As the saying goes, stand high and see far. As a bureaucratic article, Shen Lun's essay is characterized by high conception and high theme. Practical writing should focus on long-term interests, see the essence through phenomena, be good at building a strategic position and sublimate the theme. The so-called lofty ideas and lofty themes are not groundless, and their judgment standards and scales are mainly reflected in the political aspect, that is, the ideas and themes of the article should have a political height. To maintain a certain political height, we must cultivate good political literacy. Political literacy mainly includes: political theory literacy, political stance and political acumen.

First of all, if you want to write an excellent composition, you must have certain political theory literacy. We should highly agree with the basic theory of Marxism and the basic system of socialism, and keep in mind the central tasks and policies of the current party and government work. Under the current social and historical conditions, we should seriously study and firmly grasp hot political theories such as Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society, and pay close attention to various social hot issues closely related to the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society. He is good at observing and analyzing problems under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development and the theory of harmonious society, and is good at raising social hot issues to the height of Scientific Outlook on Development for thinking.

For example, the problem of migrant workers is a hot issue in contemporary China society. When analyzing this problem, we should not only see specific problems such as wage arrears for migrant workers, insufficient social security for migrant workers, and difficulties for migrant workers' children to go to school, but also see that these problems in the phenomenon of migrant workers will inevitably affect social equity if they are not solved well. To a higher theoretical level, they will increase social disharmony factors, which is not conducive to the construction of a harmonious socialist society, thus ultimately affecting the scientific development of the whole country and society. Secondly, the correct political stance is also the basic condition to sublimate the theme of the application. The so-called political stance is the position people occupy in political life and the fundamental foothold for people to observe, analyze and deal with various political issues. Political stance is closely related to people's class status and political interests. It comes from people's interests in political practice, reflects the fundamental interests and requirements of a particular class, is the fundamental premise and constraint of values, and determines people's value choices. When writing an essay, we must stand firmly on the standpoint of the people and the government (the government is the people's government), make suggestions for improving and improving the government's decision-making level from the perspective of goodwill, and put forward objective and pertinent suggestions or criticisms to prevent the essay from being too extreme and severely criticized, or even insulting the government and treating it as an emotional vent. In fact, we often encounter this situation in the process of marking papers. It is conceivable that this style of paper naturally does not get high marks.

Finally, looking at the essence through phenomena and maintaining political sensitivity to social phenomena are also necessary qualities to sublimate the theme of the application. In the 1920s, American economist Taylor saw the trend of economy from the change of women's skirt length. He found that when the economy is good, women will wear short skirts to show off their stockings; When the economic situation is bad, women have no money to buy stockings and have to lower their skirts. Therefore, some scholars put forward the "skirt theory", which can be said to be an excellent example of seeing the essence through phenomena. It also shows that it is of great significance for us to grasp the essence of social development and remain sensitive to specific social phenomena. Or take the phenomenon of migrant workers as an example. What kind of essence should we see through the phenomenon of migrant workers? Through specific phenomena such as wage arrears for migrant workers, insufficient social security for migrant workers, and difficulties for migrant workers' children to go to school, we should see that behind these phenomena are problems such as the gap between urban and rural areas and social injustice in the process of economic transition and social transformation.

For another example, since June 2007, how should we analyze the problem of "Shanxi black brick kiln" that the media has paid attention to? Of course, what shocked us most about the black brick kiln incident was that there was such inhuman and bloody oppression and exploitation in modern civilized society. From such incidents, we can see the greed of black kiln owners, the cruelty of thugs and the pity of abducted workers. For small talk and curiosity, this understanding may be profound, but for short writing, this understanding can only be regarded as an understanding of superficial phenomena. Through these phenomena, we should be soberly aware that such extreme events reflect the situation that the rights and interests of most migrant workers are not guaranteed, their dignity is insulted, controlled and their interests are damaged. In short, the essence of the black brick kiln incident is the interests of migrant workers. Therefore, if the relevant topics are applied, we should extract the argument that "the key to effectively put an end to the black brick kiln incident lies in taking various measures to protect and safeguard the rights and interests of migrant workers, which is also an urgent task to coordinate urban and rural development, promote social harmony and realize scientific development". The concept of politics has been mentioned many times above. Speaking of politics, I guess it is very likely that my dear brothers and sisters, especially my dear sisters, will feel a little uncomfortable. This feeling is understandable, because the concept of politics has been demonized and stigmatized in our daily life.

