It is an annual or perennial twining herb vine, which can form tuberous roots in Leguminosae. The tuber of sweet potato is plump, the meat is white, crisp and juicy, rich in sugar and protein, and rich in vitamin C. It can be eaten raw or cooked, so it is delicious.
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Introduction experiment of sweet potato in Mumashan
Mumashan sweet potato: the scientific name of sweet potato, alias Shage, cold potato, sweet potato, sweet potato and so on. Native to South China, Mexico, Central America and North America. Widely cultivated in Sichuan, Chongqing and Taiwan Province provinces of China.
Sweet potato in Mumashan is an annual or perennial twining herb vine in Leguminosae, which can form tuberous roots. The tuber of sweet potato is plump, the meat is white, crisp and juicy, rich in sugar and protein, and rich in vitamin C. It can be eaten raw or cooked, so it is delicious. Rotenone (C23H22O6) is contained in seeds, stems and leaves, which is highly toxic to people and animals and can be made into pesticides such as dichlorvos.
(1) Origin and distribution
Mumashan sweet potato is native to tropical America. America has a long history of planting. After Columbus discovered the New World, it was introduced to the Philippines by the Spanish and then spread to all parts of the world. It is widely planted in southwest China, South China and Taiwan Province Province.
In recent years, Mumashan sweet potato was cultivated in the north, and the high-yield cultivation techniques were discussed. But the area is small, belonging to the ranks of rare vegetables.
(2) Nutritional value and use
The edible part of sweet potato in Mumashan is a big root, which is rich in sugar and protein. According to the determination, each kilogram of root tuber contains 8 10 ~ 880 grams of water, 76 ~ 1 19 grams of carbohydrates, and some minerals and vitamins. Its meat is white, tender, crisp, sweet and juicy. It can be eaten raw and cooked, and can be processed into sand Ge Fen, which has the effect of cooling and removing heat.
The sweet potato tubers in Mumashan are storable and can adjust the supply of vegetables. India and Southeast Asian countries also eat its tender pods. Its seeds, stems and leaves contain rotenone, which is toxic to people and animals and can be used to extract pesticides.
(3) Characteristics
Sweet potato in Mumashan is an annual or perennial herb vine in Leguminosae that can form root tuber.
Root: Straight root, with many fibrous roots. The upper end of the main root gradually expands into an oblate or spindle-shaped fleshy root. Generally, only one root tuber is formed, but if the main root is injured, the lateral root will swell to form two or more smaller root tubers. The root bark is light yellow, thin and tough, and easy to peel.
Stem: creeping, more than 2 meters high, right-handed winding, round cross-section, yellow-brown fine hair, tendrils on each side. Leaves trifoliate, alternate, dark green and smooth. The terminal leaflets are prismatic and stipitate.
Flowers: racemes, from the 5th to 6th nodes of the stem base, which can be inflorescences. The first inflorescence has more than 20 nodes, each node has 2 ~ 4 flowers, and the flowers are purple-blue or white irises. Pod, flat strip, length 10 ~ 13cm, width 1.2 ~ 1.5cm, tender pod with bristles, inedible. It contains 8 ~ 10 seeds, nearly square, flat, with grooves between yellowish brown, and weighs 200 ~ 250g.
Sweet potato in Mumashan is a kind of vegetable that likes temperature and light. Higher temperature conditions are needed in the growing period. The temperature of 30℃ is needed in the germination period, and the suitable temperature of aboveground parts and flowering and pod-setting period is 25 ~ 30℃. The growth and development of tuberous roots have extensive adaptability to temperature and can expand and grow at lower temperature. But when the temperature is lower than 65438 05℃, the growth and development will be inhibited.
Sweet potatoes in Mumashan have strict requirements on soil, and only suitable soil conditions can obtain high yield and high quality. Potatoes require deep, loose loam or sandy loam with good drainage, and are not suitable for planting in soil with high viscosity and poor air permeability. Sweet potato has developed root system; Strong absorption, more drought-resistant and barren.
The sweet potato in Mumashan has a long growth period and can be harvested in 5-7 months. The growth period is divided into four periods: germination period: from sowing to the first pair of true leaves.
Seedling stage: the first pair of true leaves developed to 6-7 compound leaves, and several lateral roots appeared.
Growth period: the stems and leaves grow rapidly, and the tuberous roots begin to form.
Potato-bearing stage: the tuberous root expands rapidly, about 60 days.
(4) Types and varieties
According to the shape of the root, it can be divided into oblate, oblate, spindle (or cone) and so on. According to maturity, it is divided into early-maturing and late-maturing varieties.
