Common wild waterfowl
Common wild waterfowl, the tail fat glands of waterfowl are particularly developed, and waterfowl breeding is a characteristic industry in my country. my country's waterfowl breeding ranks first in the world, with an annual slaughter volume of approximately 4.5 billion, accounting for more than 80% of the world's total. Let’s take a look at common wild waterfowl. Common wild waterfowl 1
1. Goose is a kind of duck in the order Anseriformes and belongs to the domestic goose. The ancestors of domestic geese are wild geese, which were domesticated by humans about three to four thousand years ago. Now they are raised all over the world. The goose has a large head, a flat and wide beak, and a sarcoma on its forehead. The neck is very long, the body is broad and strong, the keel is long, the chest is plump, the tail is short, and the feet are large and webbed. It eats grass, is cold-tolerant, gregarious and has strong disease resistance. It grows quickly and has a longer life span than other poultry. Weight 4 to 15 kg. The egg incubation period is one month. It lives near ponds and other water bodies and is good at swimming.
Goose is a kind of poultry domesticated by humans. It comes from wild swans or greylag geese. Chinese domestic geese are descended from swan geese, while European domestic geese are descended from greylag geese. Goose is a species of duck in the order Anseriformes. Domestic geese are vegetarians among geese and will not eat meat at all. Don’t think that geese will eat fish and shrimps if they live in the water for a long time, and they grow fatter than ducks. In fact, they only eat aquatic plants, algae, etc., including artificial feed or vegetables. Their favorite food is rice.
Domestic geese are very gregarious. They line up neatly when walking and spread within a certain range when foraging. When a goose is alone, it will chirp loudly. Once it is echoed by its companions, it will follow the sound and return to the flock.
When raising geese, there should be an adequate supply of drinking water and small amounts and frequent meals. In the early stage of brooding, the ratio of concentrate to green feed is about 1:2. Later, the ratio of green feed is gradually increased. After 10 days of age, the ratio is changed to 1:4, and the concentrate should be full-price feed. Spring brooding starts grazing from 5 to 7 days old. Choose a sunny and windless day, place the fed goslings on the flat tender grass in the brood room, and let them eat grass freely. When starting grazing, the time should be short, usually about 1 hour, and then gradually extended.
After one week of grazing, when the temperature is suitable, you can combine the release of water and drive the goslings to shallow water, allowing them to enter the water and play in the water on their own. Do not force the goslings into the water to prevent colds and colds. The specific age at which to start grazing and watering should depend on the temperature. It can be 1 to 2 days earlier in summer and a few days later in winter. The grazing time and distance should increase with age, and gradually transition to grazing to exercise the goslings' physical fitness and foraging ability, reduce supplementary feeding of concentrates, and reduce feeding costs.
2. Duck. Phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrates, order Birds, order Anseriformes, Anatidae, animals of the genus Anatidae, domesticated from wild mallards and spot-billed ducks. It is a common poultry. Duck is the collective name for waterfowl of the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae, and subfamily Anatidae. It is a kind of water and land amphibian. But it cannot stay in the water for too long and is an oviparous animal. Duck is the general term for waterfowl of the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae, and subfamily Anatidae, which can be divided into wild ducks and domestic ducks. Wild ducks are relatively small in size and have short necks. They live on the water all year round and have strong diving abilities. They feed on small animals (small fish, shrimps, etc.) in the water.
When raising ducks, a metal mesh about 50 cm high should be placed around the duck shed. Ducks are waterfowl, and duck sheds are often wet and full of feces and urine. The method to keep the duck shed dry is to remove the excrement and urine, ventilate and expose it to the sun, and sprinkle it with dry sand, or lay a floor with small gaps made of bamboo strips or wooden boards on the ground in advance.
Ducks need to be free-ranged. During the free-range process, the ducks will look for food on their own. Ducks are clumsy and cannot go up trees to peck, which provides a guarantee for low fence grazing in orchards. Apples, pears, apricots, hawthorns, persimmon trees, walnuts and other gardens with good soil and water conditions and tall or old trunks can be stocked. In order to make up for the lack of feed during the stocking period, free-range ducks should be fed in a timely manner.
Ducklings are raised starting from the age of 4 weeks. The early stage is the brooding period and can be raised in captivity or cages. The ducklings are fed once in the morning and once in the evening to make up for the lack of energy. As the ducklings grow, the supplementary feeding of the ducks can be determined based on the weeds, wild vegetables, and insects that the ducks eat. During the main period of stocking, supplementary feeding will be done after returning to the shed at night, and enough drinking water will be prepared to satisfy the needs. Ducks cannot be petted casually because ducks are more wary.
We should first gently touch its body, then hold its abdomen with both hands and pick it up.
