Su Shi (137 ~ 111), the second Su Dongpo, was named "Dongpo Jushi", at the age of 64. According to historical records, Su Shi was more than eight feet and one inch long (186cm). He was an open-minded person, and Song Gaozong was a teacher for six years. Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan), the Han nationality, is the eldest son of Su Xun, a famous writer, painter, poet and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, and a representative of the uninhibited poets. In the second year of Jiayou (157), he and his brother Su Zhe joined the Jinshi. Awarded Dali as the judge and signed the book Fengxiang House. In the second year of Xining (169), the father returned to the DPRK after the expiration of the mourning system and sued the court for the judge. Disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, opposition to the implementation of the new law, self-employment, and a general sentence for Hangzhou. Move to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) and move to Xuzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), he was involved in a "Wutai Poetry Case" and was responsible for granting Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei Province) a Yong ying assistant, who was resettled in this state and was not allowed to sign books and official documents. Zhe Zongli, the Empress Dowager, came to the DPRK, and was reinstated as Fenglang Zhidengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province); After 4 months, he moved to the Ministry of Rites as a doctor; Before the end of his term, in addition to living in the house, he moved to Zhongshu, and moved to Hanlin's bachelor's degree to know the imperial edict and know the ritual department. Yuan You went out to know Hangzhou in four years (189), and later changed to know Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In the eighth year (193), Yuan You was exiled to Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong) and then to Changhua Army (now Danzhou, Hainan). Huizong acceded to the throne and returned to the north when he was forgiven. Jian Zhong Jing Guo Yuan died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) in 111, and was buried in Tancheng County (now jia county, Henan) in Ruzhou at the age of 66. He, his father Su Xun (19 ~ 166) and his younger brother Su Zhe (139 ~ 1112) are famous for their literature, and they are called "Three Sows" in the world. It is the same as the "Three Cao Fathers and Sons" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) in the late Han Dynasty. "Three Sus" are three of the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties, which are the collective names of eight representative prose writers in Tang and Song Dynasties, namely Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe (Su Xun is Su Shi's father and Su Shi is Su Zhe's brother), Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in Song Dynasty. (divided into two Tang families and six Song families). As an outstanding poet, he opened up a bold style of ci, and was called "Su Xin" together with the outstanding poet Xin Qiji. In poetry, he is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian. Su Shi's works include Seven Episodes of Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu. Politically, it belongs to the old party with Sima Guang as its leader. He made great achievements in calligraphy, and was also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang.
Su Shi's life
In the first year of Jiayou (156), Su Shi, who was 21 years old, left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. The following year, he took part in the examination of the Ministry of Rites, and won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article "The Theory of Rewarding Loyalty by Punishment", but he was the second scholar in high school by mistake.
in the sixth year of Jiayou (in 161), Su Shi took the exam of Chinese secondary school, which is usually called "three-year Beijing inspection", and entered the third class, and awarded the judge of Fengxiang House for "being the first in a hundred years". Later, when his father died in Bianjing, Ding Youfu returned home. In the second year of Xining (169), he returned to the DPRK after serving his full term, and he was still given his post. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis began to appear in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Shenzong acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who appreciated him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi on the implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty years old.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the damage of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with Wang Anshi's practice of getting involved in political affairs. He thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. One result of this is that, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for release and was transferred to Hangzhou for a general sentence.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his tenure, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places, where he was appointed as Zhizhou. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), less than three months after his arrival in Huzhou, Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is known as the Wutai Poetry Case in history.
After 13 days in prison, Su Shi was on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the Northern Song Dynasty's national policy of not killing scholar-officials during the reign of Mao Zhao Kuangyin, Su Shi only dodged a bullet.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to the deputy ambassador of Huangzhou Yong Lian (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time Su Shi has become disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he led his family to reclaim a slope in the east of the city and help make up for his livelihood by farming. The nickname "Dongpo Jushi" was given by Su Shi at this time.
in the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (184), Su Shi left Huangzhou and took office in Ruzhou. Due to the long journey and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is a long way away, and the travel expenses have been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was preparing to return to Changzhou, Shenzong died.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the Empress Dowager listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as the prime minister. So Su Shi was called back to the DPRK in 1998 with the Ministry of Rites as a doctor. In the first half of the dynasty, Mr. Sheren was promoted, three months later, he was promoted to Mr. Sheren in Zhongshu, and soon he was promoted to the Imperial Academy.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." When Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law, he thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again made suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he asked for another transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou, where he had been away for 16 years, as a satrap. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam next to the West Lake with the dredged mud, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Wutai Poetry Case
During the Ningnian period (168 ~ 177) in JaeHee, Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi was heavily involved in the reform. After the failure of the reform, he was engaged in the reform in the Yuanfeng period (178 ~ 185). At the turning point from political reform to system reform, Su Shi's Wutai poetry case happened. This case was first reported by Li Ding, the supervisor of censor, and then tried in censorate prison. Yushitai has been nicknamed "Wutai" since the Han Dynasty, so this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case".
