Scientific name pineapple

Nickname pineapple

The family belongs to bromeliaceae and pineapple.

Features and characteristics

Perennial monocotyledonous evergreen herbaceous fruit trees. Short, 0.5 ~ 1m high, rootless, with fibrous fibrous fibrous roots; The succulent stem is wrapped by spiral leaves and is sword-shaped; Inflorescence terminal, bearing many small flowers; The fleshy compound fruit consists of many ovaries gathered on the floral axis. Like warmth, the annual average temperature of 24 ~ 27℃ is the most suitable for growth. The growth is slow below 15℃, 5℃ is the critical temperature for freezing, and the growth stops at 43℃. Drought-tolerant, but it still needs a certain amount of water, and the annual rainfall 1000 ~ 1500 mm is suitable and evenly distributed. It is more tolerant to shade, but it grows well with sufficient sunlight, high sugar content and good quality. It has wide adaptability to soil, likes loose soil, good drainage and rich organic matter, and sandy loam or mountain red soil with pH value of 5 ~ 5.5 is better.

The plant height of pineapple is 0.7 ~ 1.5m, the stem is short, thick and brown, and there are sucking buds at the base. Roots are planted around the stem. Leaves cluster from the upper part of the stem. Ears have sprouted on the leaves. The fruit is fleshy, like a pinecone-shaped compound fruit, mostly cylindrical; The flesh is yellow (see picture). There are about 70 cultivated varieties, which can be divided into Cayenne, Empress and Spain. The optimum growth temperature of pineapple in winter is about 65438 05℃. Wide adaptability to soil. The roots need shallow oxygen and have mycorrhiza, and the pores and hairs on the back of leaves have special structures for storing carbon dioxide, which can also prevent water evaporation, so they are drought-tolerant, but not cold-resistant. Generally, bud seedlings are used for propagation, and the plants propagated by crown buds are the best, followed by seedlings cultured by sucking buds. Fertilization period should focus on three times before flowering, strong fruit period and after fruit, and potassium fertilizer should be added. Timely removal of crown buds and germ and selection of sucking buds are beneficial to nutrient concentration and normal fruit development. The requirements for soil are not strict. There are fewer pests and diseases. Pineapple fruit is mostly used for canning except fresh food, and is widely loved because it can keep its original flavor. Leaf fiber can be used as raw materials for ropes, fishing nets and so on.

Distribution

Pineapple is widely distributed between the Tropic of Cancer and is one of the most important fruits in the world. Native to Central and South America, it was introduced to China in17th century, and has been planted in18th century. At present, there are more than 80 countries and regions in the world as economic cultivation, and the main producing areas are concentrated in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, South Africa and the United States. China is one of the top ten pineapple producers, mainly distributed in tropical provinces such as Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan.

function

Pineapple is rich in nutrition and contains many vitamins, among which the content of vitamin C can be as high as 42mg. In addition, calcium, iron and phosphorus are abundant. Pineapple can be eaten raw or processed into canned pineapple in syrup, pineapple juice, pineapple juice and so on. In addition, the by-products in pineapple processing can be made into sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on.

As a fresh food, pineapple is golden in color, rich in fragrance, sweet and sour, crisp and juicy. Canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit" and can also be made into a variety of processed products, which are widely welcomed by consumers. There is an enzyme in pineapple-bromelain, which can dissolve thrombus, prevent thrombosis and reduce the mortality of cerebrovascular disease and heart disease.

Healthy diet

1. pineapple flat fish canned pineapple 1, flat fish 1, lemon half, salt 1/2 teaspoons, 2 teaspoons and 3 teaspoons. Cut the pineapple into small pieces, clean the flat fish, make two cuts on both sides of the fish, sprinkle with salt evenly, clean the lemon and cut it in half, take half of the lemon for juicing, add 5 tablespoons of hot oil, fry the flat fish until golden brown, put it in a plate, keep 1 tablespoon of oil in the pot, continue heating, add pineapple pieces, water starch and sugar, cook until it becomes thick, take it out, pour it on the fish, and squeeze lemon juice.

