Characteristics of citrus germplasm resources;
Diversity: it is more obvious in citrus related plants, such as citrus. , deciduous, can withstand the low temperature of -26℃.
Fertility of distant hybridization: interspecific hybridization of citrus plants is easy to succeed, and interspecific hybrids include: orange, orange, orange, orange and kumquat.
The classification of plants are: big-winged orange, citron lemon, grapefruit, orange and wide-skinned citrus.
The related plants of citrus have been used and evaluated: kumquat, bitter orange, southern orange and southern orange.
China is an important citrus origin in the world.
Citrus has two main classification systems. The classification of citrus plants, especially citrus, is quite different in subgenus division, classification level and species status determination. According to the identified species, W.T.Swingle identified *** 16 citrus species. 1954, Saburo Tanaka was identified as 150 species, 1977, and developed into 162 species. The focus of this classification system lies in the understanding of species and their division.
Citrus in China mainly has the following characteristics:
1. has a long cultivation history and rich germplasm resources. China is the origin of many citrus varieties in the world, with a cultivation history of more than 4,000 years. Many citrus varieties around the world were originally introduced from China. Citrus is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces.
2. The citrus species in China are mainly broad-skinned citrus. In China, wide-skinned citrus accounts for 60% of the total citrus output, citrus accounts for 30%, and grapefruit accounts for 10%. In the world, citrus is the main citrus, accounting for about 63%, wide-skinned citrus accounts for 17%, grapefruit and lemon account for 20%.
principal item
4. 1 Rinan 1 (Satsuma mandarin-fresh and processed canned orange petals)
Mandarin orange is the main variety of citrus cultivation in China. At present, early-maturing varieties such as Miyagawa and Xingjin are widely planted, and the maturity is generally in the first half of 5438+ 10. Reng Zhang, a mid-mature variety, accounts for a large proportion. However, few varieties matured before 10, and even fewer performed well. Popularizing very early-maturing citrus varieties can advance the supply period of fresh citrus fruits in China. If it is planted in combination with some special microclimate conditions in China, the maturity can be advanced to the end of August, resulting in benefits similar to those of protected citrus in Japan.
Variety source: Rinan 1 was bred from the variation of 10-year-old Xingjin early-maturing satsuma mandarin.
Features: the tree is stronger than the star, with less dense branches and leaves, long internodes and large leaves, and its shape is similar to that of ordinary satsuma oranges. The fruit is oblate and weighs 120g. The fruit began to color in mid-September, and was completely colored in mid-June 10, earlier than Miyagawa. In the first ten days of 10, its acid content was below 1%. High sugar content and good flavor.
Because of its early maturity, strong tree potential and easy cultivation, this variety is encouraged to develop in Japan. This variety has been introduced into China, and has performed well after the test. It is also one of the very early-maturing citrus varieties recommended for development.
4.2 Ota Ponkan (Ponkan)
Ponkan is the dominant variety and main export variety of wide-peel citrus in China. At present, the maturity of cultivated varieties is mainly middle maturity, and early maturity and late maturity varieties are less cultivated. In the next few years, the promotion of early-maturing and late-maturing citrus can effectively improve the international competitiveness of our citrus.
Variety source: Ota ponkan was introduced from Shizuoka, Japan.
Features: The tree shape is wider than that of ordinary ponkan, with weaker tree potential, smaller leaves, thinner branches, oblate fruit and sunken top; The orange peel is thick, the fruit surface is smooth, the average fruit weight is 150g, the peel is thin, easy to peel, and there are many juices, the soluble solid content is 1 1%- 12%, and the acid content is 0.7%. In the case of self-pollination, most fruits are seedless. This variety is characterized by early coloring of peel and early deacidification of pulp. It can be harvested in the middle and late June of 65438+1October-165438+1October, and ripens in the same place 15-20 days earlier than ordinary ponkan. Not very resistant to storage. By the middle and late June of 1, the flavor of fruit became weak. It can be developed into early-maturing ponkan.
4.3 Late Yan Xi Phragmites australis (Ponkan)
Variety source: selected from bud mutants of common citrus. It was bred by Agriculture Bureau of Changtai County, Fujian Province and Yan Xi Youth Fruit Farm of Changtai County, Fujian Province. It was approved by Fujian Crop Variety Approval Committee on 1994 and by National Crop Variety Approval Committee on 1996.