After touching the duck, in order to prevent the infection of the bacteria carried by the duck and prevent the occurrence of salmonella and other fungal infections, you should wash and disinfect with medicated soap or alcohol. The method of training ducks to go into the water depends on the weather and temperature. When the weather is warm, you should insist on going into the water every day. On rainy days or when the temperature is low, you do not need to go into the water. After getting off the water and ashore, let the ducks comb and dry their feathers in a windless, warm place before driving them back to the duck house. Common wild waterfowl 2
Waterfowl include ducks, geese, swan geese, gray geese and other poultry animals that use the water as their living environment (among them, migratory waterfowl include swans, geese and ducks, and three types of cranes: red-crowned cranes and white-naped cranes. Crane, Demoiselle Crane). The tail fat glands of waterfowl are particularly developed. Most of these migratory birds live in places with water, such as wetlands and shores. In addition, waterfowl such as ducks are good at playing in ponds. Waterfowl have very rich down feathers in winter. They mainly look for food in the water, and some species have migratory habits.
A general name for various species of ducks, geese, and swans in the United States, sometimes including unrelated aquatic birds such as webbed chickens
Waterfowl, and Loon etc. In the UK, the term waterfowl only refers to swans, geese, and ducks that are domesticated for viewing. The above-mentioned wild birds are called waterfowl.
Waterfowl belong to the order Birds, order Anseriformes, and occupy a dominant position in the northern hemisphere (the largest number in North America). However, they can be found all over the world except Antarctica. They live in a variety of wetlands, from urban ponds to Arctic Ocean bays. All species in this order are remarkably similar in appearance, with short legs, webbed toes, relatively long necks and wide, flat mouths, and most are good swimmers.
Domestic waterfowl come from mallards, American ducks, dusty geese, and geese. Waterfowl breeding is a traditional industry in China. In recent years, due to the low cost, short cycle and quick results of duck and goose breeding, it has achieved rapid development. In the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure, it has been highly valued by countries around the world.
With the development of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, the market demand for duck and goose products is increasing. The number of waterfowl raised continues to increase. According to statistics, China's total waterfowl population accounts for more than 60% of the world's. It is estimated that the number of waterfowl breeding will also increase steadily for a long time to come. Common wild waterfowl 3
The development status and characteristics of China's waterfowl industry
China's waterfowl industry includes meat duck, egg-laying duck and meat goose industries, providing consumers with safe, high-quality and healthy ducks every year It produces 7 million tons of meat, 1.4 million tons of goose meat, and 4.5 million tons of duck eggs, and provides 50,000 tons of duck and goose down for the textile industry. China is rich in waterfowl species resources, and has initially formed a breeding system for improved species that can meet the consumption needs of diversified duck and goose meat products. However, it is still necessary to strengthen breed selection and establish a diversified, differentiated, and specialized breed breeding system to solve the current contradiction between waterfowl meat quality and demand
To improve the economic value and benefits of waterfowl breeding. China's waterfowl breeding methods are in the stage of transformation and upgrading from "extensive to environmentally friendly". To this end, the research and development of resource utilization technology of waterfowl excrement should be accelerated to improve utilization efficiency.
In recent years, our country has systematically researched and proposed a number of data on the nutritional requirements of ducks and geese, and formulated scientific and practical Chinese duck feeding standards, which has significantly improved the scientific and technological content and feed utilization rate of Chinese duck feed. Promoting the healthy and efficient development of the duck industry. However, we should further study and establish China's waterfowl nutritional technology system to improve the effectiveness, scientificity and practicality of feeding standards.
Waterfowl are an important part of China’s rural economy
The waterfowl industry is a characteristic industry in my country. In the past 30 years, the annual growth rate of ducks and geese in my country has exceeded 5%. According to survey data from the National Waterfowl Industry Technology System, the annual slaughter volume of meat ducks and geese in China reached its peak in 2011, with approximately 3.793 billion meat ducks and 7.69 million tons of meat produced; and 495 million meat geese production. The meat production reaches 1.81 million tons; duck and goose meat production accounts for about 1/3 of my country's total poultry meat production.
In 2012, my country's duck meat market entered a relatively stable period, and the slaughter volume of meat ducks was the same as in 2011.
However, in March 2013, my country's Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai had "outbreaks" of non-breeding personnel being infected with H7N9 influenza. Under the influence of many media competing to report the spread, duck meat, goose meat and duck eggs had difficulty in circulation, and their consumption increased significantly. The production volume of meat ducks fell by more than 25% in 2013, and the industry suffered heavy losses.
The production situation of meat ducks, laying ducks and meat geese in my country from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Table 1. In China, duck eggs are deeply loved by consumers. In 2015, the total duck egg production reached 4.22 million tons, accounting for 15% to 20% of the total poultry egg production. Goose down and duck down are very important products in the waterfowl industry, with an annual output of about 50,000 tons and a value of primary products exceeding 15 billion yuan. my country's current meat duck, laying duck and meat goose industries are concentrated in parts of East China, South China and Southwest China where the economy is relatively developed.
Annual meat duck production and laying duck stock in 14 provinces and municipalities including Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Henan, Guangdong, Hebei and Chongqing. The 10 provinces and cities of Guangdong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning are the main production areas of meat geese in my country, and their slaughter volume accounts for the country's total slaughter volume. More than 90% of the amount.
