1, biological characteristics
Trichosanthes kirilowii, also known as Trichosanthes kirilowii, Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitaceae, etc. It is a perennial climbing herb with dioecious plants, strong adaptability, drought tolerance, fear of waterlogging and freezing. The storage roots are thick, the epidermis is grayish white, the meat is white, long and cylindrical, slightly twisted, brittle and easily broken, and rich in starch. Climbing stems are smooth and hairless, with shallow longitudinal grooves. The length of wild main stem can reach 10m, and the length of artificial planting is more than 30 m. Egg-shaped or oblate heart-shaped leaves alternate, and the male leaves of the same variety are darker. Male flowers are racemes with white corollas and long flower stalks; White female flowers are solitary, one melon and one flower. When the daily average temperature is 25℃, the flower buds begin to open, and the total flowering period is about 90 days. Male flowers bloom about 5 days earlier than female flowers, and end in about 10 days later. The flowering time is from 6~7 pm to 9~ 10 the next morning and rainy days. The flowering period is around "beginning of autumn". The fruit is fleshy, round or oval, 8 ~ 10 cm long and 5 ~ 7 cm in diameter. When immature, the epidermis is green with white patterns; When mature, it is orange-red and shiny. The seeds are flat, oval, light brown or brown, smooth and shiny, with a circle of ridges near the edge.
2. Growing environment
Tilia amurensis is a light-proof and shade-tolerant crop, which grows normally with no less than 6 hours of light every day. In actual production, the daily illumination should reach more than 8 hours. 10~ 15℃ is suitable for seed development; The optimum temperature for the growth period is 25~35℃, and the growth is hindered when it is higher than 38℃. Trichosanthes kirilowii is afraid of waterlogging, grows fast at high temperature and needs a lot of water. Ventilation is one of the measures for high yield of Trichosanthes kirilowii, and too dense rattan leaves are easy to cause only flowering and no fruit.
3. Selection of soil and plots
Trichosanthes kirilowii has strong adaptability to soil. Loose neutral loam and sandy loam with high organic matter content are suitable for its growth; Choose fields with medium fertility, flat terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage for planting.
4. Seedling propagation
4. 1 Rooting Propagation and Transplanting
Before and after Grain Rain, take 3-4-year-old healthy root tubers, cut them vertically in sunny days, each piece should have adventitious buds, put them on the whole seedbed after 1 day sun exposure, fill them with fine soil for 5-7 cm, water them, build a small arch shed to cover the film, and take root in about 25 days. You can also plant the cut and dried root tuber directly in the whole bed or in a hole with a back cover film. Roots fixed in 1 hole for many years are prone to premature aging and serious pests and diseases. In production, it is necessary to dig out the seed roots every year and transplant them after disinfection.
4.2 Layered propagation
According to the characteristics of adventitious roots of Tilia amurensis, in the season of high temperature and rainy, the main vine with vigorous growth is placed on the ground with sufficient base fertilizer, and the soil is pressed on its nodes. After taking root, the vines are cut off and grow into new plants, which can be transplanted in the next spring. The layering propagation has the advantages of high germination rate, early plant formation, convenient propagation management, controllable male and female plants, early fruiting and high yield.
4.3 seed propagation
From September to 65438+ 10, the seeds of mature fruits with more melons per plant and seeds per melon were harvested, washed and dried. With 0.7kg seeds for 667m2, about 2000 plants emerged. Before sowing, the seeds are germinated, the row spacing of sowing plants is 18cm×200cm or 24cm× 150cm or 36cm× 100cm, and the buried depth of seeds is 5cm. Cover the soil with straw after sowing to keep the soil moist. Seedlings can be transplanted when the height reaches 10cm. After the seeds emerge, the plastic film should be removed in time, and thin bamboo poles should be inserted to guide the seedlings to climb the shelf. In July and August, when the lateral vines grow to about 10cm, remove the lateral branches in time, leaving only 1~2 main vines on the shelves. There are 60 male plants in 667m2, all of which are female. In the first half of June, the second half of July and the first half of August, the ternary compound fertilizer 10kg and urea 10kg were applied with 667m2 each time, and the soil was covered after strip application.
5. Transplanting and planting
Ridge slopes and floodplains with low groundwater level and large water leakage should be planted in low beds and caves; High ridges and piers should be planted in plots with high groundwater level, thin soil layer and easy water accumulation to improve drought resistance and waterlogging tolerance. 1 soil preparation and fertilization. Before winter or early spring, the boundary is about 1m wide and about 0.5m high. Planting small tuberous roots, digging holes with a diameter of 80cm and a hole spacing of about 2m, planting 50-60 plants in 667m2, and thinning to about 30 plants year by year; The spacing between big seedling points is about 4m, and 25~35 plants are planted. 65 and 438+05 days before planting, 30 ~ 50kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5kg of phosphate fertilizer1.5kg of potash fertilizer, one layer of fertilizer and one layer of soil shall be applied to each hole, and after application, the soil shall be covered 15cm for harrowing. Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, seedlings can be planted by roots or transplanted.