2. 2 fruity prawns, 75g pineapple, tomato 1 each, onion 1 each, 2 slices ginger, cooking wine 1 tablespoon, 2 tablespoons salad dressing, concentrated orange juice 1 tablespoon, 30g lemon juice and a little salt. Slice the tomato into a plate, cut the onion into long sections, boil the water in the pot, add the onion, ginger, cooking wine and shrimp residue, take out the shrimp and soak it in cold water, put the scalded shrimp into a plate, remove the shell from the middle part, cut it in half, remove the intestinal sludge, cut it into diagonal pieces, cut the pineapple into small pieces, and arrange them on the tomato slices crosswise with the shrimp slices respectively, and dip them in the evenly mixed seasoning when eating.

3. pineapple fish pineapple 1, mandarin fish with skin 500g, fresh peas 50g. Wash pineapple, peel and cut into pieces for later use; Wash the fish, cut a knife on one side, and then cut it into cubes for later use; Wash peas and put them in a pot to boil; Put the fish in a bowl, add refined salt and cooking wine and mix well, then add wet starch to catch it evenly, and then stick dry starch to separate the flower knife; Set the pot on fire, add peanut oil to heat it, fry the fish pieces thoroughly, and take them out with a colander; Set the fire in another pot, add proper amount of peanut oil to heat it, stir-fry onion, ginger, garlic, pineapple block and green pea, then add tomato sauce, sugar, cooking wine, refined salt, monosodium glutamate and water, and thicken it with wet starch after boiling; Heat the oil pan until the oil boils. Add the boiled oil juice to the juice pot, then add the fish pieces and stir fry a few times. This dish has the effects of invigorating qi and nourishing blood, strengthening spleen and benefiting stomach. It is suitable for qi and blood weakness, gastrointestinal weakness, anorexia, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, etc.

4. Pineapple diced chicken appropriate amount of pineapple peeled and diced, chicken leg diced, marinated with salt and soy sauce, saute shallots and ginger in a hot oil pan, add pineapple and green peppers, then pour the diced chicken into the stir-fry and sprinkle with water starch.

5. Wash and chop half a pineapple and bitter gourd chicken into small pieces, cut bitter gourd into large pieces after removing seeds, slice pineapple and ginger for later use, and stew all the materials in a pot for 40 minutes.

6. Pineapple almond frozen canned pineapple 500g, sweet almond 100g, sugar 250g, appropriate amount of frozen powder and a little almond essence. Soaking almond in boiling water, taking out, peeling, chopping, grinding into pulp, and filtering to remove residue; Cut the pineapple into small pieces; Put the frozen powder into a bowl, add a proper amount of water, steam it in a steamer, take it out, and filter to remove residue; Put the pan on fire, pour almond paste, add frozen powder, boil over high fire, add almond essence, stir well, put it in a bowl, cool it and put it in the refrigerator for freezing; Clean the original pot, put it on fire, add appropriate amount of water and sugar, boil it, put it in the pot, cool it, put it in the refrigerator and take it out for later use; Frozen almonds are cut into diamond-shaped pieces, put into crystal sugar water and sprinkled with pineapple slices. The food has the effects of moistening lung, quenching thirst, nourishing stomach and promoting fluid production. Suitable for lung deficiency, dry cough and stomach dryness, and body fluid injury; Dry mouth and thirst, summer heat and polydipsia, dry stool and chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis and other diseases. People who are not sick eat it, which has the function of nourishing and strengthening.

7. pineapple juice take pineapple and mash it, half a cup at a time, and take it with cold water. Has the effects of clearing away heat and promoting fluid production.

8. Pineapple Drink 250g fresh pineapple pulp with a little salt. First, clean pineapple pulp, cut it into cubes with a square of 3 cm, and juice it for later use; Take a large glass, add 100ml cold water, add pineapple juice and salt, mix well, and take it twice a day. The beverage has the effects of clearing away heat, quenching thirst, and relieving restlessness, and is suitable for asthenic heat and polydipsia. It's good for diabetics to drink it.

9. pineapple cream 3 fresh pineapples, fresh honey 1500ml. Wash pineapple, peel it, cut it into 3 cm square dices, and juice it for later use; Pour the juice into a casserole, fry it with slow fire until the juice changes tone, add honey and mix well to make a paste. Take about 100g every morning and evening. The ointment has the effects of invigorating spleen and kidney, and is suitable for spleen and kidney qi deficiency, thirst, dysuria and other diseases.