Characteristics: This variety ripens 2 months later than ordinary citrus, and matures from late October to early February in Zhangzhou1Fujian, with stable late maturity. Single fruit weight145-154g, flat top, tight peel, less seeds and smaller seeds. Average transverse diameter is 7. 13, longitudinal diameter is 5.52 cm, soluble solids13.6-15.1%,acid 0.9- 1.0%, and 4-7 seeds. This variety has the characteristics of high and stable yield, high quality and strong stress resistance. Fujian takes Fuju, Lime and Fructus Aurantii as rootstocks, which can keep the characteristics of late maturity.
4.4 Xiangshan Red (Citrus)
Since 1990s, China has introduced a number of citrus varieties from Japan and the United States, some of which are of excellent quality and have great market potential. Most hybrid oranges have the blood of Clementine oranges and have a special flavor. Appropriate development of hybrid citrus varieties in China's wide-peel citrus producing areas can increase the variety of colors and meet different market demands. At present, there are many kinds of citrus introduced, but few of them perform well. Some of them require higher accumulated temperature, some have more seeds, or have poor storage resistance. At present, the main performance is' Xiangshan Red'.
Variety source: Cao Tianxin, a new variety introduced from Japan in Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, passed the examination and approval of Zhejiang Province in 2002 after years of breeding.
Features: the tree shape is open, the crown is small and the tree shape is moderate; The branches are slightly thinner. Flowers are small, solitary, with little pollen, only strong fruiting ability and seedless; Cross pollination can form seeds. The single fruit weighs 200 grams, is neat in size, oblate in shape, with orange-red peel and early coloring, and was completely colored from mid-June to February in 5438. Pericarp thinner, about 3 mm; The fruit has a smooth surface and a sweet orange aroma; The pulp is orange-yellow, soft and juicy, with thin capsule wall and no bitterness; The pillar in the middle is very small. The soluble solid content of mature fruit is 1 1%- 12%, and the acid content is about 1%. Xiangshanhong is sensitive to citrus canker. Susceptible to citrus decline virus, the stem sag is light to moderate, and the fruit stalk is cracked near the peel. This variety has good fruiting performance, high yield, excellent quality and good flavor. The flowering period is late, the maturity is also late, and the acidity is late when the temperature is low in autumn. We should try our best to choose a warm and windy site environment for cultivation. Citrus areas along the southeast coast of Zhejiang and areas with good microclimate conditions can be developed appropriately, suitable for planting in areas with winter temperature above -3℃, and can also be promoted as protective varieties.
4.5 Fuben Navel Orange (Navel Orange)
In recent years, navel orange has developed fastest among all citrus types in China, especially in southern Jiangxi, and has become the main planting type. However, the navel orange varieties cultivated at present are mainly medium-ripe Newhall, followed by Penner. With the large-scale nursery put into production, the excessive concentration of maturity will lead to a serious decline in benefits. Among the three dominant citrus industrial belts planned in China, the Gannan-Xiangnan-Guibei citrus belt and the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River (Yunyang to Zigui) will mainly develop navel oranges in the future. In the next few years, the newly developed orchards should mainly promote the planting of early-maturing, middle-late-maturing and late-maturing varieties, especially from Yunyang to Zigui, and should make use of ecological and climatic advantages to develop late-maturing navel oranges to extend the supply period of fresh navel oranges in China.
Variety source: This variety is native to Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, and is a branch change of Washington navel orange. Its main feature is that the fruit surface is thick red, so it is also called Fuben red navel orange. At present, it is the main variety developed in the United States and Australia.
Characteristics: This variety has strong tree vigor, large round or oval fruit, obvious short radial grooves around the pedicel, red and orange fruit surface, crisp and juicy meat, excellent quality, early maturity and high yield. The tree is medium in potential, relatively open, with thick and sparse branches and large and thick leaves; The fruits of Fukumoto, which were introduced from Japan earlier, are oval or spherical, and most of them are spherical recently. The fruit is large, generally weighing 200g, with red and orange surface, full of luster, crisp and juicy meat, sweet and less sour, and good quality; Soluble solids 1 1- 12%, solid acid ratio 1 1.7. 1 1 In the middle of maturity, in the same area, the color is 7 days earlier than Newhall navel orange, and the color is stronger; The yield is medium, similar to Newhall navel orange.
4.6 red meat navel orange
Variety source: This variety was introduced from the United States, formerly known as caracalla. This variety is a bud variety of Washington navel orange, which was discovered in Venezuela in the mid-1980s and introduced to Huazhong Agricultural University from Florida in the 1990s. 200 1 passed the joint examination (recognition) of Hubei Variety Committee.