6. Tian Tuan management
6. 1 Timely introduction of seedlings to shelves
About 35 cement piles or stone pillars are planted in 667㎡, and the height of the columns is 2.4m After planting the piles, fine steel wires can be used to make nets on the piles, or old fish nets can be placed on the piles and tied tightly around them. Generally, scaffolding is built first, and then seedlings are planted. When the lateral vines grow to about 10cm, pull them out in time, leaving only 1~2 main vines, and guide the main stems to grow on the scaffold with straw rope or plastic rope. Don't pull the rope too tightly, lest you break the vine. After being put on the shelf, 1 should level the opposite side branches, and the subsequent side branches should be vacuumized and leveled as much as possible, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission.
6.2 Picking buds and thinning branches
When the main stem at the top of the frame is about 2m long, it should be picked in time, and then with the emergence of primary branches, secondary branches and tertiary branches, the bud branches should be picked appropriately. In the hot and rainy season in July and August, redundant axillary buds, weak branches and long branches must be removed in time to make young fruits get enough nutrients. The lateral branches and buds grown after the "White Dew" are removed, which can supplement nutrition for the fruit and improve the product quality.
6.3 Artificial pollination
Trichosanthes kirilowii is dioecious and pollinated by insects. Artificial pollination should be carried out according to the need at flowering stage. Dip the male pollen into the stigma of the female flower with a brush or cotton ball; Or collecting mature male flowers, mashing, adding water, mixing and filtering, and spraying the filtrate evenly on the stigma of female flowers with a sprayer. Pollination should be carried out at 6-8 am.
6.4 Water and fertilizer management
1 Determine whether topdressing is needed according to the application amount of base fertilizer and plant growth. Before the end of June, when the stems and vines grow to about 2 meters, ditch or dig pits about 50 cm away from the roots, and topdressing the decomposed organic fertilizer; 10kg compound fertilizer with less nitrogen content and more available phosphorus and potassium can also be applied to 667m2. 2. Spraying foliar fertilizer in critical period. At the end of June and the beginning of July, 1 crops will bear fruit in early September, and the fruiting period will last for as long as February, and the fruits in the later period are prone to lack of fertilizer and premature aging. Therefore, foliar fertilizer was sprayed from the middle and late July, and it was sprayed every 10 day/time for 3~4 times. Choose ecological organic fertilizers such as black gold and Ted fertilizer, and don't use nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and other quick-acting fertilizers. 3 timely irrigation and drainage. After planting, you can open a hole at a distance of 10~ 15cm from the root and pour a small amount of water. You can't water your head, lest the roots rot. Don't irrigate before a severe drought, so as not to lower the ground temperature and delay the growth of plants. Drainage should be done in time when rainfall is concentrated. Summer drought coincides with the vigorous growth period of plants and must be watered. Water in time after topdressing to improve fertilizer efficiency.
6.5 pest control
1 agricultural control. Always clean the fields. In winter, piers should be cultivated to prevent freezing, and frozen soil should be deeply turned over; After thawing in spring, the pier should be peeled off to dry the soil, and a pit should be dug around the pier for topdressing to kill the underground pests in the soil layer. 2. Chemical control of diseases. Spraying 50% mankuling EC 500 times before onset, and spraying 1 time every 7 7~ 10/day for 2~3 times continuously; The main stem can be coated with high concentration of slow Kuling liquid medicine. It can be sprayed with 50-800 times of 50% carbendazim or 25% triadimefon 1500 times to control powdery mildew. Spraying 75% chlorothalonil or 70% mancozeb for 500 times, 3~4 times in total, to prevent and control anthracnose. 3. Control root-knot nematodiasis. Soil chemical treatment, combined with spring fertilization, treated the soil around the root system with 5% aniline phosphorus granules. Found that the diseased plants should be uprooted and burned in time, and the diseased points should be treated with drugs. 4. The melon silk moth is the most serious pest to Trichosanthes kirilowii, with five generations a year, overlapping generations, and the damage is from May to 10, with the peak in the middle and late August. Larvae harm leaves and young fruits, and older larvae are extremely resistant to drugs. At the end of July, 20% fenvalerate EC 2000 times can be sprayed on the bottom of the shelf, every 1 day1time, for 3~4 times continuously. 5 Integrated pest control. In July and August, when stem blight, anthracnose and cucurbit moth are concentrated, when most 1 crops are sown in the middle and late July, spraying mankuling, carbendazim, Yisaoli and black gold. 10 days later, spray chlorothalonil, triadimefon, fenvalerate 20% EC and Tebufo; Spraying 4~5 times in turn has the functions of preventing diseases, insects and topdressing.
7. When the peel of the fruit turns pale yellow with white powder, pick the ripe fruit in batches, leave it for 2-3 days to promote its maturity, pour the pulp and seeds into a vat, put them into a woven bag for repeated kneading after the pulp is fermented and rotted, then rinse with clear water to remove impurities and immature seeds, and dry the seeds after repeated rinsing. Or use a special separation cleaner to clean the separated pulp.
Note: 1 The "summer sowing" before "beginning of autumn" is full, so it is not suitable to be mixed with "Autumn Seed" after "beginning of autumn". Don't leave the fruit for too long after harvest. After more than 6 days, the pulp of melon will stick to the seeds, which is not easy to rinse and will reduce the quality of the seeds.