10. Peel the pineapple and milk watermelon, remove the seeds, cut into small pieces, peel the pineapple and cut into small pieces, put it in a blender, add the watermelon pieces and stir evenly to make juice, filter out the pomace and pour it into a cup. Add the milk to the cup and mix well. Then add lemon juice and honey to adjust.

type

Pineapple plants have strong adaptability, barren tolerance, drought tolerance and less pests and diseases. They are important pioneer crops in newly reclaimed mountainous areas, which are easy to cultivate, high in yield and can also be intercropped. It is a good tree species for developing hilly and mountainous areas in the south, developing rural economy and making farmers rich.

Planting 3800 ~ 4000 pineapples per mu requires a lot of seedlings. There are three commonly used methods, namely, plastic hormone germination, asexual reproduction and tissue culture. Time and method of accelerating germination: Choose plants with 40 cm green leaves from May to165438+1October, including 40 Cayenne and 35 Philippines. Each plant was irrigated with mixed solution of 250 mg/L ethephon and 25ml 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride to accelerate germination. On the 5th and 2nd day after treatment, 25 ml of plastic solution with the times of 1200 ~ 1500 and 600 ~ 750 were used to irrigate the roots respectively. Asexual propagation, common seedling raising, that is, using small terminal buds, small supporting buds, small sucking buds and fruit tumor buds in the field, after being cultivated in the nursery, they will enter the country by classification and go abroad. The small buds left on the fruit stalk after fruit picking are used for growth and seedling raising, and the old stems are used for cutting propagation. Tissue culture seedlings were cultured in Ms medium at room temperature of 30℃, illumination of 65438±02h or natural illumination.

The technical points of high quality and high yield of pineapple are as follows: 1. Choose a good garden and a place facing south, with abundant sunshine, abundant water resources and convenient transportation as the commodity production base. Second, scientific planting, improving poor soil before planting and applying sufficient base fertilizer; Choose strong seedlings for planting. Density: 3000 ~ 4000 plants of Kane and 4000 ~ 5000 plants of Queen. Thirdly, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened after planting. The amount of fertilizer applied per mu in Guangxi is 42.2kg of nitrogen, 26.8kg of phosphorus and 38.5kg of potassium, with n ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O =1∶ 0.62 ∶ 0.9; Fertilization period, generally from June 65438+February to February of the following year, apply bud-promoting fertilizer before bud picking, and apply strong bud fertilizer from July to August after fruit picking; Applying a strong fruit and bud promoting fertilizer between the bud promoting fertilizer and the strong bud promoting fertilizer; Apply foliar fertilizer once a year in April, June, July and September, and topdressing twice a year in May and August, with 1% urea and 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; Apply base fertilizer after fruit picking. Water conservancy management should be timely irrigation and drainage, flood control and drought relief. Fourth, do other management well, such as properly removing buds and leaving buds in order not to affect the growth and development of fruits; To promote flowers, we must promote flowers; In order to improve the weight and quality of the fruit, after all the florets withered, the fruit was sprayed with 50 mg/L gibberellin and 0.5% urea solution, and sprayed again 20 days later, and then sprayed with 70 mg/L gibberellin and 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit mature evenly, when the fruit reaches the seventh maturity, 300 mg/L ethephon is used to accelerate the fruit ripening.

The main infectious diseases that harm pineapple are heart rot, black rot and small fruit brown rot. Noncommunicable diseases include sunburn and element deficiency. Pests include pineapple mealybug, China cricket and white grub.

Types and varieties

Usually, the cultivated varieties of pineapple are divided into four categories, namely Cayenne, Queen, Spain and Hybrid.

Kane Island, also known as Sarawak, was named after the French expedition discovered it in the Kane Island area of Guyana in South America. Widely cultivated, accounting for about 80% of the world pineapple cultivation area. This plant is tall and strong, with no thorns at the leaf edge and a little thorns at the top. The fruit is large, the average fruit weight is more than 1 100g, cylindrical, flat, shallow-eyed, and the bracts are short and wide; The pulp is light yellow, juicy and moderately sweet and sour. The soluble solids are 65,438+04% ~ 65,438+06%, which can reach more than 20%, and the acid content is 0.5% ~ 0.6%. It is the main variety of canned food.

