Wu Qi _( 1789— 1847), with a deep word, a word "Long Zhai", alias "Jilan" and "Wei Lounong". Wu Qi _ is different from ordinary officials in Qing Dynasty. He has profound attainments in botany and mineralogy. He has written many books, such as Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Sketch of Mining Plants in South Yunnan and Chronicles of Yunnan Travel, which are of high academic value.
Chinese name: Wu Qijun
Alias: Wu Qi _
Place of birth: Gushi, Henan Province
Date of birth: 1789
Date of death: 1847
Occupation: botanist, mineralogist
Faith: Taoism
Representative Works: Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts
brief introduction
Botanist in Qing dynasty (1789- 1847). The word "Long Zhai" is also called "Ji Shen" and "Ji Lan". People from Gushi County, Henan Province. Twenty-two-year champion of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty. He has served as the editor of the Hanlin Academy, studied politics in Jiangxi and Hubei, served as assistant minister of the Ministry of War, and served as governor or governor of Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Shanxi and other provinces. Official travels all over the country, and he loves plants very much. Every time he goes to one place, he must collect specimens, draw graphs, and cultivate wild plants in the courtyard. It takes seven years, and the true knowledge gained from his field investigation and experience is written into a book, A Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, which consists of 38 volumes, including 1,714 species of plants and more than 1,800 attached drawings. There are many places in the book to correct the mistakes of predecessors, which also plays an important role in the development of ancient Chinese materia medica. Before this book was written, it had collected plant herbs from all kinds of books it had read, and some of them were drawn into graphics, which became a long compilation of plant names and real pictures. These two books play an important role in the development history of botany in China. Deeply valued by Chinese and foreign scholars.
_ pinyin Jùn, with the same sound as the county. The word "_" is often simplified as "Jun". Wu Qi _ has a cousin named Wu Qijun, who is often confused by later generations.
Wu Qi _ often calls himself "Yi Lounong" in writing and writing, but according to scholars' research, this is not his name, but a word of humility.
Wu Qi _, born in a bureaucratic family. His father, Wu _, and his brother, Wu Qiyan, once held official positions such as Hanlin, Assistant Minister and Shuntianfu (now Beijing) studying politics. His father died in the first year of Daoguang (182 1) and his mother died in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825). His house is called "Gong Baodi". Wu clan is one of the "four big families" in Gushi County of the former Qing Dynasty.
Wu Qi _ was eager to learn from childhood. At the age of 2 1 0 (18 10), he won the top prize in the examination at the age of 28 (18 17), and successively served as the editor of the Imperial Academy, the minister of rites and the assistant minister of the Ministry of War. Later, he served as the governor or governor of Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Shanxi and other provinces, and also served as a senior official such as salt administration, so he was "an official for half a day."
Wu Qi _ is different from ordinary officials in Qing Dynasty. He has profound attainments in botany and mineralogy. He has written many books, such as Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Sketch of Mining Plants in South Yunnan and Journey to Yunnan, which are of high academic value.
Botanical achievements
The first thing he compiled was "A Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts", with 22 volumes. About 890,000 words. 838 species of plants were recorded. There are more than 10 kinds of plants, such as cereals, vegetables, mountain grasses, leathers, wet grasses, creeping weeds, aquatic plants, poisonous weeds, nerds and wood, and there are many kinds in each kind of plants. When Wu Qi _ collected the information about plants in ancient books of past dynasties, he focused on the morphology, origin and origin of various plants. Medicinal properties and uses, etc. The book recorded or excerpted some special spectra of flowers and fruit trees, such as Peony Spectrum, Tung Spectrum, Chrysanthemum Spectrum, Jujube Spectrum, Silkworm Book, Tea Classic and Peony Spectrum. More than 60 kinds of fruit trees introduced from southern and northern China, including foreign countries, were also collected. A large number of botanical documents have been preserved, which exceeds any herbal and botanical works in the past dynasties. It is an important document for the study of botany and pharmacognosy.
