Before his death, Chiang Kai-shek called Jiang Jingguo, Song Meiling and others to make detailed arrangements for the future of Taiwan Province Province.
Song Meiling took this opportunity to tearfully ask the 39-year-old question between husband and wife: Is Han Qing ... or is it free?
Chiang Kai-shek closed his eyes for a moment and replied, Don't set the tiger free.
Song Meiling smell speech sobbing.
In the modern history of China, various theoretical works about Zhang Xueliang emerged one after another. However, few people can completely summarize the life of this famous "young marshal".
1901On June 4th, Zhang Xueliang was born in taian county, Liaoning Province, then known as Bajiaotai.
My father Zhang was not a Beiyang warlord at that time. He collects "protection money" from the fields in the mountains, and he is a Ying Yong Lang. Mother Zhao Chungui fled in a carriage and gave birth to her eldest son, Zhang Xueliang, nicknamed "Little Six".
When he was five years younger, Zhang surrendered to the Qing court at his cousin Zhao Mingde's house. He followed his mother and moved to the new residence where his father was stationed. The following year, I took Cui as my teacher and studied China's classical works such as the Four Books and the Five Classics.
During this period, Xiaoliuzi was officially named "Xueliang" with the word "Han Qing". Its stubborn and lawless nature makes people around it often tremble with fear. He doesn't care about it himself, and he plays crazy every day.
After the founding of the Republic of China, Zhang served as the division commander of the 27th Division and was stationed in Fengtian, later Shenyang. Under his father's arrangement, Zhang Xueliang successively took Yang Jingzhen, Jin Liang and Bai Yongzhen as his teachers, and also studied both eastern and western cultures.
On the day Bai Yongzhen resigned, he persuaded Zhang Zuo Lin to let Zhang Xueliang do whatever he wanted. He is not a man who sits in a room and studies.
19 19, Zhang reopened Wujiangtang of Northeast Army, and Zhang Xueliang officially entered the school. After graduation, he was awarded the rank of artillery major with excellent results, entered the Northeast Army, and was promoted to colonel a year later.
Since then, Zhang Xueliang has worked hard step by step in the army. By the time of the Central Plains War, he has become an army general of the Northeast Army and a right-hand man of his father Zhang.
During this period, Zhang Xueliang met his mentor Guo Songling, his best friend Pan Youyu and others. Under the leadership of Zhang and his son, the Northeast Army formed three major forces: the Native School, the Japanese School and the Jiangwutang School (also known as the New School). Zhang Xueliang became the leader of Jiangwutang School. This also laid a curse for the subsequent civil strife in Northeast China.
1925, Guo Songling opposed the signing of a secret treaty with Japan and set out to crusade against Zhang. He was defeated by his favorite pupil, Zhang Xueliang, and finally died under the calculation of Yang Yuting, a student studying in Japan.
Pan Youyu was sentenced to death by Zhang for participating in * * *. In desperation, Zhang Xueliang had to personally execute Pan Youyu.
1927, Zhang organized a government in Beijing and appointed himself a marshal. As an army general, Zhang Xueliang followed around, and the name of "Young Shuai" is well known throughout the country.
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing had basically mastered the military and political power, and launched the Northern Expedition again in 1928. Zhang was afraid of being called a traitor by later generations, refused to fulfill the secret agreement signed with Japan, and left Beijing on June 3, 1928.
On June 4, he was badly wounded by the Kwantung Army on his way back to Fengtian, and he barely returned to the Marshal House and died. Zhang Xueliang's birthday became the anniversary of his father Zhang's death.
Knowing that Zhang was injured, the Japanese sent people to inquire about the situation many times and were sent by Mrs. Zhang and her eldest daughter-in-law.
/kloc-in June of 0/7, Zhang Xueliang rushed back to Fengtian from Beijing disguised as a cooking soldier to stabilize the people's hearts. After everything was properly resolved, he issued an obituary on June 2 1 day, officially announcing Zhang's death.
1On July 3, 928, 27-year-old Zhang Xueliang became the security commander of the three northeastern provinces, and all the military and political burdens fell on his shoulders.
After Zhang Xueliang became the highest actual leader in Northeast China, the first problem he faced was how to solve the privilege of Japan and the Soviet Union in Northeast China.