Queen is the oldest cultivated variety with a history of more than 400 years, and it is one of the main cultivated varieties in South Africa, Viet Nam and China. The plant is medium-sized, the leaves are shorter than Cayenne, and the leaves have thorns; The fruit is cylindrical or conical, the weight of a single fruit is 400 ~1500g, the small fruit has a conical protrusion, the eye of the fruit is deep, and the tip of the bract exceeds that of the small fruit; The flesh is yellow to deep yellow, the meat is crisp and tender, the sugar content is high, and the juice is sweet, mainly fresh.

Spanish plants are large in size, with soft leaves, yellow-green, and red thorns on the leaf edge, but there are also varieties without thorns; The fruit is medium and large, the weight of a single fruit is 500 ~1000g, the small fruit is large and flat, and the center is convex or concave; The fruit has deep eyes, orange flesh, strong fragrance and much fiber, and is used in canned food and fruit juice.

Hybrid hybrid is an excellent variety cultivated through sexual hybridization. The plant is tall and erect, with thorns on the leaf edge, lavender flowers and irregular fruit shape. Single fruit weight1200 ~1500g. The flesh is yellow, crisp, with little fiber, sweet and delicious. The soluble solid content is 1 1% ~ 15%, and the acid content is 0.3% ~ 0.6%. It can be eaten raw or canned.

Economic use

When the harvest is appropriate is related to fresh food or processing, near sales or export. Generally, it is advisable to harvest12 small fruits in the near future, and it is advisable to harvest grass green or14 small fruits when exporting or using them as processing raw materials. Pineapple production usually has four harvest seasons: spring fruit, mature in April-May; Zhengzao fruit (Xia Guo) ripens in June-July; Autumn fruit ripens from 10 to11; In winter, the fruit ripens from February 65438 to1October 65438.

Pineapple can be eaten fresh, or processed into canned pineapple in syrup, pineapple juice, etc. Fresh pineapple can also be quickly frozen: washed, peeled, pitted, cut into pieces, frozen at -35℃ and stored at -20℃, which can make the nutrition the same as that of fresh pineapple. In addition, the by-products in pineapple processing can be made into sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on.

comment

You should soak the pineapple in salt water.

In addition to vitamin C and sugar, pineapple pulp also contains many organic acids, such as malic acid and citric acid, and also contains a kind of pineapple enzyme, which can decompose protein. If we don't soak in salt water first, this enzyme will stimulate the young epidermis of our oral mucosa and lips, making us tingle.

Salt can inhibit the activity of pineapple enzyme. Therefore, when we eat fresh pineapple, it is best to soak it in salt water for a period of time, which can inhibit the stimulation of pineapple enzyme on our oral mucosa and lips, and at the same time feel that pineapple is sweeter.

Mushroom is a protease, which can decompose protein. Therefore, a small amount of food can stimulate appetite, but excessive consumption is harmful to human body and will cause gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, eat in moderation.

Pineapple is sweet and sour, and has curative effect on nephritis edema, hypertension and bronchitis. But clinically, it is found that some people will cause allergies after eating pineapple, commonly known as "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning". After eating pineapple for about 15 minutes to 1 hour, there will be symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, flushed skin, purple body, numbness of limbs and tongue. In severe cases, people will suddenly faint and even have symptoms such as shock. People with a history of pineapple allergy should not eat it.

Pineapple medicine

pineapple

The source is pineapple peel, a plant of pineapple family.

Efficacy, clearing away heat and toxic materials.

Mainly used for dysentery and abdominal pain.

Bitter, astringent and cold in nature. Large intestine meridian

Usage and dosage: decocted, 3-10g; Or grinding into fine powder to make clothes.

Textual research: It was first published in Xinhua Compendium of Materia Medica.

Food introduction

Description: it is the fruit of pineapple in pineapple family.

Also known as pineapple, jackfruit and so on.

Nature and taste: flat, sweet and slightly sour; Entering spleen and kidney meridian.

Description: clearing away heat and quenching thirst, promoting digestion and stopping diarrhea, eliminating dampness and diuresis, resisting substances and reducing swelling; Can be used for treating anorexia, hypotension and dysuria.