On the basis of completing the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Wu Qi _ took the opportunity of visiting various places, made an in-depth investigation, extensively collected plant specimens, and made a map, and combined with the relevant literature of past dynasties, he wrote the famous Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts (1848). This book was published by Lu Yinggu, the governor of Shanxi Province, the year after his death. There are 38 volumes in the book, recording plants 17 14 species, including cereals, vegetables, mountain grasses, sedges, grasses (including mosses), aquatic plants (including algae), creeping weeds, aromatic grasses, poisonous weeds, qunfang (including basidiomycetes parasitic on some trees), fruits and fruits. This is a botanical monograph which records plants and reflects their biological characteristics. It is an important research achievement of Wu Qi _ in botany.
Most of the plants recorded in Textual Research on Plant Names were observed and visited by Wu Qi _, so these descriptions can reflect the morphology and ecological habits of the plant, so that readers can identify the plant species. For example, he wrote under the grass in nine lions: "The grass in nine lions is produced between the steep slopes in Hunan and Lushan in Jiangxi. Clusters, dozens of which are two clusters. Attached to the stem opposite to the leaves, such as Impatiens, the leaves are slightly wider, the color is dark green and toothless. The stems are jointed like Achyranthes bidentata. Fine roots and long whiskers. In autumn, two green buds appear between the first nodes of the boughs, which are like elm money, as big as nails, and are densely clustered. Spin out two pink flowers from the buds, pick their stems and insert them into life. " It accurately describes that nine lions grass has slender roots, dark green stems, swollen nodes, opposite leaves, bloom in the axils of branches, and most of them are cymes with reddish-purple flowers, as well as its habits and propagation methods. He also pointed out that wild sesame is overgrown with square stems and four edges, and has the characteristics of node leaves, flowering around nodes (whorls) and lip-shaped corollas, and has an image description of flower buds and stamens. Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts recorded the sporangium of reproductive organs of ferns for the first time, such as the sixteen-stone grass, which recorded that the leaves of Jian Dan were "green in face and pale in back, and there were Venus like dominoes". "Venus" (i.e. sporangium group) is the same feature of ferns. The sporangia of pteridophytes, such as Venus grass, golden cape, flying sword and Pteris equisetifolia, are also described vividly. Moreover, its drawings all draw "Venus". It shows that the morphology of sporangium of ferns has been deeply observed and understood. Due to Wu Qi _' s careful observation, textual research and analysis, mistakes in herbal works or related records of plant literature were found, as well as the confusion of foreign bodies with the same name and different names with the same thing often appeared. And gave corrections and supplements. For example, in Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen mixed Araliaceae and Akebia Akebia as one kind, both of which were listed as creeping weed, and Wu Qi _ separated Akebia from creeping weed and listed it as mountain grass, which corrected Li Shizhen's mistake. He also criticized Li Shizhen's mistake in moving the winter sunflower, which people didn't like to eat at that time, from the vegetable department to the grass, and pointed out that winter sunflower was the master of all kinds of vegetables, and it was still cultivated for food in Jiangxi and Hunan until the Qing Dynasty. Hunan called it winter cold dish and Jiangxi called it chives, so he included winter sunflower in the vegetable department. The above examples show that Wu Qi _ has broken through the description of herbal medicine in past dynasties, which is limited to the use of sex and taste. It focuses on the description of plant morphology, ecological habits, origin and propagation mode, which greatly enriches the content of botany.