He first designed and executed Yang Yuting, Chang Yinhuai and other old-school elders who conspired to seize the Northeast regime and colluded with Japan to betray the interests of the Northeast. Later, he personally set up the Northeast Aviation Command as the aviation commander and reorganized the Northeast Air Force into five aviation brigades.
1In August, 928, Zhang Xueliang established a naval academy to train his navy in the northeast, and set up naval bases in Huludao, Qingdao and Harbin. In just a few years, Northeast China has a modern army with complete infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers, armored soldiers, autobots and signal soldiers.
At that time, apart from Chiang Kai-shek, only Zhang Xueliang had such an army in China.
Facing the Japanese army's pressing step by step, in order to prevent the Northeast from falling into the hands of the Japanese army, Zhang Xueliang, after pacifying Yang and Chang, announced that the Northeast changed its flag 1928 on February 29, obeying Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing National Government and deployment.
Zhang Xueliang ordered the army to replace the five-color flag of Beiyang government and promote the national party flag. As a result, the Republic of China was formally reunified, and the Japanese plot to split China eventually went bankrupt.
In order to reward Zhang Xueliang's efforts to change the flag in Northeast China,1On February 30, 928, the Nanjing government appointed Tang Yulin, a general of the Northeast Army, as the chairman of the Jehol government. 3 1, Zhang Xueliang was appointed as the commander of the Northeast Border Guard of the National Revolutionary Army, and the whole army was merged into the National Revolutionary Army.
What makes Chiang Kai-shek deeply taboo is that Zhang Xueliang's troops are not passive water. Zhang and his son have been operating in Northeast China for decades, and have formed a very complete transportation system and industrial and commercial system in the land of Northeast China. Military industries and military enterprises have also been operating continuously in an orderly manner.
Coupled with a series of effective measures formulated by Zhang Xueliang, such as "cutting troops and expanding borders" and reforming financial and credit policies, people's lives are relatively stable, and Northeast China is like an "independent kingdom" in wartime. Although Japan is eyeing up, it is still in a relatively peaceful state.
This made Chiang Kai-shek very worried. In order to weaken his control, he encouraged Zhang Xueliang to take back the railway privileges of the Soviet Union in northeast China.
Zhang Zuo Lin once verbally agreed that the Japanese would lease the Manchu-Mongolian Railway, but Zhang Xueliang decisively refused after taking the upper position. All the agreements about secret agreements are not recognized if they are not implemented on paper.
As for the Soviet Union, Comrade Lenin originally announced that he would give up all the privileges he had gained in northeast China during the period of czarism. Shortly after his death, Stalin announced that the Soviet Union would continue to retain the Middle East railway and other related privileges, but Zhang never admitted it.
After Zhang Xueliang took over as head coach, he was youthful on the one hand and encouraged by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing on the other. In order to recapture the Middle East Railway, it fought with the Soviet Union near Heixiazi Island in August 1929, which lasted more than 100 days. History is called "Zhongdong Road Incident", which shocked China and foreign countries at that time.
In this World War I, the Northeast Army suffered nearly 10,000 casualties, while the Soviet Army suffered only less than 65,438+10,000 casualties. On February 20, 65438, under the mediation of the United States, Zhang Xueliang was forced to sign the Protocol of the Sino-Soviet Boli Conference with the Soviet Union, recognizing that the Middle East Railway was jointly organized by China and the Soviet Union. Black box island was occupied by the Soviet Union from then on.
The Northeast Army suffered heavy losses in this battle, and Zhang Xueliang's personal prestige was also affected.
At the same time, the kwantung army base camp stationed in the northeast found out all the ins and outs of Zhang Xueliang and began to make trouble frequently, provoking the bottom line of the Northeast Army.
193 1 18 September, the kwantung army concocted the wicker lake incident and took it as an opportunity to occupy the whole northeast within half a year.
Zhang Xueliang was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek not to resist, and led 300,000 Northeast Army to retreat into Shanhaiguan Pass, which was denounced by the people of the whole country as "the general did not resist".
At the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek,1in April, 933, Zhang Xueliang announced his resignation and visited Europe via Shanghai.
