Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook.f.

(Wang Pei Zhu Bang Chang)

Alias

Naked barley, metamorphic barley, rice barley

Morphological characters

Annual herb. Culms hollow and erect, smooth, 70-120 cm tall, with 3-8 nodes. Each culm has 4-8 leaves, leaf blades 15-20 cm long, 8-22 mm wide, slightly scabrous; leaf sheaths smooth, mostly shorter than internodes, or basal ones longer than internodes; at tasseling stage, the epidermis of the leaf sheaths secretes a waxy texture and is pinkish gray. Ligule at junction of leaf blade and leaf sheath, membranous, 1-2 mm long; flanked by two auricles, crescent-shaped, encircling the basal culm. Spike erect, 4-8cm long (except awns), 1.8-2cm wide; rachis bearing 3 fully developed spikelets per node; spikelets sessile, each spikelet only 1-flowered; glumes striate or striate-lanceolate, pubescent, apex acuminate-awned, 8-16mm long; lemmas rectangular-rounded, 10-11mm long, with 5 veins. Lemmas rectangular, 8-16 mm long, 10-11 mm, 5-veined, awn 10-15 cm long; grains completely separated from glumes at maturity. Seeds are generally 6-9mm long, 2-3mm wide, fusiform, oblong, ellipsoid, etc. The color is yellow, yellow, green. The colors are culm yellow, yellow, green, purple, red and black. The weight of thousand grains varies according to varieties and can be up to 30-60g (Figure 17).

Figure 17 Barley

Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum Hook.f.

Geographical distribution

Barley is grown in the southwest plateau region of China. Written records, there has been more than two thousand years of history. Currently barley cultivation area, mainly distributed in Tibet, Qinghai, northwestern Sichuan, southwestern Gansu and northwestern Yunnan. Second distribution in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi and other provinces and regions; abroad, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Turkey and other countries and regions.

Biological and ecological characteristics

Barley seeds can begin to sprout after sowing at a temperature of 0-1 ℃, but the highest germination temperature of 28-30 ℃, the optimal temperature of 19-20 ℃. Seeds absorb water, the root sheath dropsy rupture, revealing the main young roots, the main young roots grow to 1-2cm after the growth will stop, the rest of the young roots grow, the formation of 5-10 primary roots continue to grow, then the germ sheath and its embryonic buds exposed to the ground, when the first true leaves from the buds in the sheath, that is, the emergence of the seedling.

When the third true leaf of the barley seedling appears, the first tiller begins to appear, and then the second and third tillers appear every 3-5 days. The second and third secondary tillers can appear every 3-5 days on the first tiller stem node. Generally 1-2 days before the start of the pulling of the tiller to stop tillering. The tillering capacity of barley varies depending on the variety, soil fertility, nutrient area of a single plant and sowing depth. Early tillering into spikes will be more, late tillering into spikes will be less. The beginning of the pulling stage is determined when the first internode located at the bottom of the main stem tiller node begins to elongate 1-2cm after the completion of the light stage, followed by the second and third internodes in turn, followed by the fourth internode elongation, so that the spikes stick out from the leaf sheaths. The pulling period is sequential depending on the variety, usually 30-45 days after emergence.

Barley tasseling, spike daily upward elongation 0.7-lcm, the fastest 2cm, depending on the temperature; high temperature, tasseling fast, and vice versa is slow. Since the top of the spike sheathed to the base of the spike, all extracted about 3-6 days. Most of the barley flowering, the spike is still hidden in the flag leaf sheath, the top of the spike in the ligule under 6-l0cm, that is, 3-4 days before spiking has begun, and 2-3 days after the spike is fully extracted end. A spike of flowering, from the beginning to the end of the need for 4-7 days, usually 5 days. Barley is a closed glume pollinated crop. The intensity of flowering in a spike day by day is highest in the second three days, and lowest after the fifth R. The intensity of flowering in each hour of the day is 10 days. Flowering intensity in each hour of the day to 10-12 hours is the most, followed by 8-10 hours, 12-14 hours. 14-16 hours. The order of flowering in the same plant of barley is that the main stem opens first and later on the tillers open in sequence. On one spike . The middle spikelet from the middle of the 10th-15th section starts first, and then from the middle to the sides, from the middle to the top, and from the top to the bottom, with the bottom two sections of the two sides of the spikelet blooming the latest. When the temperature is 20-22 ℃, relative humidity is 70-73%, the most flowering.