More than 800 pictures/kloc-0 attached to Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts are more accurate than those in previous herbal works. There are pictures in the Chinese materia medica book, which began in the fourth year of Tang Xianqing (AD 659), and the original book was lost in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), Fu Yunlong's copy of the remaining "examination papers" from the Tang Dynasty in Japan was also without pictures. Later, Su Song's "Materia Medica" did not exist today. The earliest extant illustrated book of materia medica is Rebuilding the Spare Materia Medica of Politics, Classics, History and Evidence (printed by Jin Tai and Jia Zi (1204) Huimingxuan in Beijing Library), which was written by Song Tang Shenwei and collated by Cao Xiaozhong. Su Song's Illustration of Materia Medica was presented to the imperial court from all walks of life, prefectures, prefectures, prisons and counties in China. The drawings were written by people, and the descriptions were arranged by Su Song. Sometimes, medicinal plants with the same name and foreign bodies were mixed up by mistake. Tang Shenwei's "Syndrome Materia Medica" painted all the pictures of "Materia Medica Illustrated", but did not check the real thing. Therefore, Su Song's mistakes have not been corrected. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica was also illustrated with more than110, but Li Shizhen's footprints were only in Beijing, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places, which could not be compared with Wu Qi's footsteps in ten Yu Sheng. Most of the pictures in Textual Research on Plant Names are drawn according to the fresh state of the plant, and many of them can reflect the characteristics of the plant. For example, twenty-four volumes of poisonous weeds, Araceae are Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae, Araceae and Araceae. Wu Qi _ not only uses words to clarify the differences between them; At the same time, seven illustrations are used to draw the similarities and differences of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of various plants. These pictures vividly depict the characteristics of Araceae, that is, the spatula around the spicule, which is easy for people to recognize. Due to the accuracy of the pictures drawn in Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, omissions and fallacies in herbal works are supplemented and corrected. For example, the picture of Pogostemon rugosa highlights the morphological characteristics of opposite leaves, oval or triangular leaves, round base, long tip, serrated edges and terminal inflorescences, while the picture drawn in Compendium of Materia Medica is quite different and difficult to identify. In Compendium of Materia Medica, it is recorded that cactus grass is wind-tailed grass, but its attached figure is not accurate, unlike Pteris multifida. However, the sketch of the wind tail drawn in "Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts" is clearly distinguishable and consistent with the text. Some pictures in the book are drawn according to the natural state of plants when they grow. For example, there are two pictures of Pinellia ternata, one is not flowering, and the other is flowering, which is drawn by observation. Wu Qi _ attaches importance to the important role of graphics in identifying plant species. Therefore, the map drawn is fine and accurate, which has great scientific value for studying plant species identification.
Wu Qi's Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts is a large-scale regional flora after South Vegetation. The whole book contains 17 14 species of plants, which is more than 1600 species in the southern vegetation, and also exceeds the previous herbal works, and is the book with the largest number of plant species recorded in history. It involves a wide range of medicinal plants, such as Artemisia annua, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon japonicus, Smilax China, Polygonum Multiflori Radix, Bupleurum Radix, Radix Scrophulariae, etc. Linseed, rice, sorghum, millet, soybean, millet and other food crops; Fruit trees and timber plants such as forest, orange, coconut, fig, orange, plum, persimmon, cypress, camphor, poplar, birch, etc. From the perspective of plant ecology, there are aquatic, terrestrial, terrestrial, lithophytic and other plants. Geographically, these plants are distributed in 19 provinces, especially in Jiangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Shanxi, Guizhou and other provinces. The plant resources in remote areas such as Yunnan have been recorded for the first time, including about 400 species of Jiangxi plants, about 370 species of Yunnan plants and 280 species of Hunan plants.
From the development of botany, it can be divided into several stages. On the whole, its approach is mainly from practical to pure science. The first stage is the practical stage, which has a long history and can be said to belong to this stage from ancient times until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Botanical knowledge is mainly found in the works of materia medica, agronomy, horticulture and vegetable thinning in past dynasties. With people's more and more profound understanding of various plants, it began to develop to the second stage, that is, scientific research, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The appearance of Wu Qi's Textual Research on Plants' Names and Facts marks the beginning of this important stage, that is, from the dependency of Materia Medica to the independent stage, so it occupies an important position in the history of botany in China.
Value of works
advantage
The first edition of Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts was published by Lu Yinggu, Governor of Shanxi Province, in the 28th year of Qing Daoguang (1848) the year after Wu Qi _ died. Later editions were reprinted by Shanxi Jun Document Bureau in the 6th year of Guangxu reign (1880), reprinted by Yunnan Library in19/5, reprinted by Shanxi Official Bookstore in19/9,19.