Early-maturing varieties: the plant has medium growth potential, small leaves, early root expansion and short growth period. The root tuber is oblate or spindle-shaped, with thin skin and few fibers. The weight of single root is 0.4 ~ 1 kg, and the maximum root can reach more than 2 kg. It can be eaten raw or fried. At present, the varieties used are: Chengdu Mumashan sweet potato, Taiwan Province Malay and so on.
Late-maturing species: plants have strong growth potential, long growth period and late maturity of tuberous roots. The root tuber is flat spindle-shaped or cone-shaped, with thick skin, many fibers, high starch content and little water. Single weight 1 ~ 1.5 kg, and the maximum can reach more than 5 kg. Suitable for processing and grinding. Commonly used varieties are: Taiwan Province cone species, etc.
The oblate variety with small leaves, moderate growth potential, early maturity and good quality should be selected in the northern region. The single weight of potato is 250-500g, and the root surface has 4- 10 longitudinal grooves.
(5) Cultivation techniques
1. Cultivation season: Due to the long growth period of potatoes, the northern region should sow as early as possible. You can sow in the open field immediately after the late frost. Shandong and other places were carried out in the middle and late April. Late sowing will greatly affect the yield because of insufficient growth period.
2. Soil preparation: beans and potatoes have a long growth period and need a lot of fertilization. It is not advisable to topdressing for many times during the growth period, so as to avoid the potato skin turning black due to improper topdressing and affecting the quality. Therefore, base fertilizer should be applied again. Before winter, 60,000 ~ 75,000 kg of decomposed base fertilizer should be applied per hectare in combination with deep ploughing, and plant ash1500 ~ 2,250 kg should be added. Rake and make a flat bed, width 100 ~ 150.
3. Sowing: The seed coat of potato seeds is hard. Before sowing, it is soaked in warm water at 30℃ for 3-4 hours and placed in an environment at 25-30℃ to accelerate germination. Sow as soon as the bud appears.
When sowing, ditch 5 ~ 6 cm deep according to 50 row spacing, sprinkle compound fertilizer in the ditch, mix the soil and fertilizer evenly, and then water in the ditch. When water permeates, sow 1 seed every 3 ~ 4 cm in the ditch. Cover the soil for 3 ~ 4 cm after sowing. Cover with plastic film when conditions permit.
4. Tian Tuan management
(1) After sowing, interplant, replant and break the film for 5 days12 to/kloc-0. After the first pair of basal leaves appeared, the seedlings were replanted, so that the seedling spacing was 15cm, and the film was tied to lead the seedlings out of the film, and the plastic film was tightly covered at the seedling base.
(2) intertillage and ridging. In late May, when the seedling height is 7-8 cm, remove the plastic film and water it for topdressing. When the soil surface is slightly dry, intertillage and loosen the soil to keep water. Weeding and ridging are carried out together with intertillage. The soil between rows was cultivated twice between plants to form a small ridge with the height of 15 ~ 18 cm. Stop intertillage and soil tillage after supporting.
(3) When the height of plant seedlings is 1.5cm, support them. Scaffolding is made of bamboo poles, which can be made into a herringbone frame or a hedge frame about 2 meters high. Artificial vines are put on the shelf. Remove the lateral vines, buds and inflorescences in time during the growth period to preserve nutrition and promote the expansion of root tuber. When the plant grows to about 20 nodes and the main vine climbs to the top of the frame, the top growth is controlled and the root formation is promoted.
(4) Water and topdressing. After uncovering the plastic film, water it for the first time, keep the soil wet and dry, and water it every 5-7 days. After the inflorescence is exposed to the ground, tuber potatoes should be watered more to keep the ground moist, and watered every 3 ~ 5 days. Clear accumulated water in time in rainy season to prevent waterlogging. In the case of sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing once after uncovering the film, 225 ~ 300 kg per hectare. After the inflorescence appears, the compound fertilizer should be chased once every 20 days, 225 ~ 300 kilograms per hectare, and chased 2 ~ 3 times. Topdressing should be a little far away from the plant to avoid affecting tuber quality.
(5) Under the premise of not freezing the above-ground parts, the growth period is appropriately extended to increase the yield. Most of the harvest in Shandong is from the middle period of 10 to the early period of 1 10 before the arrival of cold frost. The yield per hectare can reach 30000 ~ 45000 kg. This species is a poisonous plant included in the plant atlas database of China, and its toxicity is that the seeds are poisonous. People can die of poisoning after eating 5-6 pills, and children are often poisoned by eating by mistake. A few minutes to several hours after eating, dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, numbness of limbs, severe cases of screaming, cyanosis of mouth and lips, dyspnea, chills of limbs, sharp drop in blood pressure, exophthalmos, pupil contraction, disappearance of light reflex, convulsions and even coma and death. Seeds can also poison fish and kill insects.