During this period, he felt cheated everywhere and wronged again and again, so he made up his mind to quit drug addiction and quit smoking for life.
After Zhang Xueliang went abroad, the 300,000 Northeast Army left behind was filled with indignation. Everyone lambasted Chiang Kai-shek for being unkind and ungrateful, saying that "he" hired people when needed and kicked people away when not needed, which was "not enough friends".
In intense emotions, Chiang Kai-shek's orders to the Northeast Army are often deliberately ignored. Zhang Xueliang's loyal subordinates, such as Yu Xuezhong, He, Wan Fulin and others, refused to listen to the command in various names, which made him very angry.
In this case, Chiang Kai-shek had to reactivate Zhang Xueliang, recalled Zhang Xueliang at the end of 1933, and ordered him to continue to take over the Northeast Army and go to the northwest to "suppress * * *".
But to Chiang Kai-shek's disappointment, after Zhang Xueliang took over the Northeast Army, the Red Army in northern Shaanxi continued to grow bigger and bigger, and the Northeast Army suffered a series of fiasco in Laoshan and other places, which made Zhang Xueliang deeply suspicious and no longer believed in Chiang Kai-shek's theory of "the world should be decided first".
In order to better deal with the Red Army, Zhang Xueliang began to secretly contact books and theoretical works related to the production of * * *, and met several Kuomintang officers who had private contacts with the production party of * * *.
While Zhang Xueliang was fighting bandits in the northwest, the situation in North China became increasingly tense. The Japanese army attacked the city all the way south and launched a brutal and bloody massacre. Student movements and workers' strikes surged everywhere.
Chiang Kai-shek remained unmoved under the situation that the anti-Japanese calls for joint efforts were rising. After pacifying the Guangdong-Guangxi Incident, he flew to xi 'an by special plane and personally supervised the war.
At this time, Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army secretly reached a joint anti-Japanese agreement with Yang Hucheng's Northwest Army and the * * * Red Army, forming a "trinity" situation in the whole northwest, which made Chiang Kai-shek fearful.
He repeatedly urged Zhang Xueliang to go out of the city to suppress * * * and bully Zhang Xueliang. If you don't obey orders, you will transfer the Northeast Army to Anhui, Fujian, and send the Central Army to suppress * * *.
Zhang Xueliang failed to persuade many times, which provoked Chiang Kai-shek to fly into a rage and had the idea of replacing Zhang Xueliang and decomposing the Northeast Army.
When Zhang Xueliang was hesitant to fight, Yang Hucheng found him and reminded Zhang Xueliang that time was running out. If it continues to drag on, the disgruntled nationalist army is likely to defect and the situation will be even more out of control.
1936 65438+February 12 At 5: 00 am, gunshots sounded at the Huaqing Pool in Lintong.
After the xi Incident broke out, representatives from Nanjing National Government, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, the Soviet Union, the United States and other parties successively entered Xi to try their best to save Chiang Kai-shek and avoid a greater political crisis.
Because Chiang Kai-shek still had high prestige in China at that time, ordinary people in unknown so mistakenly thought that Zhang Xueliang was detaining Chiang Kai-shek for his own selfish interests. Less than a month after the incident, Zhang Xueliang was attacked by unprecedented public opinion. Internationally, the Soviet Union and the United States also expressed disapproval of Zhang Xueliang's behavior.
At the critical moment, Zhang Xueliang finally hoped that Yan 'an would represent Zhou Enlai in Xi 'an. Later, Zhou Enlai met with Song Meiling, the Nanjing representative, and Duane, the American representative. After consultation, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to stop the civil war and unite against Japan.
After the peaceful settlement of the Xi Incident, Zhang Xueliang felt deeply guilty and expressed his willingness to send Chiang Kai-shek back to Nanjing. The decision was not told to anyone beforehand. Yan 'an, when Zhou Enlai got the news and rushed to the airport, he saw the shadow of the plane from a distance.
On February 25th, 1936, 1936, Zhang Xueliang escorted Chiang Kai-shek to Nanjing. As soon as he got off the plane, Dai Li sent someone to secretly escort him to his residence.