The publication of Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts has promoted the research and development of botany and materia medica. The academic circles spoke highly of this book. German E. Brelschneider said in China Botanical Review (1870) that its drawings are "meticulously carved", "the exact ones can identify families and orders", and some can also identify "species". Botanists in Europe and America must read Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts when studying botany in China. Therefore, Bi Schneider also selected eight pictures, including maize, beam, potato, abutilon, Phytolacca acinosa, bergamot, iron fruit tree and coconut, to be re-carved, printed with historical paper, and attached to the end of China Botanical Literature Review. The roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are described with reference to fresh plants, so that people can clearly observe the morphological characteristics of the plant. After the Meiji Restoration, although Japan advocated learning western science, it still attached great importance to the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts with scientific value. In the seventeenth year of Meiji (1884), Japan was first re-engraved, and Keisuke Ito commented that "it is well-founded to argue, synthesize ancient and modern opinions, analyze similarities and differences, and correct mistakes." The drawings are also well prepared, and those who are suspected to be difficult to distinguish are particularly detailed and precise. " When Rensan Matsumura, a Japanese man, compiled A Collection of Plants and Taro Mu Ye wrote A Picture Book of Japanese Plants, the middle names of most plants were based on the book Textual Research on Plant Names. 19 19 When the Commercial Press printed Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, western European scholars competed for it. The works of B. Laufer, F. D. Merrill and E. H. Walker in the United States also cite and emphasize the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts. Many national libraries in the world collect this book. The above is enough to explain the influence of Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts on the world academic circles. In China, it not only lays a foundation for the research of medicinal plants and pharmacognosy, but also has great significance for the research of plant taxonomy in China. Many modern plant taxonomists often refer to it when considering plant middle names. For example, botanists Pei Jian and Zhou Taiyan cited more than 70 species of plants in the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts when compiling the Flora of Chinese Medicinal Plants. In addition to identifying the families, genera and even species names of some plants according to the drawings in this book, many Chinese names of plants are also based on this book. At present, in the study of plant classification in China, there are many family names and genus names in the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts. For example, Asteraceae (A 1angiaceae), PolyPodiaceae, Tropaeo 1aceae, Ophioglossaceae, and Setaria (Mo 1 1uginaceae). Sargentodoxaceae, Orozylonvent., PaliurusMill, Eragrostisbeauv, PhiladelphusL L., Haloragisforst, QomphrenaL. and so on.
insufficient
There are also some shortcomings and inadequacies in Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts. Due to the limitation of the times, Wu Qi _' s thought did not break away from the feudal scholar-bureaucrat class, which was reflected in his works. When describing the shape, taste and use of plants, he often added some trite arguments to give play to his political views and the truth of self-cultivation, which had nothing to do with the plants themselves. There are also some mistakes in understanding some plants, such as mistaking tripterygium wilfordii of Celastraceae for the wild grass of Magnoliaceae; Mistaken the tiger's paw of Polygonaceae as Dioscorea bulbifera of Ranunculaceae. Others are a kind of plant, but he divides them into two categories; Even items with the same name are repeated before and after. Although plants can be identified according to most of the pictures in this book, some pictures have been transferred from books such as Syndrome Materia Medica, Disaster Relief Materia Medica and Compendium of Materia Medica without textual research. In terms of plant species, there are also some common plant species, such as bamboo leaves, root warping, grass bending and apples, which are not included in the book. This was related to the limited scientific level at that time and the early death of the author and the publication of the school magazine by people who did not understand botany. However, the shortcomings do not hide Yu's achievements in botany are still major, and Wu Qi _' s Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts is a monograph with world influence.