During the period of Northern Song Shenzong, Su Shi expressed his dissatisfaction with the New Deal because he opposed the new law. As he was the leader of the literary world at that time, allowing Su Shi's poems to spread in the society was very unfavorable to the implementation of the New Deal. Therefore, with the acquiescence of Shenzong, Su Shi was arrested in Wutai for four months, and every day he was forced to explain the origin of his poems and allusions in his words.
Because there was a custom in Song Dynasty not to kill scholar-officials, Su Shi was spared from death, but was demoted as an assistant envoy of Huangzhou Yong ying. In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), Su Shi moved to Huzhou (Xing Wu County, Zhejiang Province). In July, he was arrested and imprisoned by Huangfu Zun and others sent by Yushitai. They testified that Su Shi distorted the facts and slandered the court in his poems. Li Ding, He Zhengchen, Shu Qi and others, citing Su Shi's Poems of Hangzhou Chronicle as evidence, said that he "played with the imperial court and mocked state affairs", and even dug out a sentence or two from his other poems, giving him a conviction out of context, such as: "Reading thousands of books and not reading the law, making you know nothing about Yao Shun". Originally, Su Shi said that he didn't know anything about law. Another example is "If the East China Sea has a clear idea, it should be taught to turn brine into mulberry fields", saying that he is accusing the water conservancy construction of this measure is wrong. In fact, Su Shi himself built water conservancy projects in Hangzhou. How can he think that is wrong? Another example is "I forgot to understand the taste when I heard Shao, but I have no salt in March recently", saying that he was satirizing the prohibition of people from selling salt. To sum up, it is concluded that he dared to ridicule the emperor and the prime minister, which was a heinous crime and should be put to death.
Su Shi was tortured severely in Yushitai, and he believed that he could not escape death. In the end, I will survive my death. On December 28 of that year, the gift of Meng Shenzong was sentenced to exile in Huangzhou (Huanggang County, Hubei Province). Su Shi was detained for nearly a hundred days and then released from the prison of Yushitai. Later generations compiled the statement and confession of this case into a Wutai Poetry Case. Wutai is the Yushitai. "History of Han Zhu Bochuan": "At that time, the well water in more than 1 areas of the official residence of Wushi was exhausted; In addition, there are cypress trees in his house, and thousands of wild owls often live on them. In the morning, they go to dusk, and they call it the morning and evening. " Later generations took Yushifu as Wufu and Yushitai as Wutai. Because the initiators of this case are all the officials of Yushitai, they include Cheng Liding in Yushitai, Shu Shu, He Zhengchen and so on who supervise Yushitai Lixing (the trainee historian of Yushitai), so it is called "Wutai Poetry Case".
Apart from the above-mentioned "unwarranted charges", Su Shi is said to have offended the then Prime Minister Wang Anshi. It was recorded in people's notes at that time. It is said that when Su Shi was a minister of etiquette in the imperial court, one day he went to Wu Zhai, Wang Anshi's study, to look for Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi was absent, and Su Shi saw a poem that had only been written for two sentences on the table of Wu Zhai-"The bright moon is barking and the yellow dog is lying in the heart."
Su Dongpo looked at it again and again, and wondered how the bright moon could be called in the branches. How can the yellow dog lie on the flower heart? Thought it was wrong. So I changed my pen and changed the poem to "The moon shines in the sky and the yellow dog lies in the shade of flowers". After Wang Anshi came back, he was extremely dissatisfied with Su Shi's revision of his poems and demoted him to Hepu. After Su Dongpo arrived in Hepu, one day, he went out for a walk and saw a group of children gathered around a pile of flowers and shouted, "Yellow dog Rollo, black dog Rollo, come out quickly!" Rollo, rollo rollo. " Out of curiosity, Su Dongpo went over and asked the child what to shout. The child said, let's tell the bug to come out quickly so as to catch it. Su Dongpo looked close to the flower and saw several yellow and black bugs as big as sesame crawling in the stamen. Ask the child again what kind of bug is this? The child said: yellow dog bug, black dog bug. Su Dongpo left the flowers and came to a banyan tree, where he met a crisp birdsong and asked others, what is this birdsong? Others replied: this is called the bright moon bird. At this moment, Su Dongpo suddenly realized that he had wrongly corrected Wang Anshi's poems. The authenticity of this record can no longer be tested. From the historical point of view, it seems that Wang Anshi punished Su Shi and corrected two poems wrongly, which is not the real reason why Wang Anshi hates Su Shi. The essential reason is that Su Shi opposed Wang Anshi's political reform. Therefore, Su Shi will have a bad career.