Based on the morphological characteristics of spikes, awns and seeds and other major traits, the existing cultivated barley spikes can be divided into three types, namely, six-ribbed barley, four-ribbed barley and trident hooked awned barley. Different types of barley vernalization stage of temperature requirements, can be divided into spring and winter two types. Tibet barley fertility length varies according to the type of varieties, generally very early varieties of fertility less than 100 days, late varieties up to 130-150 days or more. Elevation 4000m below the region more cultivation in late-maturing varieties, altitude 4000m above the region more planting early-maturing varieties (see Table 17-1). The same variety planted at different altitudes, the fertility period also has some differences, with the increase in altitude, the temperature decreases, the fertility period is extended accordingly.

Table 17-1 Fertility period of Tibetan barley quoted from Tibetan Crops, Science Publishing House 1984, 95 pp. (month/day)

Table 17-1 Fertility Period of Tibetan Barley (continued)-1

Barley is a long sunshine crop, and varieties originating at high latitudes in the north respond sensitively to the length of sunshine, and varieties originating at low latitudes in the south respond sensitively to sunshine. Barley is a more drought-tolerant crops, but different stages of development, the water requirements vary greatly, especially tillering - tasseling and grouting period is its water needs of the two critical period, at this time, such as insufficient water supply, will seriously affect the yield of grains and stalk height. Barley in the entire growing period, more tolerant of cold, in the average annual temperature of 3 ℃ above the region, generally can grow well. In the average annual temperature of 0.3 ℃, barley can also grow. The most mature varieties of barley, only requires a cumulative temperature of 1300-1400 ℃. Barley cold tolerance, especially the ability to withstand spring cold is very strong. Therefore, in China's Tibet Plateau altitude of 4400m in the region, barley for the main crop. Cultivated barley in the former Soviet Union also developed from the plains to the alpine region.

The barley is suitable for growth in the more fertile clay loam or loamy soil, soil pH to neutral is appropriate, but also in slightly alkaline soil growth. Acidic soil, barley is not suitable for growth; seedling stage is more sensitive to soil acidity. Peat soil, swampy soil and sandy heavy soil, the growth of barley are unfavorable.

Feeding value

Barley is the main alpine rations and feed, such as China's Qinghai, Tibet plateau pastoral people eat "Zanba" is barley fried and ground made. Barley per hectare can produce 2.55-3.00t seeds, high yield per hectare up to 7.5t, high nutritional value, the dry matter content in the seeds of 87.0-90.6%, dry matter in the total energy of 18.10-18.77MJ/kg, digestive energy (pigs) for 14.55 The total energy in dry matter was 18.10-18.77 MJ/kg, digestive energy (pig) was 14.55-15.84 MJ/kg, metabolizable energy (chicken) was 13.75-14.63 MJ/kg, and digestible crude protein (pig) was 66-105g/kg. 0.54%, tryptophan is 0.10%, methionine is 0.12-0.14%. Barley seeds contain high starch price, used for pig fattening than the effect of barley is good, the seeds are rich in protein and soluble carbohydrates, such as phosphorus and vitamins B1, B2 is also very rich, is an excellent concentrate. In addition, the barley straw texture is soft, containing 4% crude protein, is the main winter forage in alpine areas; barley wheat bran is also livestock roughage. Barley can also brew barley wine. Its chemical composition is shown in Table 17-2.

Table 17-2 barley nutrient composition material quoted from the "forage and fodder crops cultivation" (second edition) Agricultural Publishing House (1981), 318 pages, with minor corrections; ** Gansu Agricultural University.

Table 17-3 Amino acid content of barley (%) quoted from "pig and chicken feed composition and nutritional value table" Agricultural Press (1979), 126 pages.

Cultivation points

North more spring sowing (April), when the temperature stabilized at 5 ℃ can be sown.

South can be sown in the fall (October), can also be sown in spring (March). Barley root system is softer, must be fine ground preparation; fertility period is shorter, fast development, rapid absorption of nutrients in the pre-growth period, so planting barley land should be heavy basal fertilizer, early application of fertilizers, to improve the yield is beneficial. Sowing amount of 150-225kg/ha. Before sowing can be selected with salt water, the specific gravity of barley is about 1.11. Strip sowing, collect seeded row spacing 20-30cm, collect grass for l5cm. mulch 3-5cm. field management to ensure that the seedling is full, seedling strong, make good cold and moisture conservation, barley in the The barley is easy to fall down from the nodulation to the milky period, and measures should be taken. Harvesting the seeds to wax maturity is appropriate.