Mineralogical achievements
brief introduction
In addition to his contribution to botany, Wu Qi _ also conducted in-depth investigation and research on minerals, and wrote a monograph on mining, A Brief Introduction to Mining Plants in South Yunnan. This book was compiled by him and compiled by Xu Jinsheng (the magistrate of Dongchuan Prefecture). According to the preface of Yan Zhongping's Examination of Copper Administration in Yunnan in Qing Dynasty, this book was written between 24 and 25 years of Daoguang (1844-1845). This paper mainly introduces a book about Dongchuan copper mine and other minerals in Yunnan. The book is divided into two volumes. The first volume is "Sketch of Tools in Yunnan Mining Plant". Including 20 drawings of tools, a brief map of Yunnan mine, the first drawing, the second cave, the third cave, the fourth mine, the fifth furnace, the sixth furnace, the seventh cover and the eighth use. Attached to the back of the book are Song Yingxing's Heavenly Creations (excerpted from Volume 14 of Hardware), Wang Song's Mining and Refining in Mining Plants, Ni Shenshu's Recording of Copper Mining and Steelmaking, and The Complete Book of Copper Policy, Consultation with Various Factories. The next volume is called "A Brief Map of Mining Plants in Southern Yunnan", which includes a map of the whole province 1 sheet and a map of the government and state departments/2 1 sheet. The next volume is a brief map of Yunnan mining, and the next one is divided into various minerals and transportation.
The books describing Yunnan mining plants were written earlier than Wu Qi _ (1799) by Tan Cui in the fourth year of Jiaqing, and eight volumes of Notes on Copper Administration. After 100 years, there were 1948 Yan Zhongping's Copper Administration Examination in Yunnan and 1948 Zhou Zhongyue's Newly-revised Yunnan Annals. Tan Cui and Zhou Zhongyue's works only record copper mines. Although Tancui involves other minerals, it is brief. The scientific names of minerals and minerals recorded in the newly revised Yunnan Tongzhi Draft are not consistent with the local titles at that time. Therefore, the origin, occurrence, prospecting, mining, washing, tools used in digging tunnels and main equipment in mines of copper, silver, gold, tin, lead, iron and other minerals in Yunnan from Kangxi to Daoguang Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty are recorded in detail, with Wu Qi _' s "Brief Map of Southern Yunnan Mines" as the most comprehensive. Of course, it is mainly about introducing copper mines. Wu Qi _ recorded the distribution of copper deposits in Yunnan, the situation of copper deposits and the prospecting and mining technology in detail in the Map of Southern Yunnan Mining Factory.
About the distribution of copper mines, there are 33 factories from Wanbao Factory in Yimen County to Qinglong Factory in Yuanjiang County. Among them, Tangdan, Zilong and Ningtai are the largest copper plants with high output. Tangdan Factory was mined in Ming Dynasty, and the most copper was produced at the beginning of Qianlong. There are Jiulong Qing Factory, Guanyinshan Factory and Jubaoshan Factory. At present, Dongchuan copper mine in Yunnan, one of the six major copper mines being mined in China, is still centered on the old cave in Tangdan, and deep mining is carried out. Liuling Copper Factory is located in the west of Huize County, 0/60 miles away from the county/kloc-,and it is also under the jurisdiction of Dongchuan magistrate. It used to belong to Sichuan, and was mined when it was changed to Yunnan in the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726). There are Longbaoshan Factory, Xinglong Factory and Duobao Factory, etc
Factory. At that time, the copper from Tangdan Factory and Dulong Factory was transported to Beijing. Ningtai Factory, located 520 miles northeast of Shunning, was originally a small factory, followed by Xiaoxie Factory, Lutang Factory and Baotai Mountain in Yu Yongchang Province, which is rich in minerals and is still called Ningtai Factory. The annual output of the above-mentioned three copper plants, Tangdan, Gulong and Ningtai, during the Qianlong period (1736-1795) was above1000000 Jin, which was beyond the reach of other plants at that time. Yunnan produces not only copper, but also silver, gold, tin, lead, iron and other minerals. Most of the gold and silver mines in Yunnan were mined after four years of Qianlong (1739), and a few mines discovered gold and silver while mining copper mines. These are not contained in other books or are very brief, but the Map of Mining Plants in South Yunnan has made detailed records, including Jinchang No.4, Tin Factory No.1, Lead Factory No.4 and Silver Factory No.25.