Style of Poetry
In July p>179, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry, and was exiled to Huangzhou in January of the following year. Before the poetry case, since he was appointed as the general judge of Hangzhou in 171, Su Shi has successively served as Mizhou Zhizhou, Xuzhou Taishou and Huzhou Taishou, with outstanding achievements. On the whole, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, while on the content, they mostly point to the official life to express political pride. After the poem case, although there was a time when the official was a bachelor of Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained escapades in his works, but on the contrary, he turned more and more to nature and life understanding. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more revealed. As soon as he inherits the style of Huangzhou's works, he converges his whole life, and I am free to transport things, so as to achieve a suddenly tranquil environment.
with Wutai poetry case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the "going home" complex that runs through, we can see that the poet's brushwork has gradually turned to helplessness in middle age and broadmindedness in old age-getting older and getting more mature, which makes it dull.
First of all, in terms of subject matter, Su Shi's earlier works mainly reflected his "specific political worries", while his later works focused on his "broad life worries", hating evil as hatred, and when it comes to evil, he would "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan". His flowing works triggered the Wutai poetry case. Huangzhou's relegation to life has made him "ironic and cruel, sharp in writing style, and nervous and angry, all of which have disappeared, and what has appeared instead is a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding. It is sweet, mature, thorough and in-depth."
Secondly, in culture, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism was advocated in the later stage.
In the early stage, he had the social responsibility advocated by Confucianism, and he was deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people. Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is Tao", he lived a real farmer's life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it.
Thirdly, in terms of style, the previous works are magnificent and unrestrained, like a flood bursting its banks. The later works are ethereal and meaningful, simple and light as deep willows, and the flowers in Pak Lei are far away.
as far as ci poetry is concerned, there are only a few works that really belong to bold style, and according to Mr. Zhu Jinghua's statistics, similar works account for about one tenth of all Su Shi's ci poetry, mostly concentrated in Xuzhou, Mizhou, which is the mainstream of creation at that time. Although these works are not dominant in quantity, they really reflect Su Shi's positive attitude of being an official during that period. Some works in the later period not only have the style of local people's feelings, but also have the charm of entertaining guests. Such as chanting things and expressing feelings, remembering the scenery, feeling nostalgic for the past, giving gifts to stay away, pastoral scenery, talking about Zen and reasoning, almost all-encompassing, gorgeous and colorful. This part accounts for about nine times out of ten of Su Shi's whole poems, in which Zhuangzi and become a butterfly are very fond of forgetting everything. At this point, he expelled all the dissatisfaction with reality and politics, hysterical roar, and criticism of the needle. Its subject matter is getting wider and wider, and its style is getting dull and far-reaching.
Sushi's anecdote
3. Dongpo Meat
When Sushi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a famous doggerel in Ode to Pork: "Huangzhou is a good pork, and the price is worthless. The rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't understand cooking. Slow down the fire, less water, and it will be beautiful when the fire is full. Get up and play a bowl every day, so full that you can't care about it. " Here's "slow fire, less water, it is beautiful when the fire is full", which is the famous Dongpo meat cooking method. Su Dongpo was later appointed as the governor of Hangzhou, built the Su Causeway and promoted water conservancy, and was deeply loved by the people. And this "Dongpo Meat" followed suit and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.
4. Su Shi checked out
Su Shi lives in Changzhou. He spent his last savings and bought a house. He was preparing to move in another day. By chance, he heard an old woman crying very sadly. He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been handed down for a hundred years and was sold by unfilial descendants, so she cried bitterly. On closer examination, it turned out that the house that Su Shi bought was what the old woman called an ancestral house. So Su Shi said to her: "The former residence of Yi was sold by me, so there is no need to be deeply saddened. Now it is time to return the house to Yi." Su Shi immediately burned the deed and just rented a house to live in. (See Song Fei Zhou's "Poems on Liangxi Man")
5. Poetry for a banquet
When Su Shi was twenty years old, he went to the capital for scientific research. Six conceited juren looked down on him, and decided to invite Su Shi to dinner for the next kind of food, intending to tease him. Su Shi went with pleasure after receiving the invitation. Before chopsticks were moved, everyone proposed a drinking order, and the contents of the drinking order must quote historical figures and events, so that they could eat a dish by themselves. The other five people cheered. "I'll go first." The older one said, "Jiang Ziya is fishing in Weishui!" Say that finish took a plate of fish. "Qin Shubao Changan sells horses!" The second proudly carried the horse meat away. "Su Ziqing is herding sheep in Beihu Lake!" The third person took the mutton without weakness. "Zhang Yide Zhuoxian sells meat!" The fourth reached out and grilled the meat.