Six days later, the Nanjing Military Court sentenced Zhang Xueliang 10 to 0 years' imprisonment for rebellion. Chiang Kai-shek's "magnanimity" expressed forgiveness, and Zhang Xueliang was sent to Fenghua Xikou to "study".
Throughout War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Zhang Xueliang never had the opportunity to go to the battlefield to resist Japan and serve the motherland.
Chiang Kai-shek's reneging behavior caused protests from all sides.
On the eve of national liberation, Zhou Enlai had planned to exchange Chiang Kai-shek's allied brother Zhang Qun for Zhang Xueliang's release from prison, but it finally failed due to force majeure.
At this point, the mainland lost its last chance to save Zhang Xueliang.
After Chiang Kai-shek defeated Taiwan Province Province, Song Meiling took the initiative to protect Zhang Xueliang.
Song Meiling and Zhang Xueliang have known each other for a long time. 1925, the Nanjing road tragedy shocked the ruling and opposition parties, and Zhang Xueliang, commander-in-chief of the East Route Army, was ordered to station in Shanghai to mediate the conflict between China and foreign countries. At a cocktail party, I met Song Meiling, the famous first socialite in Shanghai.
They fell in love at first sight. Zhang Xueliang marveled at Song Meiling's intellectual Wen Ya, beauty and erudition, while Song Meiling marveled at Zhang Xueliang's elegance, charm and gentlemanly demeanor.
In the following months, Song Meiling and Zhang Xueliang appeared together in various occasions and became a beautiful scenery on the beach.
When Zhang Xueliang recalled Song Meiling in his later years, he humorously said that if he had no wife at that time, he would definitely chase Song Meiling.
In February, Chiang Kai-shek married Song Meiling in Shanghai. After marriage, Song Meiling was affectionate and righteous to Chiang Kai-shek, but Song Meiling showed a very tough attitude towards Zhang Xueliang and tried to protect Zhang Xueliang's personal safety.
1936 after the Xi incident, Song Meiling tried his best to assure Zhang Xueliang that he would be safe after he came to Ning.
But later Chiang Kai-shek detained Zhang Xueliang. This made Song Meiling feel very guilty. She asked her husband to save Zhang Xueliang's life on the grounds that she had mastered many secrets of Chiang Kai-shek.
Since then, in the most difficult years of Zhang Xueliang, Song Meiling has always been concerned about Zhang Xueliang's safety and sent him various necessities in time. The two of them contacted each other through letters and became lifelong bosom friends.
For more than half a century, Zhang Xueliang has been active in Taiwan Province Province for many times, and the spies around him have been with him. After a long period of depression, he hit it off with Miss Zhao Si, who accompanied him, and got married in 1960s.
His first wife in the United States, Yu Fengzhi, signed a divorce agreement to save Zhang Xueliang's life.
1975, Chiang Kai-shek died in Taiwan Province province. Before he died, he hated Zhang Xueliang, who had been imprisoned for 39 years.
Song Meiling asked what to do with Zhang Xueliang, and Chiang Kai-shek, who was dying, replied: Don't let the tiger go back to the mountain.
Just four words, it is enough to see that Chiang Kai-shek was bitter about the Xi 'an incident until his death and did not really let go.
Although Jiang Jingguo had a good impression on Zhang Xueliang, they had a heart-to-heart talk in Xikou, but his father's orders were hard to disobey. He still obeyed his will and continued to detain Zhang Xueliang for ten years until Jiang Jingguo himself died in 1988.
In Chiang Ching-kuo's later years, although Zhang Xueliang had no formal freedom, his actions were much freer than before. 1990, Zhang Xueliang finally regained his freedom.
After Miss Zhao Si died, he settled in Hawaii, USA.
200 1 year, 10 1 year-old Zhang Xueliang died safely.
At this point, the legendary "Young Marshal" of the Republic of China who changed China's modern history with the words of a strategist left countless secrets, leaving only a yellowed historical calendar: 1936.
1, China * * * Producer News Network: "You are such a person-recalling Zhou Enlai's oral record" serial Zhang Xueliang said that Zhou Enlai is the first person I admire.
2. CCTV: "Did Chiang Kai-shek give Zhang Xueliang a non-resistance order? 》
3. CCTV: Biography of Zhang Xueliang