Status of works
About the characteristics of copper deposits, Yunnan copper recorded in the map of South Yunnan Mining Factory. It belongs to the "Kangdian Axis" copper deposit area, where copper deposits are widely distributed and large in scale, and there are many types of deposits. Dongchuan copper deposit in Yunnan is a layered copper deposit, usually called "Dongchuan type", which is related to marine deposits. It is recorded in the book that Tangdan copper mine was an old mine with a factory in Ming Dynasty, and it was the most prosperous when it was mined in Qianlong. Tangdan copper deposit is characterized in that the ore body is lentil-shaped, with a length of 4000 meters. The thickest part is 450 meters; Small ones are tens of meters long and several meters thick. The surrounding rocks in Tangdan mining area are generally broken, the whole lentil body is completely mineralized, and the maximum thickness of large ore bodies exceeds 100 meters, which is what Ni Shenshu and Wu Daya called "Tangkuang" or "Tangkuang". The ore structure is dominated by reticular veinlets, and massive porphyrite (that is, Zijin tin foil) appears.
The ore composition of Dongchuan copper mine is mainly chalcocite (green tin tin), bornite (purple gold tin) and chalcopyrite (_ stone, gold foil). Because of the low content of pyrite, it is generally not easy to produce strong oxidation. In addition, the surrounding rock is carbonate rock, and the chlorinated copper sulfate solution is easy to react with carbonate to produce malachite (green ore) and azurite (Zeng Qing), which is an unfavorable factor for secondary enrichment. Despite this, Dongchuan Copper Mine has formed a secondary sulfide zone with great depth and poor enrichment through a long geological period. Tangdan copper mine is characterized by extremely favorable structural conditions for oxidation and severe fragmentation of surrounding rock. As a result, an oxidation zone as deep as 600 meters was formed. The ore grade in oxidation enrichment zone or secondary sulfide enrichment zone in copper deposits is very high. Has important industrial value. For example, the enrichment degree of oxidation zone and secondary sulfide enrichment zone in Dongchuan copper mine is not high, but some of them are as deep as hundreds of meters. In ancient times, a large number of high-grade ores, such as dark green (malachite, etc.) and tin (sub-brightness copper mine and secondary porphyry ore, etc.), were produced in the oxidation zone and secondary sulfide enrichment zone respectively, which is the main reason why Dongchuan-style copper mine once flourished in the mining development history of China.
There are records about copper ores in Yunnan in the Map of Southern Yunnan Mining Factory. For example, the best ore is called "autogenous copper", which is a natural metal copper with a ten-slip composition (copper content 100%). The second is the ore to be refined, and the top grade is what Yunnan people call "thorough ore", that is, "clean ore", also called "gunpowder crisp" The color is dark black, the texture is crisp, and the composition can reach more than 90% (copper content is more than 90%). It is a rare ore. There are many kinds of ores belonging to "tin _", among which "silver _" and "purple tin _" have high copper content. The book also records minerals with low copper content such as "oil tin _", "green tin _" and "rotten tin _". The ores belonging to the "green mine" have various names such as "dark green", "yellow fat green" and "bean green green", and the copper content is also high. It basically reflects the actual situation of ore classification and occurrence of some large copper mines in Yunnan.
