria thunbergii, a perennial climber of Cucurbitaceae. Location: Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places. Fritillaria thunbergii is cool and bitter in taste, and has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling, resolving hard mass, eliminating carbuncle and discharging pus. It is often combined with oyster, Trichosanthis Radix, Coicis Semen, Houttuynia Cordata, Gleditsia sinensis, Squama Manis, Prunella vulgaris, seaweed and kelp. Clinically, it is used to treat breast abscess, lymphoid tuberculosis, abscess, mumps, etc.

The difference between three kinds of Fritillaria is that:

1. Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae is the bulb of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae of Liliaceae. Its nature is bitter, sweet and slightly cold. Function of clearing heat and moistening lung, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Indications: dry cough due to lung heat, cough due to yellow phlegm, cough due to fatigue due to yin deficiency, expectoration with blood, etc.

2. Fritillaria thunbergii is the bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii in Liliaceae. Its nature is bitter and cold. Function: clearing away heat and resolving phlegm, resolving stagnation and detoxicating. Indications: wind-heat, dryness-heat, phlegm-fire cough, lung carbuncle, breast carbuncle, carbuncle swelling, sore poison, etc.

3. Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae is the tuber of Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae of Cucurbitaceae. Its nature is bitter and cold. It can detoxify, dissipate stagnation, eliminate carbuncle and reduce swelling. Indications: breast carbuncle, scrofula, sputum nucleus, sore swelling, snake bite, etc. In recent years, it has been used to treat tumors.

4. Fritillaria cirrhosa is good at clearing heat and moistening lung; Fritillaria thunbergii is good at dispersing lung and clearing heat; Fritillaria thunbergii is good at dispersing stagnation and reducing swelling. Clinical use should be distinguished.