Characteristics: The phenology of this variety is similar to other varieties. The maturity of Hubei is 65438+early February, and its biggest feature is that the pulp is even red and the coloring pigment is lycopene. Different from anthocyanin of blood orange pigment, xylem and vascular bundle of branches are slightly red. Sometimes in the same tree, the xylem of some branches is normal white, but it does not affect the red flesh. The fruit is about 200 grams in size, with a nearly spherical shape and a closed navel. This variety has strong branching ability. If you don't pay attention to proper thinning, it is easy to have slender branches and smaller fruits, and even affect the fruits. In some places, the fruit is small, so we should pay attention to thinning the fruit to ensure the fruit size. Strong flowering ability and strong sprouting ability, so we should pay attention to the early fruit protection. This variety has good storability and special fragrance after storage for a period of time. The experiment in Zigui, Hubei Province showed that the fruit could be kept fresh until March, and still maintained its due hardness and flavor, so it could be cultivated as a late-maturing variety in frost-free areas.
Suitable area: This variety is suitable for planting in navel orange producing area. Pay attention to the place with high accumulated temperature, which is beneficial to the formation of red. Pay attention to fruit preservation. If there are too many branches in spring, they can be thinned appropriately to improve the fruit setting rate and overcome the problem of small fruit.
4.7 Zaojin Sweet Orange (orange juice processing and fresh sweet orange varieties)
China's orange juice processing industry is developing slowly, while China's orange juice consumption market is growing very rapidly, which is in sharp contrast. Most of the consumption of orange juice depends on blending Brazilian juice, and one of the reasons is the lack of supporting processing varieties and planting scale in China. At present, although there are varieties of sweet oranges suitable for orange juice processing, such as hamlin and Jincheng, due to the mismatch of planting scale, especially in the mature period, the processing plants lack supporting raw materials. Strengthening the cultivation of special varieties for orange juice processing is the basis for developing orange juice processing in China. At present, hamlin is the early processing variety, Jincheng orange is the middle processing variety, and Satsuma mandarin is the late processing variety. Hamlin sweet orange has a high yield, but the fruit is small and the juice is pale. At present, the cultivated summer orange varieties have more seeds and smaller fruits. In recent years, several good varieties have been selected by introducing trial planting. The popularization of these varieties can accelerate the development of orange juice industry, optimize the industrial structure of citrus in China and improve its benefits.
Variety source: This variety is a seedling variation of a local sweet orange variety in Brazil. As a processed variety imported from the United States in recent years, it tends to replace hamlin sweet orange. In recent years, it has been introduced into China and achieved initial results.
Characteristics: The fruit of this variety is nearly spherical, with orange peel and luster. Maturity is 65438+1next month-165438+1early month. The juice yield and color are deeper than those of hamlin sweet orange, and the yield is better.
4.8 Delta Summer Orange (Summer Orange)
Summer orange is the latest kind of citrus, and it is also the main variety of orange juice processing in the world. Summer oranges mature late, usually from March to May.
Variety source: This variety is Fuling Summer Orange, which is a seedling variation and bred in South Africa.
Characteristics: The fruit of this variety is slightly larger and richer than Fu Orange. Moreover, the fruit is mostly in the inner side of the crown, which is less damaged by wind and has a high rate of good fruit. The fruit quality is excellent, nearly seedless, with a few fruits bearing 1-2 grains, and its sugar and acid content is lower than that of standard rich orange, especially in the early stage of fruit bearing, the edible maturity is l-3 weeks earlier than that of rich orange.
4.9 Honey Nai Summer Orange (Summer Orange)
Variety source: This variety is a budding strain of Fuling Summer Orange, which was bred in South Africa.
Characteristics: the fruit is spherical and the skin is smooth. Its main features are high juice yield and excellent flavor. Honey Nai Xia orange is 2-4 weeks earlier than Fu Ling Xia orange, but it can be harvested at the same time as Fu Ling Xia orange. Because the peel is thin and dense, with high oil content, it is difficult to peel off.
Suitable area: This variety is suitable for planting in the climate with sweet orange quality.
4. 10 Luther Red Summer Orange (Summer Orange)
Variety source: This variety is a budding variety of Fuling Summer Orange, which was bred in Florida, USA.
Characteristics: the fruit is spherical and the skin is smooth. The main characteristics are that the color of fruit juice is darker than that of ordinary summer orange, the tree is strong, the fruit is early, the fruit is large and the yield is better. The maturity is similar to that of summer orange.