The mining technology of Yunnan copper mine in Qing Dynasty is recorded in detail in the Map of Southern Yunnan Mining Factory. Minerals in the shallow part of the earth's crust can be mined in the open air; For deep ore, it is necessary to dig tunnels and carry out systematic mountain engineering. Wu Qi _ cited Ni Shenshu's "Copper Mining and Copper Refining" and said that shoveling grass and digging a few feet deep will get a piece of ore called "turf mine" (also called chicken claw mine). Another kind of mine is called "Jiwo Mine", which is easy to be mined like turf and the ore becomes a nest, and each hole is only a few liters. "Turf Mine" and "Jiwo Mine" are both weathered residual ores, and they can all be mined by open-pit mining. The book also said: All laymen on the riverside are called "Benjiang Mine", while those on the inside are called "Jinshan Mine". Where the winding Quyi, its downward trend is called "Mopan Mine", which is recoverable, but there will be floods in a few years. The above-mentioned Benjiang Mine, Jinshan Mine and Mopan Mine are all deeply buried copper bodies, but they are given different names according to their forms and spatial positions. It is necessary to dig tunnels before ore can be mined. The tools used for digging the tunnel and washing are awnings, seats, bellows, wind cabinets, swinging stairs, silver furnace covers, draught furnaces, axes, rattan handles, chisels, rough wood, wooden handles, rough iron, lamps, bamboo dragons, small bellows, doorsills, dustpans, clamps, wooden poles, iron poles, iron bumpers, etc., all of which are attached with drawings. The main equipment, lighting, ventilation, and dumplings in the mining merger have not made significant progress in the previous generation.
Scientific thoughts and research methods
Wu Qi _' s scientific thoughts are mainly reflected in his scientific research methods. If we analyze his thinking methods of reading and learning, it is not difficult to see that Wu Qi _' s great achievements are by no means accidental.
Attach importance to practice
Wu Qi _ attaches great importance to practice. For example, in the process of compiling Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, he made full use of the conditions of going to various places to observe various plants on the spot, collect specimens, draw maps and describe their morphology and growth. Sometimes, due to the season, a certain specimen can't come at the end, and after many years, he is still worried. For example, he said, "I kept coming, and I burned vegetables in the fields in the middle of winter, and I didn't get much from searching." Volume 22 It's hard to record that Wu Qi _ didn't come to it in central Hunan, and only later did he find it in Yunnan. Wu Qi _ also transplanted some wild herbs into pots to observe their morphology and living habits. His earnest attitude of proceeding from reality was rare among scholars at that time. Wu Qi _ fully realized the source of scientific knowledge through practice, and also realized the role of working people at the bottom of society, such as "herding", "old nursery", "old farmer" and "working with Taiwan" (officers) in scientific practice. His representative book "Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts" recorded many working people's experiences and rich plant knowledge. For example, he learned from "Mu Shu" that there are two kinds of "shelter": strong and weak. Fruity beans are edible, but not fruity stems and leaves are edible; Turnip and radish, both of which belong to Cruciferae, are classified as one category in Bielu of Famous Doctors. Later, some people took root in Ye Qiang. Wu Qi _ said, I don't know its mistakes in "Concurrent Ming Shu", why not consult the "old nursery"?
Attach importance to previous experience
Wu Qi _ also attaches great importance to the experience of predecessors and is good at learning from books. After he was admitted as a scholar in 18 17, he read a lot of books because he had held various official positions. In the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, more than 800 kinds of documents about plants in books from ancient times to that time were quoted. On the other hand, when he absorbed the knowledge of predecessors, his attitude was cautious. First, it is reflected in paying attention to the textual research and identification of documents, and not trusting blindly; Second, he paid attention to the research methods of field investigation, and through his own investigation and study, he corrected and supplemented the shortcomings in ancient books, so as to link the book knowledge with practice. For example, in the licorice strips, he pointed out the mistakes that Guo Jingchun recorded in his note Erya that licorice was overgrown with leaves and yellow. He also said that its grass is not creeping, unlike lotus, and it is also different from Rehmannia glutinosa. The relevant errors are all rumors or errors in biography.
For the problems that are still unclear after on-the-spot observation, interview and research according to literature records, we should never make subjective guesses and jump to conclusions. Therefore, in the Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, there are pictures without text or namelessness, or only pictures are nameless and wordless. Or the case where a number of objects is not annotated. This is also a reflection of his thought of "keeping faith in doubt" and not imagining things. In addition, when quoting documents, the author does not separate the meaning of the original book, but is faithful to the original text of ancient documents. Record all of them and indicate the source. All these reflect the rigor of Wu Qi's research methods. In short, Wu Qi _ has made great achievements in botany and mining, which is inseparable from his scientific attitude. Wu Qi _ is well-deserved as a famous scientist in19th century.