Specialized waterfowl species provide support for diversified consumption
The number of people in China who consume duck meat, duck eggs, and goose meat products is close to 1 billion, and Concentrated in the economically developed eastern, southern and parts of the southwest, and the consumption characteristics of duck and goose meat in different regions are significantly different. The four provinces and cities of Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan specialize in roasting and roasting. Among them, Beijing roast duck has become the business card of Beijing food. Roast goose and roast duck in Guangdong and Guangxi are famous throughout the country; Jiangsu mainly Consumption of "salted duck, salted goose"; Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan and Chongqing and other places mainly consume braised duck and braised goose, soy duck and soy goose, salted duck, etc.; Zhejiang mainly consumes old duck soup, braised duck and white chopped goose; Shanghai mainly consumes braised duck goose, wind goose, etc. Different types of duck and goose meat products require raw material support from varieties with different production performance characteristics.
The main varieties of meat ducks raised in China include Chinese Peking ducks, imported Peking ducks from the British Cherry Valley Company, and local shelducks. Among them, Chinese Peking duck breeds only account for 10% to 15% of the market, British Cherry Valley Company's Peking ducks account for 65% to 70%, and local shelduck breeds account for about 20%.
The meat duck varieties of the American Maple Leaf Farm Company and the French Orvia Company account for a small market share. Muscovy ducks and semi-muscovy ducks of the French Kelimer Group are mainly raised in Fujian and surrounding areas. They have a large market share, with an annual slaughter volume of more than 100 million, and the annual slaughter volume in Taiwan, my country, exceeds 10 million. Only.
China’s local Peking duck breeds are divided into 2 types. The first is a fat type of Peking duck, which grows quickly, has thick subcutaneous fat and a high sebum rate, and is suitable for processing Peking duck and Cantonese roast duck foods; the second is a lean type of Peking duck, which has a high breast and leg meat rate and a high sebum rate. The efficiency is low and it is suitable for processing salted duck, salted duck and braised duck.
For example, China’s commercial Peking duck can reach a weight of 3.2 kg at 38 days of age, a feed-to-weight ratio of 1.90:1, a breast meat rate of 15.5%, and a leg meat rate of 12.5%. Its production performance reached a very high level. The local shelduck varieties used for meat production in China mainly include lacy duck, Linwu duck and Ji'an red duck. These local shelducks grow slowly and have good meat quality. They are mainly used for processing saltwater duck, braised duck and salted duck. Traditional duck foods such as duck with soy sauce are very popular among consumers.
In my country, duck eggs are mainly consumed in the form of salted duck eggs and preserved eggs. In Guangdong and Guangxi, preserved egg porridge is a home-cooked food for local residents. There are many varieties of laying ducks in China, which are unique. Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck, mountain shelduck, Youxian shelduck, Jingjiang duck, etc. are all excellent local laying duck breeds. The egg production at 500 days of age is 280~320, and the feed-to-egg ratio is 2.65~2.85: between 1.
Among them, Shaoxing duck has gone through more than 20 years of systematic breeding and has developed characteristics such as high yield, early maturity, and green shells. Its hybrid] [The age of onset of birth of the matching line is 108 days, and the age of 72 weeks is The egg production can reach 327, the average egg weight is 69.8 g, the feed-to-egg ratio is 2.65:1, the green shell rate is 98%, and the annual population is more than 80 million. The Jinding duck is large in size, cold-resistant, and suitable for northern China. When raised, the adult female duck weighs 1.67 kg, the adult male duck weighs 1.60 kg, the egg production at 500 days of age is more than 280, the average egg weight is 72 g, and the feed-to-egg ratio is 2.85:1;
Mountain Shelduck It is the smallest laying duck species in China and is mainly raised in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. The adult female duck weighs 1.35 kg and the male duck weighs 1.32 kg. It can lay more than 300 eggs at 500 days of age, and the feed-to-egg ratio is 2.80:1. At present, duck egg consumers in China generally like to eat green shell duck eggs. Therefore, Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck and mountain shelduck mainly produce green-shell duck eggs.
China is rich in meat goose resources. The roast goose in Guangdong and Guangxi mainly uses local gray goose varieties such as lion head goose, Yangjiang goose, black mane goose, etc. as raw materials. Among them, the lion-headed goose is the largest and fastest-growing goose species in China. The weight of an adult male goose is 8.5~9.5 kg, and the weight of a female goose is about 8.0 kg;
The saltwater geese and wind geese in Jiangsu and Shanghai are the most popular. Local Yangzhou goose, Northeastern open-eyed goose, Sichuan white goose, etc. are used as raw materials; the consumption of braised goose in Anhui, Sichuan, Chongqing and other places mainly uses local white-feathered meat geese such as Wanxi white goose and Sichuan white goose as raw materials; East Zhejiang white goose Goose is mainly used to process "white chopped goose", which is deeply loved by consumers in Zhejiang. In the meat goose breeding industry, how to improve the reproductive performance and production efficiency of breeding geese in different regions deserves careful study.