In fact, it is neither appropriate nor necessary to feel panic and disgust about politics, because politics is fair and kind in nature. To understand this problem, we might as well look at what politics is. In the development of human social and political practice, people have different understandings of politics based on different positions and angles. Value theory, theology theory, power theory and management theory. According to axiology, politics is a pursuit of social value and a standard morality. In China, represented by Confucianism, politics is the moral pursuit of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. In the west, Plato and Aristotle are representatives. The former thinks that the essence of politics lies in "justice", while the latter thinks that politics is the pursuit of "goodness". Theology holds that politics is a supernatural, super-social embodiment and externalization. In China, it is mainly manifested in the thought of "being ordered by heaven", and in the west, it is mainly manifested in the political view of "divine right of monarch"; Power theory understands politics as the pursuit and application of power.

In China, represented by legalists, they pursue the political way of "law", "art" and "power", while in the west, represented by Machiavelli and Max Weber, they understand politics as seizing power, maintaining power and expanding power; Management theory holds that politics is a kind of public management activity. In any case, we should see that politics itself is not evil. However, I think Marxism is the most profound and accurate explanation of political essence. Engels once pointed out: "the state is the product of social development to a certain stage;" State means that this society has fallen into an insoluble self-contradiction, split into irreconcilable opposites, and cannot get rid of them. In order to prevent these classes with conflicting opposites and economic interests from destroying themselves and society in unnecessary struggles, it is necessary to have a power that seems to be above society, which should ease conflicts and keep them within the scope of order; This kind of power, which comes from society but lives above it and is increasingly alienated from society, is the state. "Politics is closely related to the country. Politics refers to the specific activities and relationships formed by various classes around the state power on a certain economic basis in order to realize and safeguard their class interests in the superstructure field. Simply put, politics is all kinds of activities closely related to state power (public power). It can be seen that the emergence of the country, that is, the formation of politics, is not to intensify contradictions and expand struggles, but to serve as a fair referee to ease contradictions and reduce struggles. From this perspective, politics is beautiful and kind.

Therefore, if you have the opportunity to work as a civil servant and swim in the official sea, you are actually engaged in political work, that is, politics as the saying goes. Since we want to go into politics and politics is beautiful, why don't we love politics? Civil servants, as staff who master and operate state power, will have no thoughts, depth and bright future if they don't have a high degree of thinking and keep in mind the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development at all times. To be a civil servant or a promising civil servant, you must love politics. The so-called "love politics" means being good at arming yourself with the guiding ideology and major policies of the party and the government, keeping a high degree of consistency with the central authorities in ideology and work, and being good at combining examination questions with current guiding political theories in the application examination. If this cannot be done, the dream of civil servants will be difficult to realize.

For example, in June 2006, 5438+ 10, the Beijing Civil Service Examination examined the issue of attracting investment. The practice of marking papers proves that if the candidates are practical, they can't rise to the height of Scientific Outlook on Development from solving the related problems in attracting investment, and can't discuss from the perspective of establishing and implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, they can't get ideal scores.

For another example, on the surface, in 2006, Zhejiang civil servants took the exam to examine the issue of fairness by describing the phenomenon of "social gap". However, it should be clear that if the examinee can't analyze social equity from the perspective of building a harmonious socialist society and implementing Scientific Outlook on Development Theory, the answer is incomplete and the score can only be considered quite satisfactory. For another example, in 2008, examination paperNo. 1 asked candidates to summarize the focus of the debate. If we can't grasp the theme of ecological civilization from a political point of view, then we can't summarize the accurate focus of the debate, that is, the relationship between water resources development and ecological problems.

Second, the essay "big"

Writing a composition should "make a big fuss and make a big problem", not "make a mountain out of a molehill" like traditional composition.

Obviously, this is an unconventional idea. However, we must not forget that applied writing is different from traditional argumentative writing. Now we focus on the ability to analyze the reasons, put forward countermeasures and demonstrate according to specific problems or facts, and examine the comprehensive ability, not only the ability to write and demonstrate, but also the "application".

The "big" of the article emphasizes being good at analyzing and solving problems comprehensively, systematically and profoundly from a macro perspective, and grasping the essence through phenomena. The specific social phenomena and problems in the modern application examination can only be completely solved through systematic schemes and supporting measures. It is very difficult to solve this problem if the proposed countermeasures are limited to a specific measure or a certain aspect of the government's ability. Civil servants should be good at sublimating materials, grasping things from a macro perspective and formulating macro policies. Therefore, when determining the topic of the article, candidates should be good at summarizing and refining the macro theme and focusing on the "big" point.

For example, in 2006, the national civil service examination examined the contents of crisis management in response to public emergencies. The requirement of the topic is to let candidates express their views on how to improve the government's ability to deal with public emergencies. According to Robert? According to Heath's crisis management theory, we know that crisis management consists of "4Rs": reduction, preparation, response and recovery. The first "R" means that crisis managers should do their best to prevent problems before they happen and minimize the impact of the crisis. The second "R" refers to making a response plan and training relevant personnel in crisis handling before the crisis occurs; The third "R" means that once a crisis occurs, microcomputer managers should attack in time to quickly curb the spread of the crisis; The fourth "R" means that after the crisis, managers should effectively manage the recovery and reconstruction work. According to this theory, it is not difficult for us to draw a conclusion that if the government wants to effectively deal with public emergencies, it must take different measures at different stages of the crisis and improve different capabilities. Naturally, it is not comprehensive to emphasize only one of the four aspects. However, in the 2006 exam, most candidates chose small topics to discuss a certain aspect of crisis management, so the score was naturally not high.

Let's take a look at two sets of questions written by candidates during the exam:

The first group:

Don't let natural disasters turn into man-made disasters, and if they are predicted, they will be useless. The key to dealing with emergencies is to be timely, to plan ahead and how to reduce the cost of solving public emergencies.

The second group:

Prescribing prescriptions and grasping drugs to improve the ability to deal with public emergencies, people-oriented response to public emergencies, the key to deal with public emergencies lies in scientific development, reflection caused by public emergencies, implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development and strengthening crisis management.

Which group of questions is likely to get a higher score? Nature is the second group. Although the eye-catching image of the first group is impressive. However, articles that use these topics are too narrow, or emphasize simple prevention or simple reaction. In short, it is easy to miss the key content, so it is not easy to get high marks. Although the second group of topics is dull, as long as the discussion is smooth and the main points are clear, it is easy to get high marks, at least not to lose the basic points. Unfortunately, many people, including a group of tutors, still think that the first group of questions may score higher than the second group.

Here, you may also worry about a problem, that is, is it easy to make empty mistakes when writing big topics? In fact, this kind of worry is reasonable, but it can be completely avoided. First of all, a big topic does not mean that the point of view is unclear. For example, topics such as "attracting investment with Scientific Outlook on Development as the guide", "establishing a people-oriented safety concept" and "the key to building a new socialist countryside is to develop productive forces" seem a little big, but their views are clear and will not give people a vague feeling; Secondly, a big topic does not mean vagueness, and a composition can be written realistically. On this issue, the following contents will be analyzed in detail.

Third, the "all" of the essay.

The "completeness" of the application article includes two requirements: first, the content should be comprehensive; Second, thinking should be comprehensive, be good at using dialectical thinking, and not be partial.

It is easy to understand, and the content should be comprehensive, because the marking of the first two parts of the application questions is generally based on the standard answers and divided into points, so the answers must be comprehensively summarized according to the main contents reflected in the materials. Only in this way can we guarantee more points and get high marks.

Thinking should be dialectical and comprehensive. Contact and development are the fundamental characteristics of dialectics, and concrete analysis of specific problems is the essence of dialectics. First, thinking should be all-round and multi-angle. When writing a composition, we should be good at using multi-angle analysis methods and consider problems comprehensively. For example, to analyze the causes of macro phenomena, we should not only think of economic reasons and political reasons, but also think of cultural reasons, and learn to analyze them from different angles such as politics, economy, culture and society. To analyze specific and microscopic social problems, we should learn to find the reasons from the aspects of ideology, system and mechanism, supervision and implementation, and subjective quality. To evaluate events, we should not only see the appearance of the problem, but also consider the essence of the problem and evaluate it fairly and objectively; Put forward solutions to problems, not only to overcome shortcomings, but also to carry forward achievements, and so on.

Second, we should learn to make dialectical analysis. Each of us seems to know a little about dialectical analysis, but few people can really apply dialectics to applied writing. Let's take a quiz first: Dear brothers and sisters, do you think longevity is "useful" or "useless"? If your answer is one of the two, it means that your thinking is not dialectical enough. The reason is simple: useful things may live longer, and useless things can live longer. If the old hen can lay eggs, the owner will not kill it and will live a long life; That crooked tree in the Woods is useless. Naturally no one will touch him, and he can live a long life. The purpose of doing this test is to tell you that you must develop the habit of dialectical thinking when analyzing application materials and conceiving application articles. Because of the flexibility, fluidity and variability of examination angles and methods, candidates should be good at using divergent thinking to answer questions and prevent extreme thinking. Only in this way can they conform to the gentle style of the article. It can be said that dialectical thinking is very helpful for us to solve practical problems and do a good job in writing, such as the examination of the three rural issues in the 2005 national civil service examination (analyzing the context in detail). Therefore, if you want to make your thinking more dialectical, you should re-understand the three laws of dialectics (the law of unity of opposites, the law of qualitative change and quantitative change, and the law of negation of negation) and the eight basic links of development (absolute and relative, inevitable and accidental, special and universal, form and content, phenomenon and essence, whole and part, cause and effect, ideal and reality), which is of great benefit to your thinking.

Fourth, explain the "reality" of the article

The composition should be "high", "big" and "complete", but "real" and "precise" to prevent "false" and "empty". Although we emphasize "big topic and small work" when writing a composition, we should put an end to the word "virtual", prevent and overcome the problem of virtual, and make the article flesh and blood. There is a clear requirement for all previous civil servants to mark papers, that is, the proposed countermeasures should be real and specific, otherwise it is worthless to talk in general terms. Therefore, the "truth" of the sketch has two meanings: one is richness, and the other is truth.

The so-called "enrichment" means that the problems analyzed in this paper and the countermeasures put forward should be concrete and feasible. At the end of this book, I will tell you a lot of practical writing skills and general patterns, but whether it is a "general framework" to summarize the main contents or a "general eight articles" to put forward countermeasures, these are the contents of the framework or skeleton. Skeletons are terrible, but when they are full of flesh and blood, they may become beautiful women. Therefore, when taking the composition test, we should pay special attention to filling the general framework with actual content.

The specific way is based on materials and modular operation, which we will emphasize later. Materials are our inexhaustible wealth. With the increase of the number of words in the material, the available materials in the material also increase in proportion. Learn to choose and summarize the content in the material. Generally speaking, the application requires 800 ~ 1000 words, and it is not difficult to find 500 ~ 600 words from 5000 ~ 8000 words. In the later part, we will also discuss in detail the skills and methods of extracting and selecting content directly from the material.

The so-called "truth" means that the content should conform to the reality of materials and society. It is very important to combine the actual situation when putting forward countermeasures. The explicit requirement of the third part of the Beijing Civil Servant Application Examination from June, 5438 to October, 2006 is to connect with reality, make things up without reference to materials and reality, and pay attention to the feasibility, effectiveness and pertinence of countermeasures.

Fifth, discuss the "essence" of the article

The "essence" of sketches mainly means that the language of sketches should be accurate and concise, and the other is to express norms. First of all, the composition requires accurate and concise language, and avoid verbosity and nonsense. In this regard, please pay attention to the party and government document reports, in which each sentence is not long, and the longest sentence is only 20 words, and its language is accurate and concise. At the same time, because most of the marking teachers in the national civil service examinations over the years are Chinese teachers, we must pay special attention to the problem of language fluency to avoid unnecessary mistakes.

Secondly, we should pay attention to the standardization of application language. As a literary style, the language of application has specific styles and requirements, and its content is also standardized. For example, references such as "firmly establishing and fully implementing Scientific Outlook on Development" cannot be changed at will. Therefore, the language expression of the essay must be standardized to avoid the big truth of "well done" and "well done" in the essay, and the model essay in this respect can refer to the semi-monthly review of each issue of